Plant toxic principles Flashcards

(101 cards)

1
Q

what is the MOA of insoluble calcium oxalates?

A
  • all parts of plant toxic
  • needle shaped crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irriattion
  • some species produce proteolytic enzymes that cause the release of histamine and kinins –> more mechanical damage
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2
Q

what plants are insoluble calcium oxalates?

A
chinese evergreen
elephant's ear
flamingo plant
caladium
dumbane
pothos, devil's ivy
philodendron, swiss cheese plant
peace lily
arrowhead vine
calla lily
umbrella tree
fishtail palm
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3
Q

what is the MOA of soluble oxalates?

A

hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissus and kidney damage

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4
Q

what plants are soluble oxalates?

A
halogeton
pigweed
beet
greasewood
lamb's quarters
rhubarb
sorrel and soursop
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5
Q

what is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

A

vasoconstriction and decrease in uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

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6
Q

what plants have isocupressic acid?

A

ponderosa pine

monterey cypress

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7
Q

what is the MOA of quinones?

A

primary photosensitization

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8
Q

what plants are quinones?

A

st. john’s wort

buckwheat

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9
Q

what is the MOA of tannic acid?

A
  • tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
  • mainly GI lesions and kidney damage in ruminants
  • mainly GI lesions in monogastrics
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10
Q

what plants have tannic acid?

A
oak tree (red, white)
pride of barbados/poinciana/bird of paradise
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11
Q

what is the MOA of triterpene acid?

A
  • liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
  • lantadene A and B cause damage of bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis
  • decreased elimination of phylloerythrin –> photosensitization
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12
Q

what plants have triterpene acid?

A

lantana/yellow sage

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13
Q

what is the MOA of colchicine?

A
  • antimitotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
  • rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive
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14
Q

what plants are in the colchicine alkaloid group?

A
  • autumn crocus/meadow saffron

- glory lily/climbing lily

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15
Q

what is the MOA of diterpene acids?

A
  • competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare
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16
Q

what plants are in the diterpene alkaloid group?

A

buttercup family

  • larkspur
  • monkshood
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17
Q

what is the MOA of ergot?

A
  • vasoconstriction and gangrene

- uterine contraction

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18
Q

what is the MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?

A
  • inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
  • alteration of cellular function in the brain and many other organs
  • astragalus (locoweed) and oxytropis have nitropropanol glycoside and selenium –> peripheral neuronal degeneration and resp signs + hoof/hair abnormalities
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19
Q

what plants are indolizidine alkaloids?

A

locoweeds, milkvetches

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20
Q

what plants are lycorine alkaloids?

A
  • narcissus/daffodil
  • kaffir lily
  • spider lily
  • barbados lily
  • zephyr lily
  • river lily
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21
Q

what is the MOA of lycorine alkaloids?

A
  • emetic and purgative

- bulb is most toxic

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22
Q

what is the MOA of muscarinics?

A
  • stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

- CNS stimulation

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23
Q

what plants are muscarinics?

A

poisonous mushrooms

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24
Q

what is the MOA of piperidine alkaloids?

