Plants

Question 1

How are plants classified?

Answer 1

They are classified in the kingdom Plantae including non vascular(Bryophytes) and seedless vascular(pteridophytes) which includes cone bearing seed plants(gymnosperms) and flower bearing seed plants(angiosperms)
As well as green algae( managed to colonise land)

Question 2

Briefly explain the anatomy of a flower

Answer 2

Flower also know as bloom or blossom is the fruit bearing part of the plant, consisting of reproductive organs(stamens and carpels) that are typically surrounded by a brightly coloured corolla (petals) and a green Calyx(sepals)

Question 3

Sketch the basic anatomy of a flower

Answer 3

Question 4

Briefly explain the functions of a flower

Answer 4

• attracts insects or pollinators that will transfer pollen from the anther to the stigma(pollination)
• ovary(base of the flower) contains seeds that will ripen into a fruit( angiosperms)

Question 5

What is a fruit ?

Answer 5

A ripened ovary containing seeds

Question 6

What are the functions of the fruit ?

Answer 6

• protect seeds
• aid in seed dispersal
• the flesh attracts animals to spread seeds
• seeds contain the embryo(developing plant) and endosperm(food for the embryo) in a seed coat(hard shell)

Question 7

Explain the basic functions of the different parts of a flower

Answer 7

Sepals- support the flower
petals- attract pollinators
Stamen-male part of the plant( filament and anther) produces sperm-containing pollen
pistil/carpel -female part of the plant(stigma,style and ovary)
stigma-top part of the pistil where pollen sticks
style- support structure connects ovary and stigma
ovary- contains eggs, develops the fruit

Question 8

What are the differences between complete and incomplete flowers and give an example of

Answer 8

Complete flowers- contain all four whorls(stamen,pistil, sepal and petals)
incomplete flowers- are missing one or more whorls, eg grass does not have sepals or petals

Question 9

Explain the difference between perfect and imperfect flowers and give examples of each

Answer 9

Perfect flowers- have both male and female structures in the same flower, eg. Petunias
imperfect flowers only have stamens or pistils not both.
They can be separately located on the same plant ,eg. Corn or they can be located on separate male and female plants, eg. Asparagus

Question 10

Explain how flowers are pollinated

Answer 10

-Is accomplish via animals, insects or wind
-Pollen sticks to the body of pollinators and is carried to the next flower
- plants pollinated by animals or insects are referred to as “showy” flowers, they are bright and beautiful, whereas flowers pollinated by wind are not “showy”

Question 11

Explain why specific pollinators can be both good and bad to a species of plant

Answer 11

Good: because that species of angiosperms will have a source of self perpetuation
Bad: if the pollinator species decreases the plant could be at risk of extinction, eg. Fig trees and fig tree wasp species

Question 12

Briefly explain the fertilisation of flowers

Answer 12

Is the union of egg and sperm. Double fertilisation occurs in angiosperms, one sperm fertilises the egg and the second combines with a cell in the ovary to form endosperm(food for the developing fertilised egg)

Question 13

Briefly explain Spermatophyta(seed plants)

Answer 13

Primary means of reproduction and dispersal for most successful plants in earth. Seeds develop from female gametophyte and the tissue associated with it

Question 14

Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores ?

Answer 14

1) spores= single cell
Seeds- multicellular well developed with embryonic roots,stem and leaves
2)seeds contain internal food supply= self sufficient
spores little food supply
3)seeds protected by resistant seed coat and can live for extended periods of time at reduced rates of metabolism till conditions are favourable
Spores no protective shell but can also live for prolonged periods of time at reduced metabolic rate till conditions become favourable to germinate

Question 15

Name 3 similarities between gymnosperms and angiosperms

Answer 15

1) both contain vascular tissue xylem(conduction of water and dissolved minerals) and Phloem (conduction of food)
2) both have alterations of generations, diploid(sporophyte)and haploid(gametophyte). Gametophyte generation significantly reduced
3) both are Heterosporous, produce two types of spores, micro and mega spores

Question 16

Briefly explain gymnosperms and give an example of

Answer 16

Name Adapted from greek meaning “naked seed”
Produces seeds that are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cones
Eg. Pine trees

Question 17

Briefly explain angiosperms

Answer 17

Name derived from greek meaning “seed enclosed in vessel or case”
Produce their seeds within a fruit
Most successful plants
Reproduce via forming flowers, fruits and seeds

Question 18

Sketch a flowering plants life cycle

Answer 18

Question 19

Name the 5 main plant processes

Answer 19

Photosynthesis
Respiration
Photorespiration
Transportation
Translocation

Question 20

Explain the process of photosynthesis

Answer 20

-Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy
-CO2 absorbed from atmosphere through the leaves, H2O from the soil through the roots.
- this produces Carb molecules containing large amounts of energy and O2 as a by product given back to the atmosphere

Question 21

Where does photosynthesis take place in plants ?

Answer 21

In the chloroplasts.
Light energy absorbed by chief pigment Chlorophyll “A” ( drives processes of photosynthesis)

Question 22

What are the internal factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 22

-Leaf structure and chlorophyll content
- decreased photosynthetic rate when carbs manufactured quicker than transferred from cell
- photosynthesis slows when their is a lack of water in the cells

Question 23

What are the external factors that influence that rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 23

-Temperature
- light intensity
- quality and duration of light
- availability of carbon dioxide
- water supply
- mineral content of soil

Question 24

Define the process of respiration in plants

Answer 24

• Defined as the oxidation of organic substances within the cells and the release of energy

Question 25

Briefly explain the process of respiration in plants

Answer 25

Respiration is a chemical oxidation controlled and catalysed by enzymes(ATP&NADP) in the protoplasm that break down carbs and fats releasing energy to be used by the organism in doing work

Question 26

What are some factors that influence respiration in plants ?

