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Plant Tissues Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

four major organs

A
  1. roots
  2. stems
  3. leaves
  4. flowers
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2
Q

two major organs based on function

A
  1. vegetative organ
  2. reproductive organ
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3
Q

two plant systems

A
  1. root system
  2. shoot system
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4
Q

types of plant body

A
  1. primary plant body
  2. secondary plant body
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5
Q

primary plant body

A

from apical meristems; with primary tissues; herbaceous

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6
Q

secondary plant body

A

from lateral meristems; with secondary tissues; woody

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7
Q

tissues of woody plants

A

primary tissues that differentiate to secondary tissues

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8
Q

types of plant cells

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
  3. sclerenchyma
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9
Q

type of plant cell with thin and flexible tissues; most common type of plant cells; constitute all soft parts of plants

A

parenchyma

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10
Q

at maturity, parenchyma has a large and central vacuole; living and retained totipotency. what is totipotency?

A

plant characteristic/potential to give rise to unspecialized/undifferentiated cells

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11
Q

type of parenchyma responsible for photosynthesis

A

chlorenchyma

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12
Q

types of parenchyma that are considered to be “ground tissues”

A

pith parenchyma
cortical parenchyma

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13
Q

parenchyma that makes up the epidermis; pavement cells, guard cells for gas exchange, and trichomes

A

epidermal parenchyma

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14
Q

parenchyma that is used for storage of starch and oils

A

storage parenchyma

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15
Q

type of parenchyma that has intracellular spaces for gas exchange

A

aerenchyma

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16
Q

coating of wax and oils that covers the epidermis; present in aerial portions of plants; major novelty in the evolution of land plants

A

cuticular membrane

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17
Q

components of cuticular membrane

A

cutin
cutan
epicuticular wax

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18
Q

functions of cuticular membrane

A
  1. prevents desiccation
  2. inhibit pathogen invasion
  3. blocks certain wavelengths of uv radiation
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19
Q

undifferentiated cells in the epidermis that are tightly packed and appear to be emptied

A

pavement cells

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20
Q

pavement cells occur mostly in what surfaces?

A

leaf and stem

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21
Q

pavement cells have chloroplasts. true or false?

A

false

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22
Q

one or more layer of cells beneath the pavement cells

A

hypodermis

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23
Q

pores/openings in plants

A

stomata/stomatal pore complex

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24
Q

specialized epidermal cells in stomata that can change shape when swollen and eventually bends