A
  • nicotinic effect starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic
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25
what plants are piperidine alkaloids?
- poison hemlock - lupines - tobacco - tree tobacco - coyote tobacco
26
what is the MOA of pyridine alkaloids?
- nicotine and lobeline act on nicotine receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapses in the CNS - low doses cause depolarization - large doses cause blockade
27
what plants are pyridine alkaloids?
nightshade family - tobacco plant - tree tobacco - lobelia
28
what is the MOA of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
- hepatotoxic | - hepatoencephalopathy - CNS problems because of that and hepatic photosensitization
29
what plants are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
- rattlebox - senecio, groundsel, ragwort - heliotrope
30
what is the MOA of sloanine and solanidine alkaloids?
- GI, CNS, resp, and cardiotoxic
31
what plants are solanina and solanidine alkaloids?
- black nightshade - american nightshade - eggplant - tomato - turkey berry - chalice vine - chinese lantern
32
what is the MOA of taxine alkaloids?
- cardiotoxic and GI
33
what plants are taxine alkaloids?
yew
34
what is the MOA of tropane alkaloids?
- atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine - GI, CNS - all parts of plant toxic
35
what plants are tropane alkaloids?
- jimsonweed, thornapple, angel's trumpet - devil's trumpet - henbane
36
what is the MOA of xanthine alkaloids?
- block adenosine receptors | - inhibiting phosphodiesterase
37
what plants are xanthine alkaloids?
- cocoa | - coffee (arabica)
38
what is the MOA of anthraquinones?
- purgative - coffee weed has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobunuria and cause kidney damage - horses usually die from liver failure and not muscle degeneration
39
what plants are anthraquinones?
- buckthorn - coffeeweed, senna - aloe
40
what is the MOA of calcinogenic glycosides?
- vitamin D analog - hypercalcemia - calcification of the elastic tissues of the arteries, tendons, and ligaments as well as generalized increased density of the bones causing lameness - chronic effect usually in legs
41
what plants are calcinogenic glycosides?
- day blooming jessamine | - turkey berry
42
what is the MOA of carbocyatractylosides (sulfated glycosides)?
- hepatotoxic - excessive salivation from mechanical injury to mouth - may be renal damage and hypoglycemia
43
what plants are sulfated glycosides?
cocklebur
44
what plants are cardiac glycosides?
- foxglove - oleander - yellow oleander, lucky nut, be-still tree - periwinkle - desert rose - milkweed
45
what is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?
- cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase | - GI irritation
46
what is the MOA of coumarin glycosides?
- form dicoumarol in spoiled plants - hemorrhage due to antagonism of vit K by inhibiting vit K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of factors 10, 9, 7, 2 - same as warfarin
47
what plants are coumarin glycosides?
sweet clover
48
what is the MOA of cyanogenic glycosides?
- release HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants - HCN is metabolized in the liver to thiocyanates - inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration - vasoconstriction - inhibition of TCA cycle - MM irritation - neuronal degen and antithyroid effect with chronic poisoning
49
what plants are cyanogenic glycosides?
- wild cherries - johnsongrass, sudan grass sorghum - elderberry
50
what is the MOA of cycasin?
three toxins - cycasin is a glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage and it is also teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic - BMAA is a neurotoxic amino acid - unknown toxin that may cause axonal degeneration in the CNS
51
what plants are in the cycasin group?
- sago palm - japanese cycad - cardboard palm - coontie
52
what is the MOA of thiocyanate glycosides?
- antithyroid
53
what plants are thiocyanate glycosides?
- rape seed - kale - broccoli - soybean - flax
54
what is the MOA of nitropropanol glycosides?
- inhibits enzymes of the TCA cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
55
what plants are nitropropanol glycosides?
milkvetch violets lotus indigo
56
what is the MOA of phytoestrogens?
- bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
57
what plants are phytoestrogens?
- white clover - subterranean clover - alfalfa
58
what is the MOA of protoanemonin?
- volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside | - causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis
59
what plants have protoanemonin?
- buttercup family (ranunculus, anemone, clematis, helleborus)
60
what is the MOA of ptaquiloside?
- death of the precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep - neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria - tumors of the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep (bright blindness)
61
what plants are ptaquilosides?
bracken fern
62
what is the MOA of steroidal saponins?
Lechuguilla, agave, nolina, pancium - liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin --> hepatogenic photosensitization dracaena and cordyline - mainly GI irritation
63
what plants are steroidal saponins?
