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TOXICOLOGY > Plant stuff > Flashcards

Plant stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Which plants are insoluable Ca oxylates?

A
  1. Chinese Evergreen
  2. Alocacia spp.
  3. Flamingo plant
  4. Jack in the pulpit
  5. Cuckoo plant
  6. Caladium sp
  7. Dumbcane
  8. Pothos, devils ivy
  9. Philodendron
  10. Peace Lily
  11. Skunk cabbage
  12. arrow head vine
  13. calla/arum lily
  14. umbrella tree
  15. Fishtail palm
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2
Q

What is the MOA of insoluable Ca oxylates?

A

penetration via needle shape Ca oxylate crystals

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3
Q

What plants are soluable oxylates?

A
  1. Halogeten
  2. Greasewood
  3. Pigweed
  4. Beet
  5. Lamb’s quarter
  6. Rhubarb
  7. Sorrel and soursop
  8. Purslane
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4
Q

What is the MOA of soluable oxylates?

A

hypocalcemia and precipitation of Ca oxylates in soft tissues and kidney damage

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5
Q

What plants have isocupressic acid?

A
  1. Ponderosa pine
  2. Monterrey cypress
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6
Q

What is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

A

vasocontriction –> decrease uterine blood flow –> stimulate release of fetal cortisol and abortion

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7
Q

What plants have quinone?

A
  1. St. Johns wort
  2. Buckwheat
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8
Q

What is the MOA of Quinone?

A

primary photosensitization

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9
Q

What plants have tannic acid?

A
  1. Oak tree
  2. Pride of Barbados
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10
Q

What is the MOA of tannic acid?

A

tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage

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11
Q

What plant has Titerpene acid?

A

Lantana

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12
Q

What is the MOA of Titerpene acid?

A
  1. liver damage
  2. hepatic photosensitization
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13
Q

What plants have Colchicine?

A
  1. Autumn crocus
  2. Medow saffron
  3. Glory lily
  4. Climbing lily
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14
Q

What is the MOA of Colchicine?

A

Antimitotic

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15
Q

What plants have diterpine alkaloids?

A
  1. Lackspur
  2. Delphium
  3. Monkshade
  4. Aconite
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16
Q

What is the MOA of Diterpine alkaloids?

A
  1. Competative blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate
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17
Q

What is the MOA of Ergot alkaloid?

A
  1. vasoconstriction and gangrene
  2. uterine contraction and abortion (chonic presentation)
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18
Q

What plants contain Indolizidine alkaloids?

A
  1. Locoweed
  2. Milkvetch
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19
Q

What is the MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?

A
  1. inhibition of lysosomal enzymes (decrease glycosides)
  2. peripheral neuronal degeneration (via nitropropanol glycoside)
  3. abnormal hoof and hair (selenium)
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20
Q

What plants have Lycorine?

A
  1. Narcissus
  2. Kaffir lily
  3. Spider lily
  4. Barbados lily
  5. Fire lily
  6. Zephyr lily
  7. Rain lily
  8. River lily
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21
Q

What is the MOA of Lycorine?

A
  1. emetic and purgative
  2. bulb is the most toxic
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22
Q

What plant has Muscarine?

A

poisonious mushroom

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23
Q

How do you treat muscarine?

A

Atropine and symptomatic treatment and decontamination

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24
Q

What is the MOA of muscarine?

A

stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, CNS stimulation

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25
Q

What plants have piperdine alkaloids?

A
  1. Lupines
  2. poisonous/spotted hemlock
  3. California/Nebraska fern
  4. Tobacco
  5. Tree tobacco
  6. Coyote tobacco
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26
Q

What is the MOA of piperdine alkaloids?

A

nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade

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27
Q

What plants have pyridine alkaloids?

A
  1. Tobacco plant
  2. Tree tobacco
  3. Lobelia
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28
Q

What is the MOA of pyridine alkaloids?

A

Acts on nictoninic receptors at autonomic ganglia, neurmuscular junction and some synapses on CNS

low dose (depolarization) and high doses (blockade)

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29
Q

What plants have Pyrrolizidine alkaloid?

A
  1. Rattle box
  2. Crotolaria
  3. Senecio
  4. Groundsel
  5. Rajwort
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30
Q

What is the MOA of Pyrrolizidine alkaloid?

A

heptatotoxic

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31
Q

What plants have Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?

A
  1. Black nightshade
  2. American nightshade
  3. eggplant
  4. tomatoe
  5. turkey berry
  6. Chinese latern
  7. Chalice vine
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32
Q

What is the MOA of Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?

A

GI, CNS, respiratory and cardiac

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33
Q

What plant has Taxine alkaloids?

A

Japanese Yew

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34
Q

What is the MOA of Taxine alkaloid?

A

cardiotoxic (like cardiac glycocides) and GI signs

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35
Q

What plants have Tropane alkaloids?

A
  1. Jimsonweed
  2. Thornapple
  3. Angel’s trumpet
  4. Devils trumpet
  5. Henbane
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36
Q

What is the MOA of Tropane alkaloids?

A

all parts of the plant are toxic

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37
Q

What plants contain Xanthine alkaloid?

A

Cocoa and coffee

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38
Q

What is the MOA of Xanthine alkaloid?

A
  1. Blocking adinosine (A) receptors
  2. inhibition of phosphodiesterase
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39
Q

What plants have Anthraquinone?

A
  1. Cascara
  2. Buckthorn
  3. Coffeeweed
  4. Aloe
40
Q

What is the MOA of Anthraquinone?

A
  1. purgative
  2. (coffeeweed) skeletal and cardiac degeneration and urine may be coffee color due to myoglobinuria which leads to renal damage
41
Q

What plants have Cacinogenic glycocides (Vit D analog)?

A
  1. Day blooming jasmine
  2. Turkey berry
42
Q

What is the MOA of Cacinogenic glycocide (Vit D analog)?

A

hypercalcemia and lameness

43
Q

What plant has carboxy-atractyloside?

A

cocklebur

44
Q

What is the MOA of carboxy-atractyloside?

A
  1. hepatotoxicity
  2. excessive salivation
  3. renal damage
  4. hypoglycemia
45
Q

What plants have cardiac glycosides?

A
  1. Foxglove
  2. Oleander
  3. Yellow oleander
  4. Lucky nut
  5. Be still tree
  6. Squill
  7. Lily of the valley
  8. Milk weed
  9. Kallanchoe
  10. Periwinkle
46
Q

What is the MOA of Cardiac glycocide?

A

cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

47
Q

What is the antidote for cardiac glycosides?

A

Digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

48
Q

What plant contains Coumarin glycoside?

A

Sweet clover

49
Q

How do you treat Coumarin?

A

Vit K1 or whole blood

50
Q

What is the MOA of Coumarin?

A
  1. Forms dicoumerol in spoiled plant
  2. inhibits Vit K reductase and decreases Vit K factors
51
Q

What plants have Cyanogenic glycocides?

A
  1. Wild cherries
  2. Johnson grass
  3. Sudan grass
  4. Sorgumn
  5. Elderberry
52
Q

What is the MOA of Cyanogenic glycocides?

A
  • Acute
    • inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and cellular respiration
    • vasoconstiction
    • inhibition of glycolysis and TCA cycle
    • irritation of mucus membrane
  • Chronic
    • neuronal degeneration
    • antithyroid
53
Q

What plants have Cycasin?

A
  1. Sago palm
  2. Japanse cycad
  3. Cardboard palm
  4. Coontie
54
Q

What is the MOA of Cycasin?

A
  • Glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, BMLA
  • neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin –> axonal degeneration in CNS
55
Q

What plants have Glucosinolate?

A
  1. Rape seed
  2. Kale
  3. Brocholi
  4. Brussel sprouts
  5. Cabbage
  6. Turnip
  7. Soybean
  8. Flax
  9. Califlower
56
Q

What is the MOA of glucosinolate?

A

antithyroid

57
Q

What plants contain Nitropropanol glycoside?

A
  1. Milkvetch
  2. Violet
  3. Lotus
  4. Indigo
58
Q

What is the MOA of Nitropropanol glycoside?

A

inhibits enzymes of TCA cycle and celular oxidative phosphorylation

59
Q

What plants contain phytoestrogens?

A
  1. White clover
  2. Subterranean clover
  3. Alfalfa
60
Q

What is the MOA of phytoestrogens?

A

bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in males and females

61
Q

What plants contain Protoanemonin?

A
  1. Anemone
  2. Ranunculus
  3. Clematis
  4. Hellborus
62
Q

What is the MOA of Protoanemonin?

A

volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside

63
Q

What plants contain Ptaquiloside?

A

Braken fern and brake fern

64
Q

What is the MOA of Ptaquiloside?

A
  1. death of precursor cells in bone marrow, neoplasia in urinary tract
  2. tumors of the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep
65
Q

What plants have Sterodial saponin?

A
  1. Agave
  2. Beargrass
  3. Panicum spp.
66
Q

What is the MOA of Sterodial saponin?

