plant & soil

Question 1

nucleus

Answer 1

centre of cell
site of genetic transcription

Question 2

nuclear membrane

Answer 2

forms protective barrier around nucleus
composed of phospholipid bilayer
controls movement of substances in & out

Question 3

nucleolus

Answer 3

largest body within nucleus
responsible for production of ribosomal subunits

Question 4

SER

Answer 4

process & package lipids & hormones

Question 5

RER

Answer 5

involved in production of proteins
ribosomes on surface
joined to nuclear membrane to enable rapid movement of information to the ribosomes from nucleus

Question 6

golgi apparatus

Answer 6

sorting, modifying and packaging proteins for secretion
movement of lipids around cell

Question 7

mitochondira

Answer 7

cellular respiration - takes nutrients from cell (glucose from photosynthesis) breaks it down and turns it in energy (ATP)

Question 8

chloroplast

Answer 8

converts light energy from sun into sugars to be used by cell
chlorophyll is green pigment for photosynthesis

Question 9

ribosomes

Answer 9

protein synthesis
location in cell determines what kind of protein it makes

Question 10

vesicle

Answer 10

composed of a phospholipid bilayer
transport materials from on place to another

Question 11

vacuole

Answer 11

membrane-bound sac
provides structural support & storage for useful materials

Question 12

centrosome

Answer 12

organise microtubules
provides cell structure
pulls chromatids apart during division

Question 13

cell wall

Answer 13

structure & protection
semi-permeable for osmosis & diffusion across membrane
made of lignin - rigidity & support

Question 14

cell membrane

Answer 14

double layer of lipids & proteins surrounding cell
separates cytoplasm from surrounding environment
selectively permeable - only lets certain molecules enter & exit
active transport

Question 15

cytoplasm

Answer 15

fluid that fill cell
holds organelles in suspension
gives cell its shape

Question 16

meristematic tissues

Answer 16

undifferentiated tissues found at points of growth
can differentiate when required allowing plant to grow

Question 17

permanent tissues

Answer 17

what meristems differentiate into
don’t change form or function

Question 18

apical meristem

Answer 18

present at growing tips of stems & roots
increases length

Question 19

lateral meristem

Answer 19

consists of cells that mainly divide in one plane causing organ to increase in diameter & growth
forms secondary growth

Question 20

intercalary meristem

Answer 20

located between permanent tissues
present at base of node, internode & leaf base
branch formation & growth

Question 21

vascular tissues

Answer 21

transport vessels
move water & sugars around plant

Question 22

epidermal tissues

Answer 22

tissues on outside of plant

Question 23

ground tissues

Answer 23

less differentiated
comprise much of cell
serve many vital roles

Question 24

phloem (vascular)

Answer 24

move SUGARS via diffusion & active transport
stacked end-end creating a tube to carry sugars from source to sink/ sink to site of growth

Question 25

xylem (vascular)

Answer 25

dead cells that move WATER up plant from the roots transpiration stream relies upon weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules pulling them up xylem as water is lost at stomata & leaf surface concentration gradient between plant & root hair cell allows water to move into plant by osmosis

Question 26

transport in phloem

Answer 26

diffusion translocation active transport

Question 27

transport in xylem

Answer 27

osmosis transpiration capillary action

Question 28

epidermal tissues

Answer 28

outer layer of leaf single layer of cells covers leaves, flowers, roots & stems forming boundary between plant & external environment protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange & absorbs water & mineral nutrients

Question 29

guard cells

Answer 29

control opening and closing of stomata by altering turgidity

Question 30

stomata

Answer 30

pore in leaf that enables water & gas movement in & out of cell usually on bottom of leaf

Question 31

cambium

Answer 31

provides undifferentiated cells for plant growth found between xylem & phloem

Question 32

parenchyma

Answer 32

packing tissue - forms filler in soft parts of plant thin cell walls - change shape living cells lots of chloroplasts - photosynthesis strorge

Question 33

collenchyma

Answer 33

structural support in growing plants thick cell walls forms long fibres remains alive cell walls can thick if there is damage to make it stronger

Question 34

sclerenchyma

Answer 34

structure & support in grown/mature plants v thick cell walls & lots of lignin - so thick that cells die form fibres or dense stones (sclereids)

Question 35

3 meristematic tissues

Answer 35

apical intercalary lateral

Question 36

3 permanent tissues

Answer 36

vascular epidermal ground

Question 37

2 vascular

Answer 37

phloem xylem

Question 38

3 epidermal

Answer 38

guard cells stomata cambium

Question 39

3 ground

Answer 39

collenchyma parenchyma sclerenchyma

Question 40

3 plant structure areas

Answer 40

subterranean mid-structure arial components

Question 41

3 main factors of photosynthesis

Answer 41

light intensity temperature carbon dioxide availability

Question 42

photosynthesis equation

Answer 42

carbon dioxide --> glucose + oxygen

Question 43

what happens to enzymes after they reach the optimum temperature of 36-37?

Answer 43

denature

Question 44

aerobic respiration equation

Answer 44

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

Question 45

anaerobic respiration equation

Answer 45

glucose --> lactic acid + ATP

Question 46

when does anaerobic respiration occur

Answer 46

roots become completely waterlogged lack of oxygen to produce energy needed

Question 47

equation for ethanol fermentation

Answer 47

glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 48

what happens when it's dark

Answer 48

respiration but no photosynthesis oxygen taken in CO2 given out

Question 49

what happens when there is dim light

Answer 49

photosynthesis & respiration rates are equal neither gas is taken in or out

Question 50

what happens when there is bright light

Answer 50

photosynthesis rate greater than respiration rate CO2 taken in & oxygen given out