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RUSVM Toxicology Summer 2019 > Plant S#!t > Flashcards

Plant S#!t Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the acids in plants?

A
  • Insoluble calcium oxalates
  • Soluble oxalates
  • Isocupressic acid
  • Quinones
  • Tannic acid
  • Triterpene acids
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2
Q

Dumbcane has what toxin?

A

Insoluble Ca oxalates

Other plants:

  • Flamingo plant
  • Caladium
  • Cutleaf philodendron
  • Peace lily, Calla lily
  • Arrowhead vine
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3
Q

What is the MOA of insoluble calcium oxalate?

A

All parts of plant are toxic

Cells have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate barriers

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4
Q

Dog comes into clinic with irritation of lips, mouth, throat and vomiting.

This is most associated with what toxic principle?

A

Insoluble calcium oxalate

Eg. Dumcane

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5
Q

Halogenton and Greasewood are associated with what toxic principle?

A

Soluble oxalates

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6
Q

What is the MOA of soluble oxalates ?

A

Oxalates bind Ca → hypocalcemia, precipitation of insoluble oxalates in soft tissue, and kidney damage

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7
Q

Pig weed is associated with what toxic principles?

A
  • Soluble oxalate → kidney damage

- Nitrate → methemoglobinemia, abortion

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8
Q

Ponderosa Pine and Monterey Cypress have what toxic plant principle?

A

Isocupressic acid

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9
Q

What is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

A

Vasoconstriction and decreased uterine blood flow

→ fetal release of cortisol and abortion

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10
Q

What toxic principle is found in St. John’s Wort?

A

Quinone

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11
Q

What is the MOA of a quinone?

A

Primary photosensitization

→ plant contains photodynamic substance (phylloethyrin, a chlorophyl metabolite)

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12
Q

Sheeps have been grazing on some yellow flowers in a field. They now have erythema, pruitus, edema, and necrosis on lightly pigmented areas.

What has happened to these poor sheep?

A

Photosensitization from St. John’s wort

- Contains Quninone

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13
Q

Your cattle has been grazing in a field with red maple, oak, and pine trees.

The cow is constipated, has brown urine, anorexia, depression, and rumen atony.
Which of these plants is most likely causing the clinical signs?

A

Oak tree

- Tannic acid → tissue damage with GI lesions (hemorrhagic gastritis) and kidney damage

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14
Q

What is the MOA of tannic acid?

A

Astringent effect → precipitate proteins → GI and kidney damage

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15
Q

T/F: You are more likely to see kidney damage in ruminants rather than monogastrics after ingestion of oak.

A

TRUE

Monogastrics have mainly GI signs → colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea

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16
Q

What plant contains triterpne acids?

A

Lantana, yellow sage

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17
Q

What is the MOA of Lantana, yellow sage toxicity?

A
  • Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization (decreased excretion of phylloerythrin)
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
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18
Q

Clinical signs of Lantana toxicosis?

A

Hepatic encephalopathy → depression, anorexia, conspirator, diarrhea

Hepatic photosensitization → photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis and sloughing

Icterus

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19
Q

What are the alkaloid plant toxins?

A
  • Colichicine
  • Diterpene alkaoids
  • Ergot alkaloids
  • Indolizidine alkaloids
  • Licorice
  • Muscadine
  • Piperidine alkaloids
  • Pyridine alkaloids
  • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
  • Solanine and solanidine
  • Taxine alkaloids
  • Tropane alkaloids
  • Sanguine alkaloids
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20
Q

What toxic principle is in Glory Lily and Autumn Crocus?

A

Colchicine

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21
Q

What is the MOA of colichine?

A

Antibiotic by binding to tublin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
→ whole body toxicity (rapidly dividing cells most affected)

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22
Q

What plants contain diterpene alkaloids?

A

Buttercup family

  • Larksupur
  • Monkshood
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23
Q

What is the MOA of monkshood toxicxity?

A

Diterpene alkaloids → competitive nicotinic blockade and muscle endplate → paralysis (like NMBD)

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24
Q

How would you treat a paralysis caused by diterpene alkaloids?