- agave - nolina - pancium - dracaena - song of india, dragon tree
64
what is the MOA of gossypol?
- cardiotoxic - secondary liver damage - binds to proteins, amino acids, iron - reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules - interferes with hemoglobin synthesis
65
what plants are gossypol toxins?
cottonseed/wild cotton
66
what is the MOA of molybdenum?
liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia
67
what plants cause molybdenum tox?
clovers
68
what is the MOA of selenium?
- acute = GI irritation and resp signs | - chronic = hoof/hair abnormalities
69
what plants cause selenium tox?
- aster - woody aster - princess's plume - milk vetch - paintbrush - saltbrush
70
what is the MOA of nitrate?
acute - GI irritation - nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin - resp insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry pxygen - fetal methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion - chronic = abortion, decrease in progesterone
71
what plants cause nitrate tox?
- pigweed - oats - johnsongrass, sudan grass - corn - beet - lamb's quarters - alfalfa - wheat - sunflower
72
what is the MOA of dimethyl disulfide?
- large amounts of dimethyl disulfide cause oxidation of RBCs to form heinz bodies - hemolytic anemia
73
what plants cause dimethyl disulfide tox?
- mustards
74
what is the MOA of diterpene esters?
- diterpenoid euphorbol esters cause direct irritation of the skin and MM - they activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
75
what plants are diterpene esters?
- candelabra cactus - snow on the mountain - christmas candle - chenille plant/cat tail - poinsettia - physic nut - coral tree - pencil tree - sandbox tree - manchineel
76
what is the MOA of grayanotoxins?
- bind to Na channels in excitable cells - increase permeability of Na ions and depolarization - irritation to GI
77
what plants are grayanotoxins?
- rhododendron - azalea - mountain/sheep laurel
78
what is the MOA of lectins?
- ricin and abrin are glycoproteins | - inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death
79
what plants are lectins?
- castor bean - precatory bean - coral plant - sandbox tree - beans (soybean, kidney, navy)
80
what is the MOA of meliatoxins?
enterotoxic | neurotoxic
81
what plants are meliatoxins?
- chinaberry
82
what is the MOA of propyl disulfides?
- disulfides produce oxygen free radicals which cause damage to RBC membranes and hemolysis - free radicals also cause degeneration of hemoglobin resulting in heinz bodies
83
what plants cause propyl disulfide tox?
onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek
84
what is the MOA of tetradymol?
- sagebrush causes induction of microsomal enzymes - tetradymol from horsebrush causes liver damage that decreased elimination of phylloerythrin - causes hepatogenic photosensitization in white skin
85
what plants cause tetradymol tox/
horsebrush (sunflower fam)
86
what is the MOA of thiaminase?
- destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of vitB1 deficiency in monogastrics - neurotoxic
87
what plants cause thiaminase tox?
- horsetail | - bracken fern
88
what is the MOA of triterpenoid saponins?
direct irritation of GIT
89
what plants are triterpenoid saponins?
- alfalfa - holly - ginseng (english ivy/common ivy) - pokeweed
90
what is the MOA of resins?
irritation of nervous of muscle tissue
91
what plants cause resin tox?
- milkweeds - marijuana - chinaberry
92
what is the MOA of alsike and red clover tox?
- hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only - hepatic encephalopathy at a large dose
93
what is the MOA of avocado tox?
- cardiotoxic in goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds - noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats, rabbits - dogs get GI tox
94
what is the MOA of black walnut tox?
- ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood causes laminitis
95
what plants cause forage induced photosensitization?
- moldy alfalfa - red clover - moldy wheat
96
what lilies are toxic?
- easter - tiger - japanese show - rubrum - day
97
what is the MOA of lily tox?
- unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity only in cats - GI irritation in cats and dogs - two leaves cause poisoning in cats
98
what is the MOA of pigweed??
- acute nitrate poisoning causes methemoglobinemia - chronic can cause abortion - soluble oxalates cause hypocalcemia and kidney damage - an unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, horses
99
what is the MOA of red maple?
- an unknown toxin in dried leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and heinz bodies in horses - may be due to oxidation of the membranes of RBCs and hemolysis - oxidized hemoglobin forms heinz bodies that damage cell membranes
100
what is the MOA of senna (coffee senna and sicklepod)?
- unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy - seeds are most toxic - anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic - can cause diarrhea and coffee colored urine
101
what is the MOA of yellow starthistle and russian knappweed?
- disease in horses is called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia or chewing disease - toxins interact with dopamine transporte resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain