PLANT STIMULANTS- ORAL AND SMOKED

Question 1

_______: increase neurotransmission, stimulate CNS, produces a sense of power and well-being, increased self-confidence, and exhileration. They alleviate fatigue, increase agitation, apprehension, and anxiety. Increased tolerance occurs over time, resulting in cravings and possible addiction.

Answer 1

stimulants

Question 2

_______: they decrease neurotransmission, depress CNS, produce a sense of euphoria and well-being. High doses result in sedation, calming effects. These drugs are hypnotic and anaesthetic, can definitely be addictive. Tolerance develops over time, need increasing dosages.

Answer 2

depressants

Question 3

______: these alter neurotransmission to induce abnormal changes in perception, thought and mood, altered pyshe and state of consciousness. They do not affect autonomic nervous system. Generally not addictive, but can be habit-forming.

Answer 3

hallucinogens

Question 4

_____: tree-like palm species
native to SE Asia
seed/nut produces the stimulant
evidence of human use dates back 7500 years
about 10% of the global population chews ____ nut on a regular basis
preparation is often formalized and ritualistic, served on formal occasions
chewing ___ produces bright red juice, discolours teeth and gums
active principles: arecaidine and arecoline (nicotinic-acid based alkaloids)- similar to nicotine, just as addictive
shown to expel intestinal worms, increases risk of oral cancer

Answer 4

betel

Question 5

is betel nut actually chewed?

Answer 5

kind of but not really, it is initially mascerated quickly then held in the cheek over time

Question 6

shavings of areca palm seed, mixed with mineral lime (reduce acidity), wrapped in betel leaf are the….

Answer 6

basic ingredients of betel

Question 7

gambir and various spices/colouring can be added to betel… what is gambir?

Answer 7

resinous substance obtained by steam distillation of leaves of a shrub

typically sold in small, pale-brown cubes

tobacco is often added as well

Question 8

T/F: betel is a known expectorant

Answer 8

true! causes people to spit out juice/phlegm

Question 9

what are the active principles of betel?

Answer 9

arecaidine and arecoline
nicotinic-acid based alkaloids
stimulant effect similar to nicotine, just as addictive

Question 10

_____: solanaceous annual herb
member of Tomato/Solanaceous family
grows to the height of 2m
native to Amazonia but cultivated around the world
was used in Americas for at least a thousand years prior to colonization
used by Aztec, various Amazon tribes as well… variable effects of _____ result from different species (also cultural experiences)
leaves can be smoked, chewed, snuffed… salves can be rubbed into skin
was long viewed as a medicinal plant in Europe
addictive properties: nicotine and nornicotine (pyridine alkaloids)
considered highly addictive

Answer 10

tobacco

Question 11

which plant has closely related but smaller species in Mexico, southern US, and Australia

Answer 11

tobacco,
N. rustica (Aztec tobacco from Mexico/US)
Nicotiana species (Australia)

Question 12

_______ was used shamanistically, in ceremonies, for pleasure and social interactions

Answer 12

tobacco

Question 13

what are the different ways to consume tobacco?

Answer 13

smoke it, chewed, snuffed, tobacco-based salve can be rubbed into the skin

Question 14

how was tobacco introduced into Europe?

Answer 14

indigenous use of tobacco in Caribbean Islands in late 1400s, leaves were dried, rolled, and smoked (like a cigar)… habit was taken up by Spanish and Portuguese sailors… introduced into Europe and influenced the exploration of the world to find new supplies of tobacco leaves

Question 15

what are the active components of tobacco?

Answer 15

nicotine and nornicotine (pyridine alkaloids)

Question 16

_____ has a complex mode of action, generally considered a stimulant but also has a depressant effect on anxious/agitated users

Answer 16

tobacco

Question 17

T/F: more people are addicted to nicotine than any other natural product

Answer 17

true! considered highly addictive (even more than meth! addiction score of 99)

Question 18

dried tobacco leaves contain __-__% nicotine, with small amounts of nornicotine and camphor

Answer 18

0.6-0.9%

Question 19

when smoking tobacco, nicotine reaches the brain in ___ seconds

Answer 19

five

Question 20

what happens when nicotine reaches the brain?