A

Causes neuromuscular blockade

Anticholinergic → neostigmine and physostigmine

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25
Muscle weakness, staggering, bloat, recumbency, and collapse are NOT early signs of which plant? A. Locoweed B. Monkshood C. Poison hemlock D. Tobacco
A. Locoweed - Peripheral neuronal degeneration → depression, incoordination, ataxia, and abnormal behaviour Monkshood → Neuromuscular blockade Poison hemlock → NM simulation followed by blockade Tobacco → NM simulation followed by blockade
26
MOA of ergot?
- Vasoconstriction and gangrene | - Uterine contractions
27
What is your DDX for loss of hair and hoof/ gangrene??
- Ergot → vasoconstriction causing gangrene | - Selenium → changes in proteins
28
What toxic plant principles is in locoweeds/milkvetch?
Indolizidine alkaoids Selenium Nitropropanol glycoside
29
What is the MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?
Inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins Neurotoxic alkaloids —> alter cellular function in the brain
30
What is the MOA of nitropropranol glycoside?
Peripheral neuronal degeneration and respirate signs
31
Clinical signs associated with locoweed toxicity?
``` Depression Incoordination Ataxia Circling Abnormal behaviour ```
32
Amaryllis plants like Narcissus (daffodils) and river Lilly’s have what toxic principle, and what is its MOA?
Lycorine —> emetic and purgative Bulb is most toxic
33
What is the MOA of amanita muscaria (mushroom)?
Stimulate muscarinic cholingeric receptors | CNS stimulation —> seizure
34
What is the treatment for amanita poisoning?
Atropine (muscarinic antagonist) Symptomatic and decontaminate
35
What plants contain piperidine alkaloids?
Poison hemlock/ spotted hemlock Lupine Tobacco
36
What is the MOA of piperidine alkaloids?
Nicotinic effect at ganglionic and neuromuscular synapses —> stimulation followed by blockade
37
Clinical signs associated with tobacco and poison hemlock toxicity?
Ataxia and incoordination (neuromuscular blockade) Birth defects (skeletal malformations and cleft palate)
38
What are the two toxic principles found in tobacco plants?
``` Piperidine alkaloid Pyridine alkaloids (nightshade family) ```
39
What is the MOA of lobelia?
Pyridine alkaloid -> agonist at nicotinic receptors Low dose -> deloplarize High dose-> blockade Tobacco also has this MOA
40
Clinical signs.. excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, and tachypnea Muscle twitching/weakness, and dyspnea Associated with what plant toxicity?
Tobacco and lobelia - pyridine alkaloid
41
Rattlebox/ crotolaria have what MOA resulting in what clinical signs?
Hepatotoxicity —> photosensitization —> hepatic encephalopathy (head pressing and mania)
42
Solanine and solanidine alkaloids are found in what plants?
Nightshade family - black nightshade - eggplant - tomato - Chinese lantern
43
What is the MOA of solanine and solanidine alkaoids?
GI, CNS, respiratory and cardiac (similar effect to atropine)
44
Japanese yew contains what toxic plant principle? MOA?
Taxine alkaloid | Cardiotoxic and GI effects
45
What plants contain tropane alkaloids?
Jimsonweed Devils trumpet Angels trumpet
46
What is the MOA of tropane alkaloid? What could you use to treat?
``` Inhibit Na/K ATPase and increased intracellular Na and Ca —> arrhythmic at high dose —> CNS: seizures —> mydriasis —> GI ``` Treat with pysostigmine
47
MOA of xanthine alkaliods ?
= caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine Block adenosine receptors Inhibit phosphodiesterase
48
What are clinical signs associated with ingestion of cocoa and coffee plants?
CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures Muscle tremors Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea Tachycardia and hypotension
49
Coffee weed (senna) and Aloe contains which toxin?
Anthraquinones
50
What is the MOA of anthraquinones?
Purgative | Irritation of GI tract
51
Coffee weed (senna) has an unknown principle causing skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration. What would be another DDX for these signs?
Ionophore (monenesin) toxicity
52
What plant contains calcinogenic glycosides?
Day-blooming jessamine (night shade family —> fragrant flowers)
53
What is the MOA of day-blooming jessamine?
Calcinogenic glycoside —> hypercalcemia —> calcification of the arteries, tendons, and ligaments
54
What toxins cause a hypercalcemia ?
``` Carcinogenic glycosides (day blooming jessamine) Calciferol rodenticides ```
55
What toxin is found in cocklebur?
Carboxytractyloside (sulfates glycoside)
56
What is the MOA of carboxytractyloside?
