Plants Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
In regards to insouluble ca oxalate what part of the plant is toxic and how does toxicity happen?
A
All parts of the plants are toxic and the animal MUST CHEW the plant to release ca oxalate
2
Q
This plant causes milk fever in sheep, hypocalcemia and tetany in the ACUTE phase and can be a selenium indicator.
A
Halogeton- soluble oxalate
3
Q
Does the presence of Ca in the diet increase or decrease toxicity in soluble oxalate toxicity?
A
Decreases
4
Q
Halogeten, greasewood and pigweed are part of what group of plants?
A
Soluble oxalate
5
Q
Which species are most susceptible to soluble oxalate poisoning?
A
Sheep
6
Q
MOA of soluble oxalate
A
Hypocalcemia, kidney damage or hypocalcemia/ tetany in acute which affects bone and milk production
7
Q
What part of the soluble oxalates its the most toxic?
A
Leaves
8
Q
Rhubarb is part of which group of plants
A
Soluble oxalate- names are like veggies and meats
9
Q
Ponderosa pine and Monterey cypress are part of this toxic group?
A
Isocupressic acids
10
Q
Moa of isocupressic acids?
A
Vasoconstriction decreasing uterine blood flow can cause abortion in cattle
11
Q
These two plants competitively block nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare?
A
Larkspur, delphinium, monkshade, aconite
12
Q
Treatment of diterpene alkaloid toxicosis?
A
Physotigmine
13
Q
This plant can look like PCP toxicosis?
A
Ergot poisioning
14
Q
Moa of ergot toxicosis?
A
Vasoconstriction and gangrene uterine contraction and abortion
15
Q
This plant causes PRIMARY photsensitization
A
St. Johns wort
16
Q
MOA of tannic acids? In cattle and monogastircs
A
Cattle:GI AND KIDNEY BROWN URINE, constipation, anorexia, rumen , atony
Monogastrics: GI colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea,
17
Q
Two plants that are tannic acids?
A
Oak tree, and pride of barbados
18
Q
Titerpene acid plant?
A
Lantana yellow sage
19
Q
MOA of yellow sage? Which species is RESITANT?
A
Horses resistant
Liver damage and photosensitization
depression, anorexia, icterus , skin signs bla bla bla
20
Q
These plants are anti mitotic and involve many organs?
A
Colchicum autumnale and gloriosa superb
21
Q
What in the locoweed causes neuronal degeneration?
A
Nitropropanalol
22
Q
Signs of locoweed toxicity?
A
Neurologic signs and selenium causes abnormal hoof and hair
23
Q
Which is the cardiotoxic alkaloid ?
A
Monkshade
24
Q
What is the most toxic part of lycorine plants? And Moa?
A
Emetic/ Purgative and The bulb is the most toxic
The group is mostly lilies
25
Name this muscarenic plant and its Moa?
Mushrooms. Stimulate muscarinic cholinergic receptors and CNS stimulation
26
Treatment of eating shrooms?
Atropine
27
Moa of piperidine alkaloids?
Nicotinic starting with ganglionic and nm stimulation followed by ganglionic and NMB . Prevents fetal mvmt resulting in birth defects
28
Name the plants which are piperidine alkaloids?
YOU SMOKE TOBACCO IN A PIPE-Coyote tobacco, tree tobacco, nicotiana, lupines and conium maculatum
29
Pyridine Alkaloids - Nicotine and lobeline. What happens in low and high doses?
Low: depolarization
Large: Blockade
30
What causes death in nicotine and lobe line toxicosis?
Respiratory failure
31
***Two plants that are a Pyrrolizidine alkaloid?
Rattlebox/crotolaria and ragwort
32
CS of Rattlebox and ragwort?**
Hepatoxic and tenesmus*, liver failure, conclusions, incoordination
33
What plant has a MOA similar to atropine?
Nightshade
34
What part of the solanine and solanidine are toxic?
The dark berries and green veggies or fruits
35
This plant is cardiotoxic and has a similar MOA to digitalis?
Yew- Taxine
36
Tropane alkaloids include which plants?
Tropane sounds like TRUMPET and the other plant is henbane
37
MOA of tropane plants?
Antimuscarenic- mydrasis, tachycardia, constipation, dry mouth
38
Antidote for tropane plants?
physotigmine
39
Moa of xanthine alkaloids and what two plants
Cocoa and Coffee- Block adenosine receptors inhibiting phosphodiesterase
40
***Plant that shows signs of Vitamin D toxicosis
Calcinogenic glycoside - vitamin D analog which is Cestrum diurum. Causes lameness and hypercalcemia
41
***Anthraquinoes - (Senna) causes this in horses? Senna MOA?
Horses die of liver failure
Skin and cardiac mm degeneration kidney damage BROWN urine
42
Two other antrhaquinones?
ALOE** and buckthron which are both purgatives
43
Cocklebur causes this ?
Carboxy-atractyloside which causes hepato toxicity and injures the mouth causing hyper salivation
44
*****This plant has digitalis effects
oleander is cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K atpase
45
Cardiac Glycosides he stressed?
Foxglove, lilly of the valley, milkweed , butterfly weed, periwinkle
46
**Form dicumarol in spoiled plants. Inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase resultion in deficiency of coag factos 2,7,9,10?
What is antidote??
Sweet clover
| Vit K1 or whole blood
47
Cyanogenic glycosides do this in the chronic phase?
wild cherries, sorghum and elderberries
Chronic:* Neuronal degeneration and anti thyroid effect
*Release HCN or Hydrolysis
Acute: Inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibit citric acid and glycolysis
48
3 Toxins that Cyasin have
1. Glycoside that causes go irritation and liver damage, tetraogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic
2. Beta methl….. BMMA- neurotoxic amino acid
3. Unknown may cause neuronal damage in CNS
49
Cysasin- the palms
| clinical signs in dogs, sheep and cattle?
Dogs: Gi, liver, seizures v/d, anorexia and depression
Sheep: GI and weight loss
Cattle :** neuronal zammers staggers
50
Glucosinolate plants- brassica, soybeans, flax
Antithyroid
51
Nitropropanalol glycosides CS?
Cattle/sheep
Horse and Rats
Milkvetch was stressed also violets, lotus, indigo
Cattle and Sheep: Respiratory and Neuro signs ,cracker heels or roaring ds.
Horses and Rats- Neuro signs
52
Phytoestrogens MOA- white clover, subterranean, alfalfa
Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females
53
Plant that causes aplastic anemia and **enzootic hematuria?
Bracken fern -ptaquiloside
54
Protoanemonin?
Buttercup- severe irritation of GI muscosa
55
MOA of steroidal Saponins?
Hepatic photosensitization
| Agave, bear grass and grass family
56
Is gossypol toxicity acute or chronic?
CHRONIC monogastrics most sensitive CARDIOTOXIC and secondary liver damage, MALE INFERTILITY
57
***Princess plume is what type of plant and lives where and indicates what?
Selenium indicator and Western US
58
Milk vetch is associated with what toxicity?
Selenium
59
Acute vs Chronic Selenium toxicosis
Acute: GI and Resp signs
Chronic: Hoof and Hair
60
This extremely toxic plant initially causes abdominal pain and vomiting in monogastrics followed by digitalis effects?
Oleander
61
Soluble oxalate poisoning is associated with which plant?
halogeton
62
Pigweed, oats, swet clover and alfalfa are associated with which mineral?
Nitrate
63
***What happens in acute nitrate toxicosis?
Nitrate is reduced to nitrite-> oxidation of ferrous iron with high hb to ferric iron and forms METHEMOGLOBIN
64
What happens when nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state
Methemoglobin forms
65
Which poisonous plants is MOST likely associated with neurotoxicity and causes neuronal vacoulation
locoweed
66
This extremely toxic plant initially causes abdominal pain and vomiting in monogastric animals, followed by digitalis-like effects?
Oleander
67
This plant made by heinz causes heinz body anemia ?
Mustards
68
Diterpene esters have what MOA?
Activate protein kinase C which damages cells Diterpenoid esters also cause direct irritation of the skin and MM
69
Which animal has severe signs from diterpene esters?
Horses
70
Important diterene esters stressed?
Cactus, poinsettia, X-mas candle and crouton.
71
Grayantoxins which are important ?
Rhodendrone and azalea - cause granny likes those kind of plants
72
MOA of grayantoxis?
Bind to Na channels in exicitable cells which increases permeability and depolarization , irritation of GI mucosa
73
CS of grayantoxins?
Think about when gran gets sick: respiratory problems, death from aspiration pneumonia, gi signs etc
74
Which of the following plants is very toxic because it has a phytotoxin?
Castor bean
75
CS from castor beans? or other phytotoxins- coral plant, precatory bean, other beans which are raw, black locust and sandbox tree
GI signs including hemorrhage
76
MOA of phytotoxins
RICIN AND ABRIN are glycoproteins . they inhibit cellular protein synthesis
77
Meliatoxin- chinaberry is a ______ and ______ plant.
Cytoxic- entertoxic, neurotoxic
death from respiratory failure
78
Propyl disulfides MOA
they are the onion family and produce free radicals damaging RBC membranes and form heinz bodies
79
Which species are most susceptible to horse brush a tetradymol?
SHEEp- causes hepatogenic photosensitization . Anorexia, depression incoordination etc.
80
***Toxin that causes signs of thiamine vit B1 deficiency in mongastrics?
HorseTAIL NOT BRUSH-thaminase
81
**Signs of thiamine deficiency in the horse including loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and covulsions are caused by chronic ingestion of ?
Bracken fern another thaminase
82
Triterpenoid saponins?
Alfalfa , holly both, pokeweed, ginseng cause direct irritation of the gi mucosa
83
Effect of Resinoids?
Irritation of nervous or muscle tissue
| Marijuana, milkweeds, mahogany family
84
Two plants causing heptaotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses?
Asklike and red clover
85
Which species is avocado cardiotoxic in?
goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds also causes noninfectious mastitis and agalactia
86
Black walnuts cause what in who?
laminitis in horses- from bedding
87
Grapes cause renal failure in?
Dogs
88
Lilies cause renal failure in ?
Cats
89
Red maple causes_____in______?
Hemolytic anemia in horses
90
Which part of senna is most toxic and what in it is cathartic?
The seeds and anthraquinone is cathartic . Also cause skeletal muscle and cardio myopathy
91
This plant causes ENE or chewing disease?
In horses and caused by yellow starthistle
92
In dogs weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors etc recovering in two days can be caused by?
Macadamia nuts
93
Signs of bufo intoxication?
First irritation of mm hyper salivation , brick red MM, vocalization and vomiting
Second- neuro signs
and then CV signs- tachycardia, arrhythmias, bradycardia,
also may cause hyperthermia
94
Treatment of bufo intoxication?
Seizure control, BB, lidocaine, activated charcoal, digoxin immune fab
95
Primary effect of snake bite from a pit viper?
hypocoagulation
96
Primary effect of snake bite from a coral snake?
neurotoxic
97
Clinical signs of Ammonia toxicity?
DISEASE OF RESP INSUFFICIENCY death due to asphyxia. Cyanosis, pulmonary edema, lung congestion
98
MOA of NH3
Direct irritant of MM increase susceptibility to resp infections, inhibits TCA and decreased growth in young
99
Most dangerous gas which smells like rotten eggs ?
Hydrogen sulfide
100
What species is least sensitive to hydrogen sulfide toxicity?
Chickens
101
Lesions of H2S?
blood is dark and may not clot, tissues may be dark or greenish purple
102
CS of low and high concentrations of H2S?
Low= irritation to eyes , reps and mucosa
Large= sudden collapse cyanosis and dypsnea
103
CO CS?
Sudden death due to suffocation -anoxemia it combines with HB preventing it from carrying o2 ! , blood bright read, hypoxia , incoordination , still births
104
NO Gas is what color?***
Reddish brown! Mixture - N2O4 is yellow/brown
105
Sign of NO gas?
FOUND ON TOP OF SILAGE . Animal house develops chlorine odor and air is hazy and yellow
106
Treatment of NO gas?
METHYLENE BLUE IV
107
Sulfur oxide moa?
irritation of MM and causes reflex bronchoconstriction and lung damage death from hypoxia.
108
Smoke Inhalation is more likely to effect old or young animals?
old usually die
| can burn respiratory tract.
109
Determinants of respiratory injury from smoke inhalation?
Solubility
High= upper airways, injures mucosa and there is edema
Low= slower reaction and delayed effect
110
Most serious systemic agent of smoke inhalation?
Carbon monoxide
111
. Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both?
. cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization
112
Sodium nitrite IV is useful in the treatment of?
Cyanide and H2S
113
Most toxic part of nitrates?
The stalk and young plants are more toxic
114
MOA of nitrates? ACUTE VS CHRONIC
Acute: Ferrous iron to ferric and conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in -doesnt carry o2
Chronic: Abortion dt progesterone
115
Lesions of nitrate?
CHOCOLATE BROWN BLOOD
116
Best specimen for nitrate?
occular fluid specimen of choice
117
TX of nitrate?
Methelene blue
118
Nitrite 10x more toxic than NITRATE
fun fact
119
Chronic poisoning with which of the following is MOST likely to cause abortion in cattle due to decrease in progesterone production?
Nitrate
120
Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both?
cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization
121
A toxicant that causes very rapid death, has a characteristic odor, and causes bright red mucous membranes and cherry red blood is ?
Cyanide
122
Signs of chronic cyanide poisoning in horses are MAINLY due to ?
d. neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain
123
Does activated charcoal work for cyanide?
NO
124
You are asked by a cattle farmer to examine his cows because two cows have suddenly died. He tells you that other cows developed signs of weakness followed by increased heart and respiratory rates, staggering gait and recumbency within 4-6 hours of consumption of forage. On clinical examination, the mucous membranes expecially the vaginal mucous membranes revelaed a brownish discoloration. These cows are MOST likely poisoned with
NItrate
125
A toxicant that causes elevated thiocyanate levels in urine is ?
Cyanide
126
Ingestion of which plant is likely to cause cyanide toxicosis?
Wild cherry
127
How might small animals get cyanide toxicity?
It is used as a fumigant in rodenticides and fertilizers
128
What part of the plant is most toxic in cyanide toxicosis?
Seeds
129
Moa of cyanide? Acute
Acute: excess binds with blood and in tissues binds with ferric iron and cupric copper.
HISTOTOXIC ANOXIA IN BRAIN!! HYPEROXYGENATION OF BLOOD=CHERRY RED
130
Chronic MOA of cyanide
neuronal degeneration and demyelenation of spinal cord and brain in horses
131
Smell of cyanide
bitter almond
132
Samples for cyanide must be?
Frozen -use brain , heart and forage
133
TX cyandie?
Sodium nitrate IV, vinegar, O2 etc