A

liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloethrin (metabolite of chlorophyll) which acts as a photodynamic substance (hepatogenic photosensitization)

67
Q

What plant has Gossypol?

A

cottonseed

68
Q

What is the MOA of Gossypol?

A
  1. cardiotoxic
  2. liver damage
  3. destroys seminiferous tubules
  4. binds to proteins, amino acids and iron
69
Q

What plants have copper?

A

Clovers

70
Q

What is the MOA of copper?

A

liver damage, hemolysis and methemoglobin

71
Q

What plants have selenium?

A
  1. Aster
  2. Woody aster
  3. Princess’s plume
  4. Milkvetch
  5. Golden wood
  6. Paintbrush
  7. Salt brush
  8. Alfalfa
  9. Tall grass
72
Q

What is the MOA of Selenium?

A
  • Acute
    • GI irritation + respiratory signs
  • Chronic
    • hoof + hair abnormalities
73
Q

What plants contain nitrates?

A
  1. Pigweed
  2. Oats
  3. Johnson grass
  4. Sudan grass
  5. Milo
  6. Corn/Maize
  7. Beet
  8. Lambs quarter
  9. Sweet clover
  10. alfalfa
  11. Sunflower
74
Q

What is the MOA of nitrates?

A
  • Acute
    • GI irritation
    • Nitrate reduced to nitrite by nitrate reductase
    • nitrate causes the oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron (and formation of methemoglobin)
    • respiratory insufficency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen
    • fetal methemoglobin and death causes abortion
  • Chronic
    • decrease progesterone during pregnancy and abortion
    • reduced performance
75
Q

What plants contain dimethyl sulfides?

A

mustards

76
Q

What is the MOA of Dimethyl sulfides?

A

oxydation of RBCs

77
Q

What plants have Diterpene esters?

A
  1. Chenille plant
  2. Cat tail
  3. Croton
  4. Candlelabra “cactus”
  5. Crown of thorns
  6. Poinsettia
  7. Pensil tree
  8. Manchineel
  9. Sandbox tree
  10. Physicnut
  11. Wild Physicnut
78
Q

What is the MOA of Diterpene esters?

A

activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

79
Q

What plants have Grayanotoxins?

A
  1. Rhodendron
  2. Azalea
  3. Mountain laurel
  4. Sheep Laurel
  5. Sheep kill
  6. Japanese/ Mountain Pieris
  7. Doghobble, Dog laural, black laural
  8. Maleberry, fetterbush, Staggerbush
80
Q

What is the MOA of Grayanotoxins?

A

Binds to Na channels in excitable cells, and increases permeability and depolarization and irritation of the GI mucosa

81
Q

What plants contain Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)?

A
  1. Castor bean
  2. Precatory bean
  3. Coral plant
  4. Sandbox tree
  5. Black locus
  6. Beans
82
Q

What is the MOA of Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)?

A

Inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

83
Q

What plants contain Meliatoxin?

A

China berry

84
Q

What is the MOA of Meliatoxin?

A

Enterotoxic and neurotoxic

85
Q

What plants contain Propyl disulfide?

A
  1. Onion
  2. Garlic
  3. Shallots
  4. Chives
  5. Leek
  6. Allium spp.
86
Q

What is the MOA of Propyl disulfide?

A

oxygen free radicals –> damage RBC membranes –> Heinz body

87
Q

What plants contain Tetradymol?

A

Horsebush

88
Q

What is the MOA of Tetradymol?

A

liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloethrin (metabolite of chlorophyll) which acts as a photodynamic substance (hepatogenic photosensitization)

89
Q

What plants contain Thiaminase?

A
  1. Horsetail
  2. Braken fern
  3. brake fern
90
Q

What is the MOA of Thiaminase?

A

Destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (Vit B1) deficency in monograstric animals (neurotoxic)

91
Q

What plants contain Triterpenoid Saponin?

A
  1. Alfalfa
  2. English holly
  3. Christmas holly
  4. American holly
  5. English ivy
  6. Common ivy
  7. Pokeweed
  8. Ink berry
92
Q

What is the MOA of Triterpenoid Saponins?

A

Direct irritation of the GI mucosa

93
Q

What plants contain resins/resinoids?

A
  1. Milkweed
  2. Marijuana
  3. Chinaberry
94
Q

What is the MOA of Resins/Resinoids?

A

irritation of the nervous tissue or muscle

95
Q

What toxins do you treat with physostigmine?

A
  1. Diterpene alkaloids
  2. Tropane alkaloids

TOXICOLOGY (2 decks)

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