plants and animals Flashcards
(41 cards)
The responses/behaviours of plants and animals are…
adaptations for survival and reproduction
5 adaptive behaviours of plants and animals
- find favourable environmental conditions
- ensure supplies of essential resources (water, oxygen, nutrients, energy)
- reduce both forms of competition
- avoid predators
- find a mate of the same species
Adaptive advantage refers to
any adaptation that promotes survival of organisms, increasing changes of breeding success and contributiong successful alleles
Abiotic factors (at least 5)
temperature, light intensity, salinity, humidity, pH, water, oxygen levels, CO2 levels mineral levels, substrate
Biotic factors
competition, mutualism, exploitation, predation, parsitism
Four main points of plants and animals
- Orientation in space (tropisms and nastic movement
- orientation in time - annual, daily, tidal, lunar
- interspecific relationships - predation and parasitism
- intraspecific relationships - heirarchies, territory, co-operation, and reproduction
HOW a response occurs and WHY - why the response is an adaption to the organism’s ecological niche
Ecological niche is….
the way an organism has adapted in response to the habitate in which it lives - where it lives, how it lives.
Actual niches are set by biotic factors - speciifcally interspecific
Fundamental niche is…
the niche the organism would occupy if all necessary environmental conditions were met
Set by organism’s tolerance to abiotic factors
realised niche is…
actual niche the organism occupies
Gauses principle
If two niches have large overlap then competition becomes severe, it’s likely that one species will outcompete and therefore eliminate the other
the greater the overlap, the greater the interspecific competition
Orientation responses are….
innate - genetically determined not learned - that allow organisms to find favourable conditions
Tropisms are…
Plants
growth movements either towards or away from external stimulus (phototropism, chemotropism, geotropism, thigmotropism, hydrotropism
auxin - produced in the cell’s growing tips digguse down to elongate cells
Nastic movements are…
Plants
rapid reversible movements of part of a plant in response to CHANGES in the INTENSITY of a stimulus
NOT FROM A DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE
Taxes are…
Animals
rapid movements either towards or away from a stimulus - chemotaxis, geotaxis, phototaxis.
Kineses are…
non-directional movements in response to a stimulus with intensity determining the rate of movement
Orthokinesis - intensity of stimulus determins the rate of moevement
Klinokinesis - intensity of stimulus determines the rate of turning when moving
Homing…
a response in which an animals regularly returns to a nest site - requires internal clocks
Migration is…
a response in whcih members of a species move from one geographical location to another isolated geographical location
imigration is innate
Long distance migrations have evolved and continue to exist becuase…
the advantages must outweigh the costs, migration offers greater reproductive success compared to non-migration
Navigation through Landmarks is…
when the animal recognises familiar landmarks to guide it’s travel
Nagivation through Solar Navigation is…
an animal keeping a set able to the sun when moving, it will move in a straight line
Internal clocks are necessary for the animal to change orientation to the sun through it’s migration
Navigation through Stellar Navigation is…
nagivation through constellations - internal clock reequired
Nagivation through Magnetic fields
Earth’s magnetic fields to nagivate (birds, whales, turtles, and bees)
Navigation through Chemical trails is…
scent trails animals use to find their way to a destination (like ants)
nagivation through sonar (sound reflection) is…
the ability for animals to navigate using echolocation or sonar
