Plant Science Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Reasons why botanical names are important
A
International, Explains something about the plant, unchanging
2
Q
What is the binomial system of naming plants
A
Genus name + Species name
3
Q
What is ‘plant taxonomy’?
A
The practice and science of classifying organisms int0 groups or taxons and making connections between groups to help us understand them
4
Q
What are gymnosperms?
A
Non-flowering plants whose seeds are not protected by an enclosed overy. Conifers, cycads, ginko.
5
Q
What are angiosperms?
A
All flowering plants
6
Q
What are Pteridophytes?
A
Less complex plants that depend on water to reproduce by spores. Ferns, horsetails, club mosses.
7
Q
What are Bryophytes?
A
Less complex plants that depend of water to reproduce by spores. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
8
Q
What are Monocotyledonous plants?
A
Plants that produce just one seed leaf within their seed. Grasses, hosta, tulips
9
Q
What are Eudicotyledonous plants?
A
Plants with 2 seed leaves within the seed. 75% of all flower plants are Eudicots.
10
Q
What is a ‘plant family?’
A
plants that share physical characteristics like flowering or fruiting habits
11
Q
Name 3 links which help group plant families
A
- Arrangement of flower parts.
- The way the seed pod splits
- The way the fruits split apart.
12
Q
List 3 plant families
A
- Rosaceae
- Brassicaceae
- Asteraceae
13
Q
Define ‘genus’
A
A group of plants within a family which share many characteristics
14
Q
Define ‘species’
A
Basic unit of classification, it defines the individual plant. These plants can interbreed.
15
Q
Define ‘cultivar’
A
a variation that occurs through deliberate breeding and plant selection
16
Q
Which authority do cultivar names need to be registered with?
A
International Cultivar Registration Authority
ICRA
17
Q
Define ‘variety’
A
The rank below species in the taxonomic hierarchy. It identifies a naturally occurring variation in form within a species
18
Q
Define ‘hybrid’
A
plants at species level within a genus that have cross-polinated and created an interspecific hybrid.
19
Q
What is the male part of a flower called?
A
stamen
20
Q
What is a group of petals called?
A
Corolla
21
Q
What is a group of sepals called?
A
Calyx
22
Q
What is the female part of a flower called that contains ovules
A
Ovary
23
Q
What protects the rest of the flower when it is in bud? It is surrounded by petals.
A
Sepal
24
Q
What is showy in order to attract pollinators?
A
Petals
25
What is a filament?
Stalks that hold up the anthers
26
What is a receptacle?
the top of the pedicel that supports the rest of the flower
27
What is a stigma?
Female part of a flower which receives pollen.
28
What is lamina?
A leaf blade
29
What is a petiole?
A leaf stalk
30
What is a compound leaf with opposite leaflets?
Pinnate
31
What is a compound leaf?
Palmate
32
What is phyllotaxy?
Leaf arrangement
33
What is a node?
the point on a stem from which a leaf grows
34
What is an internode?
The space on a stem between two nodes
35
Define apex
The top of a root or shoot
36
Define axil
angle where a leaf joins a stem
37
What is a lenticel?
A pore on the surface of a stem, allowing gaseous exhange.
38
Which type of plants have tap root and lateral roots?
eudicotyledons
39
What roots do monocotyledons have?
fibrous roots
40
In which stage does vegetative growth occur?
Juvenile
41
What is the resting survival stage?
seed
42
In which stage does flowering occur?
Reproductive (adult) stage
43
Which plants have very short life cylces?
Ephemerals
44
What is a perennial?
Plant living for more than 2 years
45
What is an annual?
Plant completing its lifecycle in one year
46
What is a biennial?
Plant which produces vegetative growth in year 1 and flowers in year 2
47
What is a leaf scar?
Position of last year's terminal bud
48
What does floribunda mean?
