Plant Tissue

Question 1

It is a form of asexual propagation of plant protoplasm, cells, tissues or organs under aseptic laboratory conditions which lead to cell multiplication of organs or whole plants

Answer 1

Plant Tissue culture

Question 2

Plant Tissue culture is a form of sexual propagation? (True or false)

Answer 2

False (asexual)

Question 3

What are the important functions of plant Tissue culture?

Answer 3

1.cell multiplication
2.regeneration of organs or whole plants

Question 4

Experimental systems based on plant cell and tissue culture are characterized using isolated parts of plants called(………..)

Answer 4

Explants

Question 5

Explants obtained from an………….and kept on or in a …………..

Answer 5

Intact plant body,
Suitable nutrient medium

Question 6

Suitable nutrient medium may be either ……………such as …………or …………such as …………

Answer 6

Semisolid such as agar,
Liquid such as purified water

Question 7

What are the functions of nutrient medium?

Answer 7

replacement for the cells, Tissue, or conductive elements originally neighboring the explant

Question 8

In vitro aseptic cultivation of isolated plant organs or cells on a nutrient medium (roots, shoot tips, leaves, embryos)

Answer 8

Plant cell culture or plant cell and tissue culture

Question 9

What means of:
1.In vitro…………
2.Aseptic………..

Answer 9

1.in glass
2.free from microorganisms

Question 10

Ability of a cell, tissue or organ ( non-embryonic) to grow and develop ( like that of azygote)

Answer 10

Totipotency

Question 11

What is the important of totipotant?

Answer 11

Leading to the formation of a new entire plant identical to the original

Question 12

Plants cultured in vitro yield thousands of genetically identical plants(clones) from a single plant this process is called ………

Answer 12

Micropropagation

Question 13

Is used to commercially propagate plants asexually.

Answer 13

Micro propagation

Question 14

What are the purpose of tissue culture?

Answer 14

1. Bioactive compounds (active constituents) extracted from plants are widely used.
2. The natural habitats for many plants are rapidly destroyed leading to extinction ( disappearing) of many valuable and even endemic species.

Question 15

Secondary metabolites can be produced by plant cell and tissue culture techniques under controlled and reproducible conditions, independent of geographic and climatic conditions ( true or false)

Answer 15

True

Question 16

When to perform plant Tissue culture?

Answer 16

If the source plant:
1.is difficult to cultivate
2.has along cultivation period
3.Produces a commercially significant compound that cannot be chemically synthesized in large scale
4.has alow metabolite of the compound of interest

Question 17

What are plant tissue culture affords ?

Answer 17

1.production at all times could be geared to demand (حسب الطلب )
2. Product of standard quality assured
3. Highly complicated & specific method of production can be patented

Question 18

Differentiated cells …………..

Answer 18

Explant

Question 19

Undifferentiated cells………..

Answer 19

Callus

Question 20

Process of plant Tissue culture?اختصارا

Answer 20

explant (differentiated cells )—-> callus (undifferentiated cells)—-> meristemoid parenchyma cells (خلايا لها القدرة على الإنقسام) —–> primordial organ (نبات اصلي )

Question 21

The phenomenon of a mature cell reverting back to meristematic state to form undifferentiated callus tissue is called…….

Answer 21

De-differentiation

Question 22

In vitro propagation of plants vegetatively by tissue culture to produce genetically similar copies of a cultivar is referred to as…………

Answer 22

Micropropagation or clonal propagation

Question 23

Methods of micro propagation?

Answer 23

1.organogenesis
2.somatic embryogenesis

Question 24

Is a process involving re-differentiation of meristematic cells present in callus into shoot buds. These shoot buds which in turn give rise to leaf primordial and the apical meristem.

Answer 24

Organogenesis

Question 25

Is a process involving redifferentiation of meristematic cells into non-zygotic somatic embryo which are capable of germinating to form complete plants.