Answer 26

Water availability Temperature Availability of stored food Amount of gaseous O2

Question 27

Briefly explain the process of photorespiration in plants

Answer 27

Process of many higher plants where oxygen is absorbed and CO2 is expelled. Reverse of photosynthesis This process waste little energy and enhances nitrate assimilation( process where absorbed nitrate from the soil converted into protein)

Question 28

Briefly explain the process of transpiration in plants

Answer 28

It is the loss of water from the plant or water vapour from the surface of the leaves Water absorbed through the roots transported to the leaves via xylem, in the leaves small pores allow water to escape as vapour Less than 5% of all water absorbed by plants remains for plant growth

Question 29

What are the 4 functions of transpiration in plants ?

Answer 29

-Transport mineral irons -Provides water to keep plants turgid to support the plant - provide water for photosynthesis in leafs cells - keep leaves cool by evaporation

Question 30

Briefly explain translocation in plants ?

Answer 30

-Is the movement of food, water and minerals within a multicellular plant -**Water** and dissolved minerals transported upward via **Xylem** from root to stems and leaves - dissolved **food**transported up or down via **Phloem** Xylem only up Phloem many directions

Question 31

What is the definition of plant succession?

Answer 31

Is the progressive development of vegetation in an area through a series of different plant communities, finally terminating in a climax community.

Question 32

What is progressive succession ?

Answer 32

When successional change leads to veld improvement

Question 33

What is retrogressive succession?

Answer 33

When successional change leads to deterioration of the plant community(disturbance such as over grazing, drought, fires, flooding)

Question 34

Explain what is ment by primary succession

Answer 34

-Occurs where no vegetation has ever grown before, such as a rocky area. -Lichens start to grow on rocks and when they die remains decompose forming humus which breaks down rock into soil - soil habitat formed after many years allows for grass seeds to germinate and cover the area - as grasses die of replenishing humus in soil new plant species such as shrubs and trees become established remaining for longer periods of time thus system stabilises - grasses and lichens(pioneer species) Trees and shrubs(climax species)

Question 35

Explain what is ment by secondary succession

Answer 35

-Occurs in a area where vegetation was previously established - if there is to much grazers in a area overgrazing of grass happens - reducing grass bio mass and reproduction - causing an increase in trees and shrubs growing causing shade further reduction in grass species success. Leading to less grazing options(encroachment) and thus reducing grazers and over grazing

Question 36

Name the 5 strategies for success of grasses

Answer 36

-Herbaceous stems and leaves -Growing points at the bases of internodes and leaves -plant architecture - hybridisation, and asexually produced seeds - leaf structure, photosynthetic pathway, climate adaptation

Question 37

Explain herbaceous stems and leaves of grasses

Answer 37

- Most grasses are herbaceous. - during favourable seasons they flourish completing their annual growth and reproduction while weather is warm and wet. - during unfavourable seasons of cold and drought they die back, leaving their growing parts under or just at the surface of the soil. - **annual species** survive unfavourable seasons as seeds -**perennial species** survive dormant as rootstocks and rhizomes In south africa **annual species**=**dry western areas** **perennial species**=**wetter eastern areas**

Question 38

Explain the growing points at the bases of internodes and leaves of grasses

Answer 38

- Most plants growing points at tips of stems and branches With grasses **2 growing points** : **tip of each shoot** and **at the base of each internode and each leaf(most important)** - when grasses get grazed or burnt they do not regenerate from the tips as other plants do meaning growth points seldom get removed allowing for continued development throughout the season

Question 39

Explain plant architecture of grasses

Answer 39

-Leaves of grasses generally long, vertical and very thin, thus having an open canopy design allowing for maximum penetration of sunlight - light reaches total area of leaf surface allowing for maximum photosynthetic efficiency

Question 40

Explain photosynthetic pathways of grass

Answer 40

-There are two major forms of photosynthesis that occur in grasses C3 and C4 photosynthesis - C3= occurs in leaf tissue with chloroplast evenly distributed( **photosynthesise and produce starch simultaneously**) -C4= occurs in leaf tissue exhibits devision of labour(**photosynthesises or produce starch separately**)

Question 41

Differentiate between C3 and C4 grasses

Answer 41

- C3 grasses lack rigidity due to loose cellular structure and function best at moderate temperatures, thus concentrated to northern hemisphere or high altitudes and moist habitats - C4 grass species photosynthesise best at high temperatures and are most commonly found in the tropics or subtropics. Specialised starch producing cells lignify the plant making grasses stiff and stemmy

Question 42

Explain hybridisation of grasses

Answer 42

Common in grasses Leads to increase variability within population Allows for grasses to take advantage of new habitats as they become available Hybrids are nearly sterile due to chromosomes being present in multiples This means hybrids do not need to sexually reproduce and offspring have exactly the right amount of chromosomes(asexual reproduction)

Question 43

What are the differences between annual and perennial grasses ?

Answer 43