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Y13 BIO > PLANTS AND ANIMALS FULL > Flashcards

PLANTS AND ANIMALS FULL Flashcards

1
Q

Interspecific: Predation

A

Predation is when one species kills and consumes another species

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2
Q

Interspecific: Herbivory

A

An animals species that eat parts of a plant species

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3
Q

Interspecific: Competition

A

Members of different species compete for the same resources.
Eg; When food is scarce.

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4
Q

Interspecific: Parasitism

A

a explotiative relationship between the two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other. The organism that is benefitted is called the parasite, while the one that is harmed is called the host.

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5
Q

Interspecific: Mutualism

A

two organisms of different species in a relationship benefit from the activity of the other

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6
Q

Interspecific: Commensalism

A

a relationship where one species benefits from it and the other is unaffected by it

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7
Q

Intraspecific: Sexual Dimorphism

A

The difference in appearance between males and females of the same species.
Eg; Colours, Shape, Size, and Structure.

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8
Q

Intraspecific: Hierarchies

A

Order of dominance in a social group with individual with high rank has top choices to resources

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9
Q

Aggressive Behaviours

A

Is when another species intentionally inflicts harm on another same species and can either be inter or intra

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10
Q

Intraspecific: Agonisitic Behaviours

A

Ritualistic behaviour between members of the same species to reduce competition and maintain hierarchy. no harm done

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11
Q

Intraspecific: Pair Bond

A

a relationship a male and a female of the same species, ensuring cooperative behaviour in mating and the rearing of the young.

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12
Q

Intraspecific: Aultrisitic Behaviour

A

where a member of a group reduces their chance of reproduction in favour of another member of their group.

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13
Q

Gause Principle

A

two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist in a stable environment where one species will be better adapted and will outcompete and eliminate the other

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14
Q

Intraspecific: Courtship

A

a series of behaviour that an individual (usually male) will use to attempt to attract an individual of the opposite sex, for the purpose of mating.

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15
Q

Intraspecific

A

relationship between two of the same species;

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16
Q

Interspecific relationships

A

Interactions among organisms of different species and always benefit one species

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17
Q

Cooperation Competition

A

the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits

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18
Q

Home Range

A

An area where organisms roam to find resources and mates. It may overlap other organisms’ home ranges. It is not actively defended.

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19
Q

Territory

A

an area that contains food supply, nesting site, or the valuable source where it will be actively guarded/defended from other species known as territorial.
if an intruder breaks in its a process of sign post warning to ritualized fighting than last is actual fighting.

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20
Q

Linear Hierarchy

A

Each individual dominates the individuals that is below them

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21
Q

Complex Hierarchy

A

A group has a social structure controlled by a dominant
(alpha) member and is ordered. It is different from linear as it has subordinates, bonding pairs, family groups, division of labour.

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22
Q

Explotiation

A

An interspecific relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed

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23
Q

Ammensalism

A

An interspecific relationship where one species is unaffected and the other species is harmed

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24
Q

Kin Selection

A

Altruistic behaviour towards related individuals. This behavior can increase the chances of passing on shared genes to the next generation.

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25
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

members of the same species compete for limited resources

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26
Q

Advantage of Territory

A
  1. Greater protection of the resources and young increasing survival.
  2. E.g. Energy is not wasted / risk of injury is decreased outside of mating season.
27
Q

Courtship Rituals

A

Develops pair bond
Ensures readiness for breeding
Suppresses aggressive behaviour
Ensure Mating occurs between members of same species

28
Q

Mating Signals

A

Sounds
Chemicals
Visual display
Ritualised acts
Touch

29
Q

Living in groups - e.g mates, food, space/territories
How are these helpful for the survival of the species?

A
  1. Protection from physical environment such as organism huddle to keep warm
  2. Greater ability to detect predators - keen eyes that are on the lookout
  3. Better defence against predators - weak on the insides, powerful outside.
  4. Mates available - don’t need to spend time/distance to find a good mate buddy
  5. Provison of learning oppurtunies for young - the young can learn its abilities from adults and other young (hunting behaviour, social behaviour)
  6. Regulation of pop through controlled access to mates/resource
  7. Greater ability to find resource such as food - cooperate together
30
Q

What is Tropism and how is it important? - plant

A

Growth toward or away movement from an enviromental stimulus

Tropisms allow plants to adjust the direction of growth when their environment changes

31
Q

Nastic - plant

A

Nastic responses are fast non-directional movement responses to stimuli. The movement can be due to changes in turgor, or changes in growt.

32
Q

Taxis - animal

A

Taxis occurs when animals move towards or away from a stimuli
Eg; positive taxis and negative taxis

33
Q

Klinokinesis ➔

Orthokinesis➔

A

The turning rate is affected depending on the intensity of the stimulus

The rate of speed is affected depending on the intensity of the stimulus

34
Q

Homing

A

The ability of an animal to find its way to its home site after travelling away from it over unfamiliar territory

eg: homing pigeons have both compass or map mechanism that navigates them back home

35
Q

Migration

A

Migration is the seasonal mass movement of a population from one
geographically defined location to another and back again.
eg: migrate annually or seasonally

36
Q

Auxin

A

an plant hormone that promotes growth in a plant and is produced in the cell of the apical meristem and sent to regions of growth. Auxins will migrate evenly to both sides of a growing stem and when light from a certain direction reaches the tip of the root and shoots - more auxins will be produced and migrate to the side that is unlit of the stem.
- helps cells elongate and increase elasticity and intake of water.
- the higher the concentration of auxin on the unlit side, the longer the stem will be and it will bend to the light

37
Q

Migration Advantages

A

➔ grow larger - have more offspring
➔ Have a good supply of food
➔ reduces predation and parasitism diseases
➔ better breeding conditions
➔ Favourable temperature conditions
➔ babies don’t have to spend more energy to keep warm,
➔ genetic diversity improved as diff populations mix for the breeding season.
➔ Greater Genetic mixing

38
Q

Migration Disadvantage

A
  1. Caught/lost in unexpected weather.
  2. Eaten by predators in the journey.
  3. using too much energy before arrive at their destination (breeding)
  4. may starve and die

(Migration is a huge investment in energy, thus there has to be a survival advantages otherwise it is pointles for the organism to mirgate).

39
Q

Migration Triggers - reasons causing animals to migrate?

A
  1. enviromental changes (shortening of daylength), (changes in temp).
  2. Sex organs mature, desire to breed
  3. Genetic Drive (innate) controoled by an endongenous circadian rhythm.
40
Q

Auxins advantages

A

➔promotes elongation
➔produced in the apical meristem
➔promotes secondary thickening in shoots and roots
➔promotes cell division

41
Q

Concentration in Auxins

A

The concentration of auxins can differ through the plant and uneven distribution of auxins due to environmental cues can result in uneven plant growth

Higher auxin concentration in root
cell = slower growth

Higher auxin concentration in shoot cell - faster growth

42
Q

adaptive advantages of animal and plant

A

➔ Animals - moves towards something that will help it survive or away from something that might harm it → link to survival, reproduction, and continuation of species.

➔Plants - usually links to photosynthesis e.g. more light or water. More photosynthesis = more glucose made = more energy available for life processes such as growth and reproduction (MRS GREN) → how does this help the plant survive, reproduce and continue the species.
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition.

43
Q

Circadian Rhythm/Example and advantages

A

A biological rhythm linked to the day-night cycle with a length of approximately 24 hours.

44
Q

Entrainment

A

The act of resetting the internal biological clock to match the environment

45
Q

Endogenous Rhythm

A

A biological rhythm has an internal clock that runs even in the absence of environmental cues.

46
Q

Exogenous Rhythm

A

A biological rhythm that is controlled by an external cue only

47
Q

Zeitgeber

A

an external cue the resets the biological clock

48
Q

Phytochrome

A

A type of plant pigment which has two forms (Prand Pfr) and controls the flowering of plants

  • Pr will absorb red light from daylight and turn into Pfr

-Pfr is the active version of phytochrome, but is unstable and will SLOWLY turn back into Pr at night

The length of night will determine how much Pfr is left at the end of the night, and will tell the plant how long day time was and what season it is.

49
Q

Phase shift

A

whena organisms activity pattern changes
changes to suit a new timing of the zeitgeber(externalcue)

50
Q

Circannual Rhythm/Example

A

A biological rhythm linked to the seasons, or changes in day length, with a length of approximately 365 days

51
Q

Circatidal Rhythm/Example

A

A biological rhythm linked to changes in tide with a length of approximately 12 hours.

52
Q

LDP
SDP
DNP

A

Long-day plants, only flower when the day length exceeds a particular threshold, the critical day length. These plants flower during summer.

Short-day plants, only flower when the day length is less than its critical day length. These plants flower during winter.

Day-neutral plants, are not affected by the day length and canflower any time in the year

53
Q

Advantages of regular flowering periods/plants flowering at the same time.

A

flowering at the same time ensures higher likelihood of successful pollination, leading to higher seed and fruit production contributingto a plants reproductive success

cross polination between different plant species increase gd, nore resilient to enviromental changes.

54
Q

HOW will this rhythm help the survive of the species

A

➔ Time activity with food availability
➔Time activity with reduced risk of predators
➔ Ensure reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species
➔ Prepare for winter/migration
➔ Help organism be ready for the day such ready to eat to produce digestive enzymes, tell us when to go out or prep for activity

55
Q

PhotoPeriodism

A

Photoperiodism is a response to the differing ratio of light and dark in a day. Flowering is a response that is often controlled by the length of day / night,”

56
Q

free running period

A

natural period of rhythm in constant conditions , when external cues are eliminated.

(i.e. constant darkness)

57
Q

How is endogenous rhythm is differinated from an actogram?

A

The rhythm can be seen to continue in the absence of an zeitgebers an external cue. without a zeitgeber there is a free running period that is different to period of the environmental rhythm, we can see there is a rhythmic pattern of … hours and it is an “””” rhythm with a cycle of ….

58
Q

Allelopathy

A

One plant secretes toxins to prevent other plants from growing nearby. Reduces competition.

59
Q

photo period

A

the length of light exposure an organism recievein a 24hours period

60
Q

K strategy

A

individuals that take longer time to reach matury and have less offsprings with the population growth being small but stable with majority effort invested in offsprings upbringing.

61
Q

R strategy

A

faster pop growth but maybe unstable , lots of offsprings, rapid sex maturity, less parental care, offsprings are small bu

62
Q

monogamy and polygyny

A

m - one mate at a time
p - one male with multiple female

63
Q

polygynandry

A

lots of males mate with lots of female

64
Q

polyandry

A

1 female with many male

Y13 BIO (2 decks)

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