plants

Question 1

what are the general characteristics of a plant

Answer 1

autotrophs, eukaryotes, multicellular, chlorophyll

Question 2

what makes plants unique?

Answer 2

produce their own food from sunlight and have chlorophyll

Question 3

what is photosynthesis

Answer 3

the process in which plants turn light energy into chemical energy

Question 4

what are non- vascular plants

Answer 4

plants that lack a vascular system. (xylem and phloem)
ex. mosses, green algae

Question 5

what are vascular plants

Answer 5

plants that have vascular tissue that allows them to transfer phood

Question 6

what are characteristics of vascular plants

Answer 6

-3 main productive organs: stem, root, leaves
-live in wide range of climatic regions
-more diverse

Question 7

What are annuals vs perennials

Answer 7

Annuals are seasonal
Perennials last year after year

Question 8

What three types of vascular r tissue are there and where are they located

Answer 8

Dermal, vascular, ground

Dermal is located outside of the tree, vascular is the inside surrounding the ground tissue that is located in the centre

Question 9

what are leaves?

Answer 9

Primary site of photosynthesis - cover most surface area

Question 10

What is the organelle found in photosynthesis, chloroplast

Answer 10

Found in large numbers in the mesophyll layer and guard cells, responsible for green colour.

Question 11

What is chlorophyll

Answer 11

The photo pigment that’s absorbs blue & red light to reflect green

Question 12

Draw and label a leaf ( petiole, base,margin, veins, apex, midrib and blade)

Answer 12

See notes for correct answer

Question 13

What is defoliation

Answer 13

Cells at the attachment site of the leaf create a seal preventing liquid to go in and out and stop functioning. ( giving nutrients The leaves slowly die off.)

Question 14

What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot.

Answer 14

Monocots have an Angiosperm with an embryo with a single cotyledon. A leaf with parallel veins. Flower petals and stamens are in multiples of 3
Dicots Has two cotyledons within a seed. Leaf with network veins. Flower petals and stamens in multiples of 4 or 5

Question 15

What do roots do?

Answer 15

Anchor plants keep them upright
Absorb water and nutrients
Some store water and carbs

Question 16

What are the types of roots and their specialties

Answer 16

Taproot: large thick main root with root hairs . Grows straight down. Occurs in gymnosperms and angiosperm dicots.

Fibrous root: many small roots occurs in monocots

Question 17

What do root hairs do

Answer 17

Water and soil enter through root hair cells. osmosis

Question 18

What is the casparian strip

Answer 18

A waxy layer preventing water from exiting the xylem in the roots

Question 19

Explain the arrangement of vascular bundles in roots. (Gymnosperms & eudicots, and monocots)

Answer 19

In g and e, the bundles are arranged to form a ring while monocot bundles are arranged rather randomly and not organized.

Question 20

Where is xylem and phloem found in the vascular bundles of monocots vs eudicots

Answer 20

See notes for correct answer

Question 21

What do stems do

Answer 21

-Connect vascular tissue leaves to the tissue in roots
- raise and support leaves and reproductive organs, helpful for photosyn, (pollination)
- modified to store water and carbs

Question 22

Stem structures and what makes them special

Answer 22

Herbaceous: stems do not contain wood (monocots)
Woody : stems that contain wood (gymnosperms)

Question 23

What are Annular rings

Answer 23

Springtime has rapid growth, large xylem. Winter is slow, no new cells creates a pattern

Question 24

What is , bark, heartwood, sapwood ?

Answer 24

Bark is old phloem
Heartwood is plugged xylem
Sapwood is functioning xylem

Question 25

What is stem specialization

Answer 25

Some stems grow underground and are modified to store water and food. Give rise to new plants Ex, potato tuber

Question 26

What are stolons

Answer 26

Modified stems that grow along the soil. Ex strawberry plant

Question 27

How does xylem transport in vascular plants?

Answer 27

Nutrients enter through the roots which are them pushed upwards by root pressures. Water enter through osmosis. The xylem sap travels up the tree liquid in a capillary action, a narrow tube to the leaves. The leaves then exit water.

