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YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

State the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water -(light energy)-> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

State the symbol equation for photosynthesis (all numbers with a ‘ are below the letter (opposite of squared))

A

6CO’2 + 6H’20 -(light energy)-> C’6H’12O’6 + 6O’2

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3
Q

What food do plants produce?

A

Glucose

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplasts

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5
Q

What does the chlorophyll do in photosynthesis?

A

Absorbs the light energy and converts CO’2 and water into glucose

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6
Q

What are the possible limiting factors in photosynthesis?

A

Light, CO2 and temperature

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7
Q

How does the rate limiting factor work in terms of photosynthesis?

A

You increase Light, CO2 or temp and the rate goes up until a certain point where it needs light CO2 or temp - new limiting factor

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8
Q

What temperature do plants denature?

A

About 45C

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9
Q

How can you make the right temperatures for plants to grow artificially?

A

Greenhouse - Trap sun’s heat, sun can hit the plants, water is provided. Often use a artificial light + heater in winter

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10
Q

How do plants use glucose in terms of respiration?

A

Glucose made on leaves, some used for respiration -> releases energy - rest of glucose converted into useful substances -> grow and build new cells

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11
Q

How do plants use glucose in terms of making cell walls?

A

Glucose -> Cellulose for making strong cell walls

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12
Q

How do plants use glucose in terms of making proteins?

A

Combined with nitrate ions -> amino acids -> proteins

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13
Q

How do plants use glucose in terms of storing fats/oils?

A

Turned into lipids for storing in seeds

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14
Q

How do plants use glucose in terms of storing starch?

A

Turned into starch -> stored in roots, stems, leaves.

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15
Q

What is good about the starch stored in the roots, stems and leaves of the plant?

A

Insoluble - Better for storing than glucose

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16
Q

Where do leaves and roots help exchange materials to?

A

Air and soil

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17
Q

Which side of the leaf is an exchange surface?

A

Underside

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18
Q

How are leaves adapted to exchange materials?

A

Packed with stomata, flattened shape -> large SA, air spaces increase SA, walls of cells form another exchange surface

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19
Q

What is the size of a stomata controlled by?

A

Guard cells

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20
Q

Where does CO2 diffuse into the leaf cell?

A

Air spaces then the cells

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21
Q

When would guard cells close?

A

When the leaf is losing water faster than the roots are making them

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22
Q

What would happen to the plant if there were no guard cells?

A

It would wilt

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23
Q

Where on the plant are most the mineral ions and water absorbed?

A

In the roots

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24
Q

What do roots have to increase the SA on them?

A

Root hairs

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25
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Food

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26
Q

What is a phloem made out of?

A

Columns of cells with small holes in the end

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27
Q

Where does the phloem transport food to?

A

Storage organs and growing regions

28
Q

Which direction does the phloem transport food?

A

Both ways (Even though we got taught it was down)

29
Q

What is the process called when the phloem transports food?

A

Translocation

30
Q

What does the xylem transport and in which direction?

A

Water and minerals upwards

31
Q

What is the xylem made out of?

A

Dead cells joined end to end, with no walls between them and no hole down the middle

32
Q

What is the process called when the xylem moves materials around the plant?

A

Transpiration stream

33
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from the plant

34
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

Evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves

35
Q

What happens as a result of transpiration in a plant, and what does the plant do because of it?

A

There is a shortage of water, the plant draws more up through the xylem

36
Q

What can increase the rate of transpiration?

A

Heat, water, humidity and wind

37
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant growth hormone

38
Q

Which areas of the plant does auxin control the growth of?

A

Tips of shoots and roots

39
Q

What is phototropism?

A

The growth of an area of a plant due to a response to light

40
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

The growth of an area of a plant due to a response to gravity

41
Q

What is hydrotropism?

A

The growth of an area of a plant due to a response to moisture

42
Q

Where is auxin produced and where does it move?

A

In the tips of a plant and moves backwards to stimulate cell elongation

43
Q

What could happen if the tip of a shoot is removed?

A

Could stop growing as auxin has been removed

44
Q

Which direction do shoots grow in relation to light?

A

Towards it

45
Q

What happens in the position of the auxin when the shoot is exposed to light?

A

More auxin accumulates on the side in the shade so the plant curves towards the light

46
Q

Which direction do shoots grow in relation to gravity?

A

Away from gravity

47
Q

How can a shoot avoid growing towards gravity?

A

The auxin accumulates on the lower side making the plant curves away from gravity

48
Q

Which direction do roots grow?

A

Towards gravity

49
Q

Which direction do roots grow in relation to moisture?

A

Towards moisture

50
Q

What makes roots grow towards moisture?

A

The plant produces more auxin on the side with more moisture causing the root to curve towards the moisture

51
Q

What are selective weedkillers made out of?

A

Plant growth hormones

52
Q

How do weedkillers work?

A

They interrupt the normal growth patterns

53
Q

When a flowering plant reproduces sexually, what does it need to produce?

A

Male and female gametes

54
Q

What is pollination?

A

The process where the male gametes are transferred to the female gametes

55
Q

What is fertilisation in terms of sexual reproduction in plants, and what happens after it?

A

When the gametes fuse together. The ovules grow into seeds inside a fruit

56
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

When pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of a different plant

57
Q

What is the male reproductive part of the plant called?

A

Stamen

58
Q

What does the stamen consist of?

A

Anther and filament

59
Q

What does the anther contain, and what do these materials do?

A

Pollen grains which produce sperm

60
Q

What is the filament and what is the function of it?

A

It is the stalk that supports the anther

61
Q

What is the female reproductive part of the plant called?

A

The carpel

62
Q

What does the carpel consist of?

A

The stigma, style and ovary

63
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

It is the end bit that the pollen grains attach to

64
Q

What is the style and what is the function of it?

A

The rod like section that supports the stigma

65
Q

What does the ovary contain?

A

The female gametes inside ovules

66
Q

What happens in fertilisation in the plant? (State all the processes in order)

A

Anther produces male gametes in pollen grains.
These land on the stigma, which causes a pollen tube to grow down the style to the ovary
A male gamete nucleus then fertilises this ovule
Other male gamete nuclei fertilise endosperm nuclei -> Food sac for the embryo
Endosperm + female tissue of ovule make a seed

YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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