Hepatotoxicity —> photosensitization and encephalopathy Mechanical injury to mouth -> excessive salivation
57
Oleander has what toxin?
Cardiac glycosides
58
What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?
Inhibit Na/K ATPase | GI irritation
59
What plants contain cardiac glycosides?
``` Foxglove Oleander Periwinkle Desert rose Milkweed Lily of the valley Christmas Kallanchoe ```
60
What is the toxin in sweet clover?
Coumarin glycosides
61
What is the MOA of sweet clover toxicity?
Coumarin forms dicoumarol in spoiled plants —> antivitamin K -> lack of coag factors 2, 7, 9, 10
62
Hemorrhage and petechiae are associated with what toxins?
``` Warfarin (anticoagulant rodenticides) Sweet clover (coumarin glycosides) —> yellow flower ```
63
What is the antidote to toxicity caused by sweet clover?
Vit K Fresh frozen plasma Whole blood
64
What is the MOA of cyanogenic glycosides ?
Release of HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants - > inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration —> respiratory symptoms due to anoxia—> blood will be bright red due to hyperoxygenation - > inhibit glycolysis - > inhibit CAC - > irritation of mucus membranes HCN is metabolized to thiocyanate (SCN) in liver —> antithyroid
65
What toxins produce hyperoxygenation of the blood causing it to be bright red in colour?
Wild cherries, elderberry, and Johnson grass (cyanogenic glycosides) Hydrogen sulfide
66
What therapy can be used to reactivate cytochrome oxidase in poisoning with wild cherries/ Johnson grass?
Sodium nitrite
67
What plants have cycasin?
Cycad family -Sago palm Zamiaceae - Cardboard palm - Coontie
68
What are the 3 toxins of cycad palms?
Cycasin (glycoside) —> GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic B-methylamino-L-alanine —> neurotoxic amino acid Unknown —> axonal degeneration
69
What clinical signs result from ingestion of sago palm and friends?
Depend on amount and duration GI —> vomiting with or without blood, anorexia, diarrhea Liver—> photosensitization/ depression, and sometimes seizures CNS-> ataxia, weakness, and weight loss
70
What plants contain glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycosides)?
``` Rape seed Kale Broccoli Cabbage Brussel sprout Turnip Cauliflower ``` Soybean Flax —> antithyroid effects
71
Milkvetch contain what toxic compounds?
Nitropropanol glycoside
72
What is the MOA of nitropropanol glycoside?
Inhibit enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
73
What are the clinical signs associated with ingestion of milkvetch?
Respiratory and neurological signs in cattle and sheep
74
White clover and alfalfa has what toxin?
Phytoestrogens
75
What is the MOA of toxicity in white clover and alfalfa?
Estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
76
What clinical signs are caused by phytoestrogens found in white clover?
Infertility in females | Decreased libido and feminization in males
77
The buttercup family (anemone, ranuculus, clematis, and helleborus) contain which toxin?
Protoamemonin
78
What is the MOA of protoanemonin?
Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside | Causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis
79
Bracken fern has what toxin?
Ptaquloside
80
What is the MOA of ptaquloside, found in bracken fern?
Death of precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep Neoplasm in urinary tract of bovine (enzootic bovine hematuria) Tumors of upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep
81
T/F: blood in urine, anemia, and tachycardia are clinical findings consistent with enzootic bovine hematuria
True Caused by bracken fern
82
What plants contain steroidal saponins?
Agave Nolina Panicum spp (grass)
83
What is the MOA of lechuguilla, agave, nolina, and paniculm plants?
Steroidal saponins -> liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin as a metabolite of chorphyll —> photosensitization
84
T/F: dracaena and crdyline are steroidal saponins with their main effect on the liver producing photosensitization
False They are steroidal saponins but mainly cause GI irritation
85
Cottonseed contains what toxin?
Gossypol
86
What is the MOA of cottonseed?
Gossypol —> cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage Reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules Bind to protein, amino acids, and iron —> protein malnutrition, inhibit enzymes, and interferes with hemoglobin synthesis
87
__________ decreased toxicity of gossypol by inactivating in and enhancing excretion
Iron salts
88
What species are more sensitive to gossypol toxicity?
Monogastrics > ruminant

RUSVM Toxicology Summer 2019 (10 decks)

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