Answer 25

Somatic embryogenesis

Question 26

mature, differentiated tissues removed from a plant

Answer 26

Explants

Question 27

is a largely unorganized mass of parenchyma cells, it is initiated and maintained on nutrient media in vitro the cells contain all genetic information present in the normal plant.

Answer 27

Callus

Question 28

Tissue culture can be derived from many parts of the plant

Answer 28

Explant

Question 29

Pith tissue, root tips, shoot tips, embryo, anther and young leaves are examples on ..........

Answer 29

Explant

Question 30

Surface of the explant is ........

Answer 30

Free from contaminating microorganisms

Question 31

............Its formation marks the beginning of successful plant cell culture

Answer 31

Callus

Question 32

Large explants suffer from higher contamination.( true or false)

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What are the Factors taken in consideration in selecting the explants?

Answer 33

1. Part or organ of the plant must have (meristimatic cells) 2.age of the plant (young plant) 3. Explant size (small explant)

Question 34

Why Young plant usually provides the best explant ?

Answer 34

Due to 1.higher meristimatic tissues 2.no reproductive structure formation 3.less contamination

Question 35

Several small explant cultured in the same vessel grow faster than large explant cultured alone ( true or false )

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Uses and importance of plant Tissue culture:

Answer 36

1. Practical applications in agriculture: to the production of disease free plant 2. Medicinal importance: large scale growth of the plant cells in liquid culture as a source of secondary products 3.pharmaceutical industrial importance: can't depend on conventional botanical sources of drugs

Question 37

Production of (dihaploid plants from haploid cultures) to achieve homozygous lines more rapidly in breeding( reproduction ) programs. (True or false )

Answer 37

True

Question 38

introduces the foreign DNA to generate novel (and typically desirable) genetic combinations by the expression of genes.

Answer 38

Genetic transformation

Question 39

Store valuable plant germ plasm in culture under low temperature.

Answer 39

Cryopreservation

Question 40

Improvement of medicinal plant species by

Answer 40

Genetic engineering

Question 41

Note1:

Answer 41

Uses and Importance of plant tissue culture A- Practical applications in agriculture: The production of disease-free plants. ➤Production of di-haploid plants from haploid cultures to achieve homozygous lines more rapidly in breeding (reproduction) programs. ➤ Genetic transformation: introduces the foreign DNA to generate novel (and typically desirable) genetic combinations by the expression of genes. ➤ Cryopreservation: Store valuable plant germ plasm in culture under low temperature.

Question 42

Note2 :

Answer 42

B- Medicinal importance: 1- Large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture as a source of secondary products. 2- Discovery of new metabolites. 3- Selection of superior strains of medicinal plants. 4- Development of commercial production of expensive bio medicaments. 5- Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites with isolation of corresponding enzymes. 6- Improvement of medicinal plant species by genetic engineering.

Question 43

Note3 :

Answer 43

C- Pharmaceutical industrial importance Pharmaceutical industry can't depend on conventional botanical sources of drugs due to the following factors:- 1. Availability of raw material: Plants although having bio-medically active ingredients they can't be produced in an economically enough to safety demand. e.g. Taxol (Anticancer drug from Taxus brevifolia) 100 years old tree of Taxus is suitable for collection of trunk or stem bark. Bark of 3 matured tree would give 1g of Taxol. Generally, 2 g Taxol is required for cancer treatment. 2. Fluctuation of supplies & quality: ➤ Crude drug yield fluctuate due to: Climate-crop diseases-varying methods of collection & drying-inherent variation of active constituents arising from plants of the same species but are different genetically. 3. Political considerations: > When a new drug has been successfully marketed, its country of origin may put limits on the export of the crude drug & process the plant for the active constituents. ➤e.g.: Opium Poppy cultivation & trade. 4. Patent rights: ➤ It is not possible to patent naturally occurring plant metabolites (only the method for its extraction & isolation). ➤ So, no company will invest in study & formulation for a plant for which it will have no patent rights.