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biology- component 3 > plants > Flashcards

plants Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

what is the structure of a leaf

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • upper epidermis
  • palisade mesophyll
    -air space
  • bundle sheath cell
  • xylem
    phloem
  • spongy mesophyll
    -lower epidermis
  • guard cells and stomata
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2
Q

function of waxy cuticle

A

prevents water loss

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3
Q

difference between xylem and phloem

A

xylem is dead tissue so has bigger gaps
phloem is alive tissue so has smallet gaps

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4
Q

large surface areas effect on gas exchange and photosynthesis

A

gas exchange
- large number of stomata
- larger area for gas exchange

photosynthesis
- capture maximum light energy

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5
Q

thin leaf effect on gas exchange

A
  • shorter diffusion pathway- efficient gas exchange
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6
Q

transparent cuticle and upper epidermis effect on photosythesis

A
  • so light can reach the mesophyll cells
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7
Q

palisade cells elongated and packed full of moving chloroplast effects of gas exchange

A

chloroplasts can move around the perimetre to most light or away to avoid damage

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8
Q

air spaces effects of gas exchange

A

effecient gas exchange

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9
Q

stomata effects of gas exchange

A

can open for gas exchange

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10
Q

what is phototropism

A

leaves move slowly so are held in position to gather most light

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11
Q

magnification equation

A

magnification = image size/ actual size

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12
Q

stomata density equation

A

number of stomata in field of view /size of fields in view in mm2 = number of stomata per mm2

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13
Q

what is the pathway of gas through the leaf

A
  1. gases diffuse through stomata down the conc gradient
  2. then diffuse through the intracellular spaces bewteen the mesophyll cells
  3. gases dissolve in the film of water covering the cells and into the cellulose cell wall
  4. then gases diffuse into the cell
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14
Q

what is the direction of gases when its dark

A
  • respiration dominant
  • o2 in and co2 out
  • no photosynthesis therefore o2 diffuses in and co2 out
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15
Q

what is the direction of gases during daylight

A
  • photosynthesis dominant, respiration still happens
  • co2 in, o2 out
  • co2 produced by respiration is used in photosynthesis but more is needed
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16
Q

how does the stomata open

A
  1. contains chloroplasts, role in photosynthesis produces ATP
  2. ATP is used for active transport of k+ ions into guard cells
  3. solute concentrations has increased so water potential decreases
  4. starch is converted into malate which dissolved in the guard cell with K+
  5. water will enter the guard cell by osmosis, making cell turgid
  6. froms the kidney bean shape due to the thinner outer wall, becoming more stretched than the inside thicker wall due to water moving in, openeing a stoma
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17
Q

how does the stomata close

A
  1. simple diffusion of k+ ions from guard cell into intracellular space
  2. water potential inside cell increases, solute conc decreases
  3. water will follow the solute concentration, diffusing out of the cell by osmosis
  4. cell is plasmolysed
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18
Q

what is standard deviation

A

the spread of data around the mean

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19
Q

what is a mesophyte

A

a plant that has adequate water supply

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20
Q

what is xerophyte

A

a plant that has low water availability

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21
Q

what is a hydrophyte

Study These Flashcards
A

a plants whos roots are submerged in water

22
Q

whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of stomata in upper surface

Study These Flashcards
A

m
- few
x
- many
h
- present on upper surface

23
Q

whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of stomata on lower surface

Study These Flashcards
A

m
- mainly on lower surface to reduce water loss
x
- few/none
h
- none/very few

24
Q

whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of cuticle on upper surface

Study These Flashcards
A

m
- waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
x
- thin on rolled leaves
- thick waxy cuticle on flat leaves
h
- no cuticle as no need to prevent water loss

25
whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of cuticle on lower surface
m - very little/no cuticle x - thick cuticle on rolled leaves h - no cuticle
26
whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of air spaces
m - present to allow diffusion x - present h - large air space for boyancy
27
whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of hairs
m - yes to trap water x - yes to reduce water loss h - no
28
whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of rolled leaves
m - no x - yes to reduce water loss h - no
29
whats the difference between mesophyte, xerophyte and hydrophyte in terms of sclerenchyma fibres
m - yes-less than xerophyte x - yes h - no
30
what are sclerenchyma fibres
found within vascular bundles and provide structural support to the plant
31
what is in cross section of plant root from outer to inner
- epidermis outer layer - cortex - endodermis layer - pholem and xylem/ vascular bundle
32
what is features of epidermis layer
- outer layer - has root hair cells - increases surafce area for absorption of water, ions and minerals - large number of mitochondria for ATP for active transport of ions - large number of protein carriers embedded in membrane for active transport of ions
33
what are features of cortex
- compact tissue layers between epidermis and endodermis
34
what is the xylem and features
- dead tissue - for water transport
35
what is the phloem and features
- live tissue - organic material transport eg sucrose
36
what is the endodermis and features
- contains casparian strip which controls movements of water - contains suberin- allows controls ions uptake and is water proof
37
how is water first transported into the root hair cell on root from soil
ATP is used for ion transport into the root hair cell by active transport to lower water potnetial and allow water in
38
what are the 3 pathways of water movement
- apoplast - symplast - vascuolar
39
what is apoplast pathway
water is moving through the cellulos fibres in the plant cell wall cant pass into casparian strip so joins the symplast pathway
40
what is symplast pathway
water uses the plasmodesmata and cytoplasm to bypass the casparian strip to reach the xylem
41
what is the vacuolar pathway
uses vacuoles to travel
42
what ions change the water potential
NO3/ nitrate ions NH4+/ ammonian ions
43
what is the casparian strip and its features
a waterproof layer in the cell wall of endodermis cells - made of waxy waterproof substance called suberin which blocks the apoplast pathway
44
what is the transpiration
the loss of water vapour from leaves giving rise to the transpiration stream
45
how is water pulled through roots
the continuos removal of water molecules from top of xylem vessels results in a tension that pulls on the xylem colum pulling water up roots
46
what factors effect transpiration
light intensity temperature humidity air movement
47
how does light intenisty effect transpiration
affcets te degree of opening and closure of stomata
48
how does temperature effect transpiration
higher temperatures increase the kientic energy of the water molecules so they diffuse more quickly warm air also has more kinetic energy and holds more water
49
how does humidity affect transpiration
dry air outside the leaf creates a steeper diffusion gradient between the internal air spaces and the environment so increases speed high humidity reduces the rate of transpiration
50
how does air movement affcet transpiration
maintaisn diffusion gradient by blowing away humid air which accumulates around stomata replaces it with fresh air that is less saturated with water vapour

biology- component 3 (6 decks)

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