Question 28

Cohesion vs adhesion

Answer 28

Cohesion: water sticking to water. Adhesion: water sticking to xylem walls

Question 29

List all the seed plants with an overview of why they are special

Answer 29

-Spermopsids: plants that produce seeds (gym and angio)? Equip with nutrients for plant to survive until it fends for itself. -Bracts: spermopsids of specialized leaf that is modified into a reproductive structure. In gym & euds is a cone. Angios form a part of flower -Conifers: leaves are modified into needles. Seeds are cones. Gendered cones contain reproductive parts Angiosperms : flowering plants

Question 30

What is pollination

Answer 30

Transfer of pollen grains to an ovule

Question 31

What is a pollen tube

Answer 31

A hollow tube that grows out of a pollen grain and Carrie’s the pollen nucleus to the female sex cell

Question 32

Draw and label a flower ( sepal, receptacle, egg, ovary, stigma, style, stalk, carpel , anther, filament, petals

Answer 32

See notes for answer

Question 33

What is the difference between perfect/complete and imperfect/incomplete flowers

Answer 33

Perfect have both female and male parts. They produce fruit. Imperfect have only one gender of parts. The female one must get fertilized to have fruit

Question 34

What is the difference between, monoecious and dioecious

Answer 34

Monoecious have male and female flowers on the same plant Dioecious have male and female parts on separate plants

Question 35

Fruit formations (2)

Answer 35

Pericarp: fruit wall can be fleshy or dry. Helps protect & disperse the seed Simple fruit : derived from a single ovary

Question 36

Pros and cons of sexual reproduction

Answer 36

Sexual pros:Genetic diversity, less competition bc embryo is carried to new location, seed is protected and nourished by embryo, seeds can remain dormant Sexual cons: takes many resources to form a specialized structure for reproduction, relies on pollinators

Question 37

Pros and cons of asexual reproduction

Answer 37

Asexual pros: results in clones to pass on favourable traits, no specialized structures needed, less energy used, only one plant needed, better chance of survival than sexual, quicker Asexual cons: no genetic diversity, wiped out easily

Question 38

What do the hormones, auxin, giberellins, cytokins do

Answer 38

Auxin: promote cell elongation so they can bend towards energy source(light) Giverellins: promote cell division and cell elongation, young tissues of shoots and developing seeds Cytokins: promote cell division, found in actively dividing tissue, can also slow aging.

Question 39

What do the hormones ethylene and abscisic do

Answer 39

Ethylene: “plant stress hormone” ex,roots grow sideways if they hit a rock.stimulate developmental stages ex, fruit ripening Abscisic acid(ABA): inhibit growth ( rise in response to changes in temperature and light, maintains dormancy.

Question 40

What is tropism

Answer 40

Directional changes in growth or movement in response to a stimulus

Question 41

What are the five tropes and what do they do. Study helper, they each start with P G T H C

Answer 41

phototropismm: move towards light Gravitytropism: gravity. Roots move down stems go up Thigmotropism: contact, vines go around rocks and buildings Hydrotropism: water Chemotropism: areas of high concentration of chemicals

Question 42

What is meristematic tissue

Answer 42

Tissue consisting of dividing cells found in areas of the plant where growth can take place When found at tips of roots & stems, they’re called apexes Apexes contributes most to growing roots and stems

Question 43

What is the vascular cambium

Answer 43

Meristematic tissue that runs the length of the plant. Gives birth to plants, produces vascular bundles

Question 44

What is xylem

Answer 44

Cells that transports water & nutrients from roots to the leaves composed of tracheids & vessel elements. Located on the inside of a bundle

Question 45

What is phloem

Answer 45

Cells that Transports phood (sugar) from photosynthesis to the rest of the tree where it is needed or stored in roots. *Composed of sieve tubes and companion cells.* located outside of bundle

Question 46

What is primary growth

Answer 46

Rapid dividing of cells. Growth occurs primarily in the atypical meristem. (at tips of shoots and roots.) If you have a tree with a heart in it, the heart will stay exactly where it originally was while the tree grows

Question 47

What is secondary growth

Answer 47

Make plant grow wider and stronger. The outward growth

Question 48

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms

Answer 48

The seeds of angiosperms develop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a protective fruit. Gymnosperm seeds are usually formed in unisexual cones, and do not produce flowers or fruits.