Many flowered
49
Define Cordatus
heart shaped
50
What does officinalis mean?
useful for mankind (often medicinal)
51
What does spinosus mean?
thorny
52
what does aurea mean?
gold
53
What does campestris mean?
of the fields
54
Define Cell Wall
Cellulose, permeable to gases and liquids
55
What is a cell membrane
Semi-permeable, controls movement in and out of cell
56
What is cytoplasm?
jelly-like cell contents in which organelles are located
57
What is the nucleus?
cell control centre, DNA
58
What is a vacuole?
Fluid-filled cavity, holds cell turgid
59
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles with green pigment, sites of photosynthesis
60
What are Mitochondria?
Organelles where respiration takes place in all cells
61
What are Intercellular spaces?
Allow gases to diffuse between cells
62
What is the epidermis?
Outer, close-packed layer of cells around all parts of the plant. Protects against water loss or disease
63
What is the cambium?
Meristematic (dividing) tissue where new cells are created for growth.
64
What 3 types of tissue make up a eudicot vascular system?
Phloem, xylem and cambium
65
Which tissue is on the outer part of a vascular bundle?
The Phloem
66
What does xylem tissue do?
Allows water and dissolved nutrients to move through the plants from the roots, up through the stem and into the leaves
67
What does phloem tissue do?
transports carbohydrates from the leaves (where they are manufactured) to all parts of the plants where they are needed - mainly growing tips, storage organs, fruits and seeds
68
In a root, what is the endodermis?
The inner ring of tissue that controls movement of water from the cortex into the phloem and xylem
69
In a root, what is the cortex?
A thick layer of general tissue which stores food and that produces energy for root growth. Water can pass through the cells of the cortex.
70
What is a stele?
All the tissues from the endodermis inwards: the pericycle, the xylem and phloem, the vascular cambium
71
How are xylem and phloem cells arranged in a monocot root?
In a circle or ring
72
How are xylem and phloem cells arranged in a eudicot root?
The xylem cells form a central 'hub' with lobes, and the phloem cells fill the spces between the lobes. A 'starfish' shape
73
In a leaf, what is the cuticle?
A protective waxy coating which helps the leaf from drying out. Keeps some pathogens out of the leaf tissue.
74
In a leaf, what are stomata?
Openings which allow exit and entry of gases and water vapour. The stomata are opened and closed by the water pressure in the guard cells which surround them.
75
In a leaf, what are palisade cells?
Mesophyll (middle layer) tissue which contain most chloroplasts - where photosynthesis takes place. Elongated cells close to the top surface of the leaf. The chloroplasts move around in the cells to maximise their exposure to sunlight
76
In a leaf, what are spongy mesophyll?
Loose packed cells in spongy tissue with lots of inter-cellular spaces to allow free movement of gases and water vapour. The stomata open into these spaces.
77
What is a perfect flower?
One that has both male and female parts
78
What is a monoecious plant?
One with separate male and female flowers on the same plant (Juglans regia, many courgettes)
79
What is a dioecious plant?
One with male and female flowers growing on completely separate plants? (Skimmia japonica, Ilex aquifolium)
80
what is a flower spike?
A modifed raceme where the flowers are attached to the main stalk without stems (i.e. they are sessile)
81
what is a stele?
The core of vascular tissue in a root
82
what is the epidermis?
The protective outer tissue of a cell
83
What is a pith?
Packing tissue in the center of young stems/some roots
84
What is meristem?
Area of active cell division
85
What do you call a root growing from a primary tap root
Lateral root
86
What is a root hair?
Extension of epidermal cell, facilitates in obsorbtion of soil water
87
What is the pericycle?
Ring of cells surrounding the vascular bundles in a stele
88
What is the root cap?
Protective end of a tap root
89
What is the cortex?
Unspecialised cells between epidermis and vascular system
90
what is the endodermis
an inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and of some stems, surrounding a vascular bundle.
91
What type of flower has all the pedicels arising from one point?
Umbel
92
What is an example of a corymb?
Sambucus nigra
93
Give an example of a verticillaster
Phlomis russeliana
94
What are disc florets?
Fertile flowered daisy-type flower with reduced petals
95
What is an another word for an undivided leaf?
Entire
96
What controls the opening of stomata
Guard cells
97
What is the cuticle?
waxy protective layer
98
What is a stoma?
Pore for gaseous exchange
99
Where are most stomata located?
lower epidermis
100
What is a bract?
A leaf-like structure
101
What does sessile mean?
Without stalk
102
What are spongy mesophyll?
Widely spaced cells in a leaf
103
what is a palisade cell?
Cells containing most chloroplasts
104
Which tissue conducts food?
Phloem
105
Describe a compound umbel
the flower head is composed of a number of umbels where the peduncles all arise from the same point
106
Describe a corymb
A flower head where all the pedicels grow to the same height and form a platform for pollinating insects to land
107
Describe a raceme
The flowers are attached to the short main stem by short stalks. The main axis continues to grow and produce flowers
108
What is a pannicle?
A branched raceme - each branch is a raceme and continues to grow at the tip
109
Describe a cyme
The main axis forms a flower then lateral buds form panicles of flower which open from the top downwards
110
what are the outputs of photosynthesis?
Oxygen & gluclose
111
who are energy producers?
Kingdom Plantae
112
what is an organism manufacturing its own food?
autotroph
113
what is a chemical process in a living organism?
biochemical
114
What is a reaction using light energy?
photochemical
115
What are methods of CO 2 enrichment?
Dry ice, products of combustion
116
What is an organism dependent on outside food sources?
heterotroph
117
What are photosynthesis inputs?
Carbon dioxide and water
118
What are stomata?
Pores for gaseous exchange
119
What are spongy mesophyll?
Leaf tissue contain gases for exchange
120
What is green light?
Wavelength not absorbed in photosynthesis
121
What is the energy source for photosynthesis?
sunlight
122
What are chlorplasts?
Organelles - site of photosynthesis
123
Name a potentially limiting factor
water stress
124
What happens in the light stage?
Water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen
125
What is a petrochemical?
A reaction using light energy
126
What is the second stage of photosynthesis?
Light independent
127
What are guard cells?
Either side of the stomata, control opening and closing
128
What are energy consumers?
All animal life
129
What is the light used in photosynthesis (wavelengths?)
Red, blue wavelengths
130
What is gluclose
A complex carbohydrate in transportable form
131
What is starch
A complex carbohydrate in stored form
132
Where are most chloroplasts?
Palisade cells in the leaf tissue
133
What is a factor affecting rate of chemical reactions?
heat
134
What is PAR?
photosynthetically active radiation
135
What plant parts are involoved in photosynthesis?
green shoots and stems, leafs, petals...
136
What plant parts are not involved in photosynthesis?
Roots
137
What is Carbon Dioxide
Gaseous compound, 0.04% Earth's atmostphere
138
What happens in the light stage?
Water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen
139
What is chlorophyll
The pigment enabling photosynthesis
140
What is the stele?
The core of vascular tissues in a dicot root
141
What is the epidermis?
Protective layer, simple tissue
142
what is pericycle?
ring of meristematic tissue inside the endodermis where lateral roots form
143
What is the endodermis?
tissue that controls movement of water into root
144
what is phloem?
Food-conducting complex tissue
145
What is the cortex?
Packing tissue in root
146
What is the mark showing this years' growth?
Growth ring
147
What is a leaf scar?
Mark on stem where deciduous leaf was attached
148
What is the sieve tube?
Part of the phloem tissue - conducts food
149
What is an axillary bud?
Bud in leaf axil
150
What is vascular cambium?
Meristematiac tissue in eudicot vascular bundle
151
What is pith
Packing tissue in center of eudicot stem
152
What is a xylem vessel?
Part of xylem tissue, open tube, dead at maturity
153
What is a tracheid?
Part of xylem tissue, allows water through perforations
154
What is a lenticel
A pore for gaseous exhange
155
What is a node?
Point of origin for a leaf
156
What role does Boron play in plant nutrition?`
cell wall formation
movement of sugar to growing parts of plants
makes calcium available
pollination and seed set
157
