Plant Stimulants: Oral and Smoked Stimulants Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Define Stimulus.
A
- Stimulate the CNS, producing a sense of power and well-being, increase self confidence and feelings of exhilaration.
- Alleviate fatigue and drowsiness, but increase levels of agitation, apprehension and anxiety.
- Increase tolerance to stimulants develops over time, resulting in cravings and possible addictive dependence.
2
Q
Define Depressant.
A
- Depress the CNS, leading to a sensation of euphoria and well-being.
- Higher dosage produce sedation, associated with calming and tranquilizing effects.
- Depressant drugs are hypnotic (sleep inducing), and anesthetic, and like stimulants have a strong potential for addictive dependence.
- Tolerance develops overtime, requiring increased dosages to produce the same affect.
3
Q
Define Hallucinogens.
A
- These induce abnormal changes in perception, thought and mood, characterized by alteration of the psyche and an altered state of consciousness.
- Unlike stimulants and depressants, they do not affect the the autonomic nervous system (the non-conscious functions).
- Generally not addictive, but may be habit forming.
4
Q
What is an arborescent (tree-like) palm species native to Indonesia used in oral and smoked stimuli?
A
The acre or betel palm in which the seed of the betel palm is used to produce a stimulant known as betel.
5
Q
How is betel obtained?
A
The seed of the betel palm is grated and wrapped in allay of Piper betel (betel leaf), a herbaceous vine native to Southeast Asia and in the same genus as black pepper (P. Nigrum).
6
Q
When does evidence of human use of betel nut date back to?
A
7500 years ago based on archeological evidence from the Spirit Cave in northern Thailand.
7
Q
What percent of the global population chews betel nut on a regular basis?
A
10%.
8
Q
Where is chewing of the betel nut particularly common?
A
India, the western Pacific Islands, southern China, and Southeast Asia.
9
Q
What does it mean when we say “chew”?
A
Masticated and then held between cheek and tongue as a quid.
10
Q
What is this betel chew similar to?
A
Chewing tobacco, khat and traditional use of coca by the Andeans.
11
Q
What are the basic ingredients of betel?
A
Shavings go the Areca palm seed, mixed with mineral lime to reduce acidity, and wrapped in a Piper betel leaf. Gambir and spices may also be added.
12
Q
What is Gambir?
A
A resinous substance obtained by steam distillation of the leaves of the shrub Uncaria gambir.
13
Q
Where is the preparation of betel very formalized and ritualistic?
A
India.
14
Q
What does chewing the betel produce?
A
A brilliant red juice in the mouth, and will discolour teeth and gums, or acts as expectorants and readily stain surfaces.
15
Q
What are the active principles of the Areca palm seed?
A
Nicotinic acid based alkaloids arecaidine and arecoline.
16
Q
What affects do arecaidine and arecoline have?
A
Stimulant effects similar to nicotine and are thought to be as addictive.
17
Q
How have these secondary products been used as a medical benefit?
A
Alkaloids have been shown to aid in expelling intestinal worms.
18
Q
What is tobacco?
A
A solanaceous (a member of the tomato family), and an annual herb growing to heigh of 2m.
19
Q
Where is tobacco native to?
A
Amazonia.
20
Q
Where does tobacco grow best?
A
Lose, Sandy soils.
21
Q
What is closely related but smaller species of tobacco?
A
N.rustica, Aztec tobacco, and is indigenous to Mexico and US.
22
Q
Where is the native species of Nicotiana (from tobacco) used by indigenous groups as entheogens?
A
Australia.
23
Q
When did Europeans come in contact with tobacco?
A
Late 15th century.
24
Q
How was tobacco originally used>
A
Leaves were rolled, drives, and smoked. This was also taken up by Spanish and Portuguese sailors.
25
Due to these connections and insatiable cravings, tobacco was introduced throughout the world during the ____ century.
16th.
26
Whose "Herbal" recommend Tobacco for treating headaches, toothaches, skin problems, burns, dropsy, piles, colic, also as a purgative, emetic, and to expel intestinal worms?
John Gerard (1597).
27
What are the addictive properties of tobacco attributed to?
The pyridine alkaloids nicotine and nornicotine.
28
How does nictotine possess a complex mode of action?
While it is generally considered a stimulant, it may act as a depressant in agitated people.
29
What product are humans most addicted to?
Tobacco.
30
What percent of dry tobacco leaves contain nicotine?
0.6-0.9%, with smaller amounts of other stimulants such as nornicotine and camphor.
31
When smoking, how fast does it take for nicotine to reach the brain?
Five seconds-addiction is related to that initial surge of dopamine.
32
How does nicotine stimulate but then also block neurotransmission-playing into complexity?
Nicotine stimulates neurotransmission by mimicking acetylcholine, while also stimulating the release of dopamine and adrenaline.
Because nicotine is not rapidly deactivated, is also blocks neurotransmission.
33
What is the mode of action of nicotine continued-complexity?