Answer 20

hit of dopamine, stimulates neurotransmission by mimicking acetylcholine and also stimulating the release of dopamine/adrenaline

Question 21

_____ initially stimulates, but subsequently blocks, sensory receptors on the skin and tongue responsible for detecting heat and pain… also an appetite suppressor

Answer 21

nicotine

Question 22

adverse effects of tobacco only started to be studied/reported in…

Answer 22

1950s

Question 23

what are the reported effects of tobacco addiction?

Answer 23

shortens life, causes lung and other forms of cancer, exacerbates heart disease, bronchitis and other diseases, hazardous to the unknown

Question 24

what was the percentage of men and women smoking before the report of adverse effects in the 50s?

Answer 24

52% of men regularly smoked
34% of women

4300 cigs per person/year

Question 25

how much were rates of smoking reduced by the 70s? 90s?

Answer 25

70s: cigarette use dropped to 4000 cigs/person/year 90s: 26% men, 22% women 2200 cigarettes per person/year

Question 26

in 1950, in a typical NA cigarette, there was ___ mg of tar and ___ mg of nicotine

Answer 26

30 mg tar 2.6 mg of nicotine in the 90s: 12.5 mg tar, 0.9 mg nicotine

Question 27

T/F: smoking habits are very difficult to overcome

Answer 27

true!

Question 28

are success rates of stop-smoking aids are low... what percentage of people are actually able to stop smoking?

Answer 28

fewer than 25% of patients stop smoking for at least one year

Question 29

other than nicotine patches, sprays and and gums, what other kinds of treatments are available?

Answer 29

antidepressant bupropion, which increases brain dopamine levels like nicotine

Question 30

what are the medicinal benefits of nicotine?

Answer 30

smokers suffer less from Parkinsons schizophrenics are often heavy smokers, could be a form of self-medication studies show it can alleviate Tourette's and Alzheimers, as well as Parkinson's

Question 31

how does nicotine stimulate dopamine?

Answer 31

mimicks acetylcholine, which controls dopamine production

Question 32

______: tall shrub native to NE Africa and Arabian peninsula cultivated in Ethiopia fresh leaves and branchlets chewed for 10 mins to extract plant juices much of the Ethiopian crop is exported to Yemen and Arabian peninsula (need fresh leaves so they're shipped in banana leaves) local demand is yemen is super high, 80% of men and 60% of women chew khat active principle: cathinone (alkaloid)

Answer 32

khat/qat

Question 33

how is khat consumed?

Answer 33

fresh leaves and branchlets are chewed for ~10 mins to extract plant juices, residue is then swallowed with lots of sweetened water

Question 34

where is most of the Ethiopian crop of khat exported to?

Answer 34

yemen

Question 35

the potency of khat is said to be lost if material is more than _____ days old, so thats why its wrapped in banana leaves when shipped

Answer 35

three

Question 36

when does the chewing of khat normally begin? when does it end?

Answer 36

begins mid-afternoon, ends well into the evening

Question 37

why have concerns regarding substance abuse of khat arisen?

Answer 37

its addictive and very common in some countries addiction has been implicated in the development of social problems, family instability, depression, anorexia, malnutrition, gastritis

Question 38

what is the active principle of khat?

Answer 38

cathinone (alkaloid) amphetamine-like drug stimulates the release of various neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) from pre-synaptic terminals

Question 39

khat results in increased alertness, elevated mood, excitement, hyperactivity, insomnia, increased blood pressure, why?

Answer 39

cathinone stimulates the release of various neurotransmitters from pre-synaptic terminals

Question 40

cathinone is a Schedule ___ drug in the US, import is illegal into North America and most European countries

Answer 40

Schedule I drug

Question 41

______: small shrub native to Andes mountains of Peru and Bolivia widely cultivated in Andes and western Amazonia traditional use: chewing two ounces of freshly harvested leaves (around 15 million people chew ___ leaves on a regular basis) was once considered property of the Inca royal family active principle: cocaine Sigmund Freud was an early advocate for its use treated toothaches, pains, digestive remedies banned in US in 1914 used as local anaesthetic alters synaptic transmission in the CNS, blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine toxic at high doses

Answer 41

coca

Question 42

most harvested coca leaves go to the illicit market, but indigenous use is still important...traditional use involves chewing two ounces of freshly harvested leaves per day, which corresponds to ___ mg of cocaine

Answer 42

50

Question 43

chewing coca leaves produces a mild, stimulating effect, without the addictive effects associated with cocaine abuse... what were the benefits that led to its traditional use?

Answer 43

increase concentration and stamina, overcome hunger and fatigue, treat headaches, nausea, and altitude sickness

Question 44

"divine coca" was once considered property of the ____ royal family

Answer 44

Inca

Question 45

when did coca use become widespread? who banned and then distributed it?

Answer 45

the Spaniards, they intially banned the chewing of coca leaves when they first arrived in the early 1500s, but then realized their workers were much more efficient when given the drug, so they distributed coca leaves 3-4 times a day

Question 46

coca was widely ignored in Europe until its active component (cocaine) was discovered by ______, a German biochemist

Answer 46

Albert Niemann

Question 47

_______ was a strong activist in the use of cocaine... he recommended cocaine be used to combat morphine withdrawal (which was a huge problem at the time), it was also thought to relieve depression and indigestion (as it is a stimulant) however, he soon realized the dangerously addictive nature of the drug

Answer 47

sigmund freud he himself was addicted to the drug, even after publishing the dangers of its abuse

Question 48

Dr Jekyl and Mr Hyde, Sherlock Holmes, Ernest Shackleton were all examples of characters, authors, and people that were addicted to...

Answer 48

cocaine

Question 49

William Halstead (surgeon in New York), explored the use of cocaine as an anaesthetic on himself, became addicted and had to remove himself from society. He eventually became head of surgery at John Hopkins, but used daily ____ injections to combat his cocaine addiction for the rest of his life

Answer 49

morphine

Question 50

By the late 1800s, _____ was relatively inexpensive and freely available across Europe and America.

Answer 50

cocaine it was added to cigarettes, in French tonic wine (11% alcohol and 6.5 mg cocaine/ounce)

Question 51

French tonic wine (French Wine of Coca) was recommended to drink 5 oz how many times a day?

Answer 51

3 times per day, meaning people were consuming 100 mg of cocaine per day... even endorsed by the Pope at the time.... used by Thomas Edison and US presidents (Grant)

Question 52

Pemberton developed ______ after he was forced to develop a non-alcoholic version of French Wine of Coca

Answer 52

Coca-Cola

Question 53

one bottle of original coca-cola contained ___ mg of cocaine, with four times the caffeine content as today

Answer 53

60

Question 54

cocaine was banned in the US in ____, when its addictive properties became too obvious to ignore

Answer 54

1914 also made illegal in Europe at the same time

Question 55

what was the first medicinal use of cocaine?

Answer 55

local anaesthetic in eye surgery and dentistry eventually replaced by semi-synthetic procaine (novacaine) which does not stimulate the CNS

Question 56

______ exerts its effect by altering synaptic transmission in the CNS, it blocks re-uptake of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine, resulting in their buildup

Answer 56

cocaine

Question 57

elevated core body temp, pupil dilation, constriction of blood vessels are all symptoms of what drug?

Answer 57

cocaine

Question 58

cocaine increases risk of heart attack by ___ times

Answer 58

24, it reduces blood flow to the heart

Question 59

what are the two ways recreational cocaine is prepared?

Answer 59

cocaine hydrochloride: dissolve cocaine in hydrochloric acid to form a powder (oral, intravenous, intra-nasally taken) crack cocaine: processing cocaine with sodium bicarbonate/ammonia, creates product that melts at 98 degrees Celsius (CO2 released when smoked, causes crackling sound)

Question 60

_____ produces an exhilarating rush that lasts 10-20 mins often results in binging as users are constantly trying to recreate that initial high

Answer 60

cocaine

Question 61

symptoms of ____ poisoning include: rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure, visual hallucinations, crawling sensation on skin, paranoid psychosis

Answer 61

cocaine

Question 62

_____ abuse remains the most frequent drug-related cause of death in hospital ERs... almost always from cardiovascular failure

Answer 62

cocaine