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Second Yr Spring > Plants & People > Flashcards

Plants & People Flashcards

1
Q

Plants produce terpenes, phenols, and alkaloids. For what purpose do humans use these compounds?

A

Medicines

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2
Q

What is archaeobotany?

A

The study of past societies and environments through analysis of preserved plant remains.

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3
Q

What genetic traits of ancient grains can be used to improve global food security?

A

Genetic traits for salt tolerance, heat tolerance and drought tolerance – this is important because aridity will be a big feature in growing food crops in the future.

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4
Q

Beehive design has changed significantly over the last millennium. Explain the main reason for CDB hive design in Ireland.

A

It was designed specifically to deal with Ireland’s damp conditions to cater for and manage damp wind. Wider to include insulation and wider at the top, narrower at the bottom to throw off the water. The additional employment or revenue source resulting from its development.

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5
Q

Why do many plants require a winter chilling period?

A

To break dormancy (also known as winter rest)

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6
Q

Cacti

A

Shed roots in extreme drought, will rehydrate to full function in 1 day, regrow roots

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7
Q

Plant freeze prevention

A

Bud protected by hairs, wax; cold acclimation through photoperiod; sugar concentration lowers freezing point

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8
Q

Skeps

Adv & Disadv

A

Adv: Light, easy to move, natural materials
Disadv: not weatherproof or robust, hard to inspect colony for problems

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9
Q

Congested Districts Board (CDB) hives

A

Designed specifically for damp Irish conditions and manage wind

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10
Q

Weeds

Pos & Neg

A

Pos: N-fixation, biodiversity, prevent soil erosion, improve soil structure
Neg: competition, interference with operations, contaminate seed crops, host for pests & disease

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11
Q

Transplanting

Adv & Disadv

A

Adv: land use, earlier production, higher yields, better weed, pest, & disease control
Disadv: capital costs, purchase costs, production costs, extra labour

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12
Q

Potato Nutrient Deficiencies

N, P, K, Cu, S

A 
N – uniform light green leaves, 
P – dark green colour & mild leaf roll, 
K – marginal leaf scorch, 
Cu – upward leaf curling, 
S – light green younger leaves
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13
Q

Brassica

A

Cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, swedes

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14
Q

NFT

A

Nutrient Film Technique

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15
Q

Hydroponics

Adv & Disadv

A

Adv: NFT lettuce requires a fraction of the labour, uses 1/10 water, 30% more production/acre, produce is clean, pesticide free & grit free
Disadv: without soil as a buffer, any failure in system leads to rapid plant death

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16
Q

Preservation Methods

A

Waterlogging, mineral replacement, desiccation, frozen, preserved stomach contents, seed impressions in ceramic vessels

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17
Q

Stress Reduction Theory

A

“view through a window may influence recovery from surgery”

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18
Q

Increase Atmospheric CO2

Adv & Disadv

A

Adv: diffuse into plants faster, plants need fewer stomata open, lose less water, produce more biomass
Disadv: nutrient uptake, increased runoff, biomass regulated by N availability, eutrophication

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19
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein molecules (long chains of amino acids). Denaturation led to loss of biological function

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20
Q

Poisonous fruits

A

Star fruit (contains high amounts of oxalate -> kidney damage, seizures, death); grapefruit (can interact with medications); Elderberry (roots, stems, leaves & seeds contain cyanide -> build-up causes vomiting, diarrhoea, coma, or death

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21
Q

Alcohol

A

Made by fermenting plant sugars; Beer (malt from barley, flavoured with hops); Rum (sugarcane); vodka (cereal grains, eg. corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beet); whiskey (barley); brandy (grapes, apples)

22
Q

Irrigation

A

Produce quality turfgrass, replace water loss (evapotranspiration); replace rainfall, establish grass seed

23
Q

Shading

A

Weakens shoot tissue, reduces grass growth, increases effect of frost, causes decline in carbohydrate accumulation, leads to reduced playability

24
Q

Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

A

Affects shoot growth by inhibiting cell division, disrupts amino acid production, influences plant hormone production

25
Q

Inner Bark Layer Composition

A

Combination of ‘phloem’ cells, sclerenchyma (phloem fibres), dead cells with thickened lignified cell walls

26
Q

Oldest fibres

A

Flax

27
Q

Oldest garment

A

Linen

28
Q

Human relationship with plants

A

Medicine, food, utensils (toothbrush, containers, rope/cord), bedding, fencing, furniture, building materials

29
Q

Drivers of change

A

Land use change, soil erosion, climate change, flooding, drought, pests (locusts)

30
Q

Coffee

A

Family: Rubiacea. Plants have simple leaves that are opposite (2 leaves at the node). Flowers have male & female sex organs. Arabica makes up 70% of the world coffee production. Arabica is self-fertile & can be self-pollinated

31
Q

Paper Manufacturing

A

Removal of bark from branches, first wash to remove impurities, second wash in basic water to divide fibres, manual beating of fibres, distribution of broken fibres on wooden screens to form sheets of paper

32
Q

Oils as a medium for painting

A

Walnut, poppy seed, linseed oil

33
Q

Black Pigment

A

Obtained by burning the ingredients in hermetically closed containers. Chemical change is induced & substances cannot be reversed back (Vine Black, Cork Black, Printer’s Black)

34
Q

Red Pigment

A

Goranza red (oil & watercolour painting); Dragon Blood (used to paint blood in affrescos)

35
Q

Brown/Orange Pigment

A

Tannins (gallic acids found in tea, witch hazel & oak bark)

36
Q

Yellow Pigment

A

Gamboge (oil & watercolour painting, ink & as a glaze); Buckthorns (extracted from unripe berries)

37
Q

Green Pigment

A

Solanum Nigrum or Ruta Graveolens (ink for writing)

38
Q

Indigo Pigment

A

Indicum Purpurissum (cosmesis & medical purposes)

39
Q

Gum & Resins

A

Gum Arabica (used to thicken watercolours and pastels); Dommar Gum (hardening agent in encaustic paint); Sandarac (thicken watercolours, final varnishes for paper & metals); Turpentine (solvent)

40
Q

Indoor Farming Systems

A

Hydroponics, aquaponics & greenhouse production

41
Q

Mushrooms

A

Constant temperature 18-25°C, casing soil over substrate acts as a water reservoir & aids growth, very labour intensive, sensitive to damage.

42
Q

Compost

A

Material resulting from a process of composting, which is the natural process of decomposition of organic waste. Ideal for gardening & farming primarily as a soil conditioner or fertiliser

43
Q

Mushroom substrate

A

Composed of carbohydrate source (straw) and protein source (poultry manure)

44
Q

Phase I

A

Preconditioning -> wet straw, mix poultry manure & aerate, vigorous heating. Composting -> material moved to stacks (2m x 2m) turned every 2-3 days, gypsum added (25kg/tonne), avoid caramelisation & anaerobic zones

45
Q

Phase II

A

Material placed into bunkers (enclosed building) -> to ensure NH3 is incorporated. [Day 1] Temp drops from 70°C to 30-40°C, layers of material carefully placed; [Day 2] 58-59°C for 8-9hrs, air & compost temp 50-60°C, increase oxygen; [Day 3] Ammonia should be clear (<10ppm), temp maintained at 45°C, cool material to 30°C for spawning, fresh cool filtered air, material dark brown-black, no odour, water content 68-70%, mushroom spawn added to substrate & sent to growers in bulk containers

46
Q

Cereal flowering types

A 
Spike inflorescence (wheat, barley, rye); 
Panicle inflorescence (oats, rice)
47
Q

Animal Feed Quality

A

13% moisture (87% DM)

48
Q

Milling Wheat Quality

A

Protein (>11%), low level of sprouting (starch breakdown)

49
Q

Malting Barley Quality

A

High level of germination required for brewing (>95%), low levels of protein (<8.5% distilling, <10.5% brewing)

50
Q

Milling Oats Quality

A

High kernel content (>72%), grain size important, small oats likely to break in dehulling process

51
Q

Symmetry

A

Widely used in Occidental art; used in Europe to reach perfection in composition

Second Yr Spring (4 decks)

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