It initially stimulates, but subsequently blocks, sensory receptors on the skin and tongue responsible for detecting heat and pain.
34
Nicotine is an _________, inhibiting hunger contractions of the stomach and deadening the taste buds.
Appetite suppressant.
35
When were the adverse health effects of tobacco first reported?
1950s, but were not taken seriously until 1964.
36
What is pulmonary emphysema (shortness of breath) related to?
Tobacco smoking/smoking.
37
What was the highly critical document of the tobacco industry?
Report of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health.
38
What is another alternative to tobacco therapy along with patches, vaping, gums and sprays?
An alternative therapy employs the antidepressant bupropion, Zyban, which like nicotine increases brain dopamine levels.
39
How does nicotine have medical benefits?
Smokers suffer less from Parkinson's, a progressive diseases of the nervous system, resulting from a deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine.
40
Who has been known to be heavy users of nicotine?
Schizophrenics, leading to the suggestion that smoking may be a form of self-medications.
41
What have controlled trials demonstrated in regard to nicotine?
Nicotine alleviates the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease.
42
Summarize how nicotine exerts its affects?
Stimulates the production of dopamine by mimicking acetylcholine which controls dopamine production.
43
What is the tall shrub (2-4 m in height) that is native to northeast Africa and the adjacent Arabian peninsula?
Khat or Qat.
44
Where does Khat grow well?
The Ethiopian highlands, were it is cultivated on terraced hills.
45
What is Khat used as in Ethiopia and the Arabian region?
Stimulant.
46
How are the plant juices of Khat extracted, and how is Khat taken?
Fresh leaves an branchlets are chewed for about 10 minutes.
The residue is then swallowed, usually with copious amounts of sweetened H2O to counteract the bitterness and drying effects of Khat.
47
Where is the Ethiopian crop of Khat exported?
Yemen and other countries of the Arabian peninsula.
48
How are the branches of khat exported?
The upper branches are harvested and wrapped in bananas leaves, then shipped by air.
49
Why is the exportation of khat so specific?
The freshness is desired and it is said that khat will lose potency after 3 days.
50
In Yemen, what % of men and women chew khat respectively?
80 and 60.
51
What is a concern of khat?
It is addictive.
52
What are some medical problems resulting from khat abuse?
1) Anorexia
2) Malnutrition
3) Gastritis
53
What is the active principle of khat?
The alkaloid cathinone.
54
What is cathinone?
An amphetamine-like drug with pharmacological properties similar to synthetic amphetamines.
55
How does cathinone work?
Will stimulate the release of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) from pre-synaptic terminal, resulting in increased alertness, elevated mood, excitement, hyperactivity, insomnia, and increased blood pressure.
56
What does the stimulation of neurotransmitters from the pre-synaptic terminal by cathinone do?
Will result in increased alertness, elevated mood, excitement, hyperactivity, insomnia, and increased blood pressure.
57
What other benefits/maybe not benefits does Khat provide?
Relief from hinger and fatigue, may promote anorexia.
58
Where is it illegal to import Khat?
North America and most European countries.
59
Where is cathinone a schedule 1 drug, meaning there is high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, and a lack of accepted safety?
The United States.
60
What potent methylated second semi-synthetic appeared n the illicit market a few years ago in Russia, and more recently in NA? It is also a schedule 1 drug.
Methcathinone.
61
Where is the small shrub (1-2m), coca native to?
The Andes mountains of Peru and Bolivia (SA).
62
Where is coca widely cultivated?
On the lower and middle slopes of the Andes, and in parts of western Amazonia.
63
What was the traditional use of the coca plant?
Involves chewing about 2 ounces of freshly harvested leaves per day, which corresponds to about 50mg of cocaine.
64
What does chewing coca throughout the day produce and why was it traditionally practiced?
A mild stimulating affect.
Tradtitionally practiced to increase concentration and stamina, to overcome hunger and fatigue and to treat headaches, nausea, and altitude sickness.
65
Who was the "divine coca" once considered property to?
The Inca royal family.
66
When and why did coca become widespread?
When the spaniards came in 1500, would ship it out, originally banned however noticed lower productivity of Andes workers, so administered 2-3 times a day.
67
When was the active ingredient of coca leaves isolated and by whom?
The active ingredient was coca. It was isolated in 1859 by Albert Niemann, a German biochemist.
68
What did the University of Edinburgh discover in the 1870s?
Cocaine not only removes fatigue but prevents it.
69
What did the German army doctors discover in the 1883?
Cocaine increased the energy and endurance of the Bavarian Artillery soldiers.
70
Who was an early advocate for the medical use of cocaine and why?
Sigmund Freud.
He recommended cocaine to alleviate the sugaring of morphine withdrawal.
71
Why did Sigmund Freud believe that cocaine would help those struggling with morphine withdrawal?
In the 19th century, morphine addiction was a huge problem in Europe. It was thought that cocaine, being a stimulant, would counteract the effects of morphine, a depressant.
72
What else was cocaine thought to relieve?
Depression and indigestion.
73
When did Freud publish "Uber Cocaine", a treatise on the medical benefits of cocaine?
1884.
74
When did Freud publish a study on the addictive properties of cocaine and why?
In 1886, however continued to use until 1895, as he noticed his morphine using friend now became addicted to cocaine.
75
Who described the affects of the dosages times through self experiment and when?
William Hamond in 1887.
76
Who wrote Dr.Jekyl and Mr.Hyde under the influence of cocaine?
Robert Louis Stevenson.
77
Who explored the arctic in 1908-1909 on cocaine?
Ernest Shackleton.
78
When were tablets of cocaine sold in store until?
1916.
79
Who was the surgeon that became addicted to cocaine by originally thinking to use it as an anesthetic in eye surgery?
Halstead, and was treated at John Hopkins hospital and took morphine every day to overcome his cocaine addiction.
80
What was cocaine the major principle in in the 1800s?
Active principle in treating toothaches, and in digestive remedies.
81
What are some examples of cocaine remedies?
1) Ryno's Hay Fever
2) Catarrh Remedy
Cocaine was adde to cigarettes to lift depression.
82
What was the popular French tonic wine from the 1880s that contained 11% alcohol and 6.5mg of cocaine per ounce?
Vin Mariana.
83
What amount of Vin Mariana did the producer recommend daily?
5 ounces, 3x a day, corresponding to 100mg of cocaine.
84
Was Vin Mariana widely used, endorsed by the Pope, used by the famous, and inspired recreations?
Yes.
85
Pamberton, the creator of Vin Mariana developed what after a prohibition order in Atlanta forcing him to formulate a non-alcoholic version of his French Wine of Coca came to be?
Coca-Cola.
86
How did Pamberton go about developing the name of Coca-Cola?
He developed a syrup contains coca leaf and cola beans.
87
How did Pamberton go about advertising Coca-Cola?
"Has the virtues of coca without the vices of alcohol".
88
What did one bottle of the original Coca-Cola contain?
60mg of cocaine and 4x the amount of caffeine as seen today.
89
Who was the coca-cola company taken over by and when?
Asa Candler in 1889, just as public concern was developing over addictive cocainism.
90
What did Asa Candler do in response to this newly understood cocainism?
Decreased the content of both the cola bean and coca leaf. By 1902, there was only 1mg of cocaine per 6 ounces-from the macerated coca leaves used in the manufacturing process.
91
What did Asa Candler do in response to this newly understood cocainism even more so?
Further reduced cocaine content by partnering with legal cocaine supplier and one used the coca leaf prior to cocaine extraction.
92
When did the American government sue the company over the presence of alcohol and cocaine in Coca-Cola (even though neither was present)?
1906.
93
When was a private settlement reached under which the company agreed to halve the caffeine content of Coca-Cola?
1918.
94
When was cocaine banned in the US and Europe?
1914.
95
When was the manufacture of Vin Mariani banned in Europe?
After WW1, 1914-1918.
96
What was the first medical use of cocaine?
Used as an effective local anesthetic in eye surgery and dentistry.
97
What was cocaine replaced with in regard to medical purposes?
Procaine (Novocain), which unlike cocaine DOES NOT, stimulate the nervous system.
98
How does cocaine exert its affects?
Altering synaptic transmission in the CNA, specifically it blocks re-uptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine, resulting in their build up.
99
What are the medical symptoms of cocaine?
Elevated core body temperature, pull dilation, and constriction of blood vessels resulting in reduced O2 supply to the heart.
100
What risks does cocaine carry in regard to the heart?
Increases heart attack risk by 24 fold reducing blood flow to heart muscle.
101
What are the affects of cocaine withdrawal?
Similar to severe depression, typical symptoms include a distressed mood, fatigue and sleep, and psychomotor disturbances.
102
When did recreational use of cocaine reach an epidemic?
Mid 1980s in Europe and NA.
103
How is recreational cocaine prepared?
1) Cocaine hydrochloride is obtained by dissolving cocaine in HCl to form a water soluble powder that decomposes when heated. Powder may be taken orally, intravenously, or nasally.
2) Crack Cocaine (free base), is obtained by processing cocaine with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). The result is a heat stable compound that melts at 98C allowing it to be smoked. CO2 is released as it burns, producing the crack sound-deriving the name.
104
What does cocaine produce?
An initial exhilarating, euphoric rush that lasts for 10-20 minutes.
105
How is cocaine use used?
Results in binging in a vain attempt to recreate the initial bursts of euphoria.
106
When do toxic effects develop and what are the toxic effects?
At high dosages and produce symptoms that include rapid heartbeat, elevated blood pressure, visual hallucinations, crawling sensation of the skin, and paranoid psychosis.
107
True or False. Cocaine abuse remains the most frequent drug-related cause of death in hospital emergency rooms, due to cardiovascular failure.
True.
