Plants

Question 1

What are cell walls made of?

Answer 1

Cellulose

Question 2

What do plants cell walls store

Answer 2

Carbohydrates (ex. Starch)

Question 3

2 types of plants

Answer 3

Bryophytes and tracheophytes

Question 4

Bryophytes characteristics

Answer 4

• primitive, lack vascular tissue
• must live in moist environments (transport water by osmosis)
• tiny because they lack the lignin fortified tissue necessary to support all plants

Question 5

Bryophytes ex.

Answer 5

Liverwarts, mosses, hornwarts

Question 6

Tracheophytes characteristics

Answer 6

• have transport vessels, xylem and phloem
• include seedless and modern plants with seeds
• plants with seeds are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 7

Gymnosperms

Answer 7

Conifers- cone bearing plants that produce seeds on the surface of cones. Have needle shaped leaves, thick and waxy cuticle, and stomates in stomata crypts to reduce water loss

Question 8

Gymnosperms ex

Answer 8

Cedar, sequoia, redwood, pine, yew, and juniper

Question 9

Angiosperm

Answer 9

Flowering plants, seeds develop inside ovaries (after pollination ovary becomes fruit)

Question 10

Angiosperm ex

Answer 10

Roses, daisies, fruits, nuts, grains, and grasses

Question 11

Monocotyledon

Answer 11

One seed leaf (cotyledon), scattered vascular bundles in stem, parallel leaf venation, floral parts in 3s

Question 12

Dicotyledon

Answer 12

2 seed leaves, vascular bundles in stem are in a ring, net like leaf venation, floral parts in 4s or 5s

Question 13

Monocotyledons ex

Answer 13

Grasses (wheat, corn, oat, rice), palm trees

Question 14

Dicotyledon ex

Answer 14

Daisies, roses, carrots, tree woods

Question 15

Stomates

Answer 15

Open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize excess water loss

Question 16

Cutin

Answer 16

Waxy coating on leaves that helps minimize water loss

Question 17

Gametangia

Answer 17

The protective jacket of cells that some gametes and zygotes form in to prevent drying out

Question 18

Sporopollenin

Answer 18

Tough polymer that protects plants in harsh environments, found on walls of spores and pollen

Question 19

Meristem tissue

Answer 19

Continually divides so that plants grow as long as they live

Question 20

Primary plant growth

Answer 20

Vertical growth (on root tip and buds of shoots)

Question 21

Primary plant growth on root tip (3 zones of primary growth)

Answer 21

Apical meristem (zone of cell division, bottom), zone of elongation (middle), zone of differentiation (top). There is root cap after the zone of cell division

Question 22

Zone of cell division

Answer 22

Produces new cells that grow down into soil

Question 23

Zone of elongation

Answer 23

Cells elongate and push the root cap deeper into soil

Question 24

Zone of differentiation

Answer 24

Cells undergo specialization into 3 primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems in plant (epidermis, ground tissue, and xylem/phloem)

Question 25

Secondary growth

Answer 25

Lateral growth (increase in girth). New cells provided by the lateral meristem. Nonwoody plants don’t have secondary growth

Question 26

Function of roots

Answer 26

Absorb nutrients from soil, anchor plant, store food

Question 27

Epidermis

Answer 27

Covers entire SA of root and are for absorption. Root hairs extend from these cells to increase SA

Question 28

Cortex

Answer 28

For storage. Consists of parenchyma cells that contain plastics to store starch

Question 29

Stele/Vascular cylinder

Answer 29

For transport. Contains vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), surrounded by pericycle from which lateral roots arise

Question 30

Endoderm

Answer 30

Surrounds vascular cylinder, selects what minerals enter vascular cylinder

Question 31

Casparian strip

Answer 31

Wraps each endoderm cell, is a band of waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved minerals

Question 32

Lateral movement

Answer 32

Movement of water and solutes across a plant

Question 33

Symplast

Answer 33

Continuous system of the cytoplasm of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata

Question 34

Apoplast

Answer 34

Network of cell walls and intercellular spaces that permit extensive extracellular movement of water

Question 35

Mycorrhizae

Answer 35

Supply the plant with water and minerals in older regions of roots that lack root hairs. Consists of the plants roots intermingled with the hyphae (filaments) of a fungus that increases the quantity of nutrients the plant can absorb

Question 36

Rhizobium

Answer 36

Bacterium on the nodules of roots in legumes that fixes nitrogen gas from air

Question 37

Taproot

Answer 37

Single, large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots. Primary root in many dicots.

Question 38

Fibrous root system

Answer 38

Common in monocots and holds plant in place

Question 39

Adventitious roots

Answer 39

Arise above ground. Include aerial roots and prop roots

Question 40

Aerial roots

Answer 40

In trees that grow in swamps and marshes, when root sticks out of water to aerate the root cells

Question 41

Prop roots

Answer 41

In tall plants, grow from base of stem and help support plant

Question 42

Leaf overall function

Answer 42

Maximize sugar production while minimizing water loss

Question 43

Epidermis function

Answer 43

Protection

Question 44

Want cuticle function

Answer 44

Minimizes water loss

Question 45

Guard cells

Answer 45

Control the opening of the stomates, respond to changes in water pressure

Question 46

Palisade mesophyll (tightly packed)

Answer 46

Photosynthesis

Question 47

Spongy mesophyll (loosely packed)

Answer 47

Photosynthesis, diffusion and exchange of gases into and out of these cells

Question 48

Veins (in mesophyll)

Answer 48

Carry water and nutrients from the soil to the leaves and carry sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant

Question 49

Transpiration

Answer 49

Loss of water from the leaf

Question 50

Dermal tissue

Answer 50

Outer protective covering of plants, cannot photosynthesize (except for guard cells)

Question 51

Trichomes

Answer 51

Tiny, Spike like projections that protect the leaf

Question 52

Vascular tissue

Answer 52

Transports water and nutrients up and down the plant (includes xylem and phloem)

Question 53

What does xylem consist of

Answer 53

Tracheids and vessel elements

Question 54

What does phloem consist of

Answer 54

Sieve tube elements and companion cells

Question 55

Ground tissue

Answer 55

All plant tissue besides dermal and vascular

Question 56

Parenchyma cells

Answer 56

Have a thin and flexible primary cell wall, but no secondary cell wall, typical plant cell, found in all parts of plant

Question 57

Collenchyma cells

Answer 57

Unevenly thickened primary cell walls, no secondary cell wall

Question 58

Sclerenchyma cells

Answer 58

Very thick primary and secondary cell walls that are fortified with lignin, purely for support

Question 59

What does xylem do

Answer 59

Carriers water and nutrients from soil to leaves (against gravity) with no expenditure of energy

Question 60

What are water and nutrients pulled up by in xylem

Answer 60

Transpirational pull: evaporation of water from leaves Cohesion: water molecules are attracted to each other and stick together For each molecule of water that evaporates by transpiration, one is drawn to the root to replace it

Question 61

How does humidity affect rate of transpiration

Answer 61

High humidity slows transpiration, low humidity speeds it up

Question 62

How does wind affect transpiration rate

Answer 62

Wind reduces humidity near stomates and increases rate of transpiration

Question 63

How does light intensity affect transpiration

Answer 63

More light speeds up photosynthesis which will increase the rate of transpiration

Question 64

Phloem function

Answer 64

Carry sugar from the photosynthetic leaves to the rest of the plant by translocation (this requires energy)