A

guard cells

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25
guard cells do not have chloroplasts. true or false?
false. they are the only plant cells that exhibit this characteristic; thus, they can photosynthesize
26
cells that work together with guard cells
subsidiary cells
27
subsidiary cells provide ___ to guard cells
potassium ions
28
stomata open and close at what times of the day?
open: dawn closed: mid-afternoon
29
adaxial stomatal distribution
epistomatic
30
abaxial stomatic distribution
hypostomatic
31
ad/abaxial stomatal distribution
amphistomatic
32
type of stomatal pore complex wherein a single subsidiary cell surrounds the guard cell pair
floating
33
type of stomatal pore complex wherein two (2) subsidiary cells border the stomatal complex with long axes parallel with the long axes of the guard cell pair
paracytic (parallel-celled)
34
type of stomatal pore complex wherein two (2) subsidiary cells border the stomatal complex with common walls at right angles to the long axes of the guard cell pair
diacytic (cross-celled)
35
type of stomatal pore complex wherein three (3) subsidiary cells adjoin the guard cell pair
triacytic (three-celled)
36
type of stomatal pore complex wherein three (3) subsidiary cells--one cell is smaller or larger than the other two--adjoin the guard cell pair
anisocytic (unequal-celled)
37
type of stomatal pore complex wherein four subsidiary cells adjoin the guard cell pair
tetracytic (four-celled)
38
type of stomatal pore complex wherein subsidiary cells are indistinct from the pavement cells
anomocytic (irregular-celled)
39
type of stomatal pore complex found in the grass family wherein guard cells are dumbbell shaped and subsidiary cells lie parallel in a paracytic fashion
graminaceous
40
four stomatal distribution and depth
1. random 2. linear 3. clustered 4. sunken
41
extensions of epidermis that protect the leaf from biotic and abiotic stresses; can be uni/multicellular, non/glandular, non/branching
trichomes
42
functions of trichomes
1. raises humidity 2. reduces amount of light entering the mesophyll 3. physical and chemical barrier against herbivorous attacks
43
type of plant cells with unevenly thickened primary walls; support young parts of plant shoot; at maturity, it is living and flexible, provide support without restraining growth
collenchyma
44
collenchyma exhibits plasticity. what is plasticity?
ability to be deformed and retain the new shape even if pressure or tension ceases
45
type of parenchyma with primary and secondary walls that are always lignified; supports the plant with its strength alone; at maturity, cannot elongate; many are dead yet functional
sclerenchyma
46
sclerenchyma's support is much more rigid than that of collenchyma's. true or false?
true
47
three basic sclerenchyma cell types
1. fibers 2. sclereids 3. tracheary elements
48
a sclerenchyma cell type that is often associated with the protection of vascular tissues and provides most of the leaf support (in addition to protecting the phloem)
fibers
49
a sclerenchyma cell type that gives support to cell wall and other plant parts
sclereids
50
a sclerenchyma cell type that provides conduit for the water of the transpirational stream to flow from the roots to the leaves
tracheary elements
51
two types of tracheary elements
1. tracheid 2. vessel elements
52
animal growth vs plant growth
animal growth: determinate growth plant growth: indeterminate growth
53
undifferentiated tissues that are actively engaged in cell division and give rise to mature complex/permanent tissues
meristems
54
two types of meristems
1. apical meristem 2. lateral meristem
55
type of meristem that enables primary growth; located in (1) root tips and (2) shoot tips
apical meristem
56
type of meristem that enables secondary growth; located in (1) vascular cambium and (2) cork cambium
lateral meristem
57
growth in length
primary growth
58
growth in diameter/thickness
secondary growth
59
vascular cambium gives rise to ___ where most thickening takes place
secondary xylem
60
cork cambium replaces epidermis with tougher ___
periderm
61
primary tissues in apical emristem
1. protoderm 2. ground meristem 3. procambium
62
derived from protoderm; single layer of parenchyma cells that serve as the outermost layer
epidermis
63
epidermis contains a fatty substance that makes the wall impermeable to water, forming what layer?
cutin; cuticle layer
64
epidermis also possess openings and 'hairs'
stomata; trichomes
65
trichomes functions
1. blocks incoming sunlight 2. deter herbivory 3. conserve moisture in the eaves
66
do trichomes die at maturity?
yes, but the cell wall provides protection; some remain alive but act as secretory glands
67
interior to epidermis; homogenous photosynthetic parenchyma and collenchyma
cortex
68
most plants have cortexes that fit together tightly. in fleshy stems, parenchyma is what?
aerenchyma
69
xylem: ___ phloem: ___
water solutes
70
xylem at maturity
dead yet functional
71
two types of conducting cells (tracheary elements)
1. tracheid 2. vessel elements
72
type of tracheary element that is long, thin, and has tapered ends; water move from cell to cell mainly thru ___
tracheid; pits
73
type of tracheary element that is wider, shorter, thinner-walled, and less tapered; aligned to end to end forming long pipes known as ___.
vessel elements; vessels
74
xylem: parenchyma transforms to what?
sclerenchyma
75
secondary walls of tracheid and vessel elements are organized as a set of ring called ____.
annular thickenings
76
phloem at maturity
alive and functional
77
two types of conducting cells (sieve elements)
1. sieve cells 2. sieve tube members
78
type of sieve element that is elongated, spindle-shaped, and are found only in non-angiosperms; sieve areas are distributed over all its surface
sieve cells
79
type of sieve element that has large sieve pores, sieve areas are small; stacked end-to-end by sieve plate; only in angiosperms
sieve tube members
80
immature parenchymatous sieve elements enlarge its plasmodesmata's diameter to form what?
sieve pores
81
clusters of sieve pores
sieve areas
82
sieve elements are associated with?
sieve cells: albuminous cells sieve tube members: companion cells
83
vascular bundles contain both the xylem and phloem strands running parallel to each other. this is described as ___.
collateral
84
vascular bundle arrangement in basal angiosperms and eudicots
vascular bundle forms a ring surrounding the pith
85
vascular bundle arrangement in monocots
vascular bundles are scattered

Botany (6 decks)

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