Plants Pt. 1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
root system
A
underground
2
Q
shoot system
A
above ground
3
Q
vascular plants consist of:
A
root and shoot systems, and apex that extends growth
4
Q
plant walls consist of:
A
cellulose
5
Q
What is found in ALL cells?
A
a primary cell wall
6
Q
primary cell wall arrangement
A
cellulose fibers parallel to microtubules
7
Q
Do all plants have a secondary cell wall?
A
no
8
Q
What does a secondary cell wall have that a primary cell wall lacks?
A
additional layers of cellulose and lignin (to increase mechanical strength of wall)
9
Q
What kind of tissue is for protection?
A
dermal tissue
10
Q
What kind of tissue is for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion?
A
ground tissue
11
Q
What kind of tissue is for conduction?
A
Vascular
12
Q
What are the two categories of vascular tissue?
A
xylem and phloem
13
Q
What does the xylem conduct?
A
water and dissolved minerals
14
Q
What is phloem?
A
a nutrient-containing solution
15
Q
What kind of plants are fleshy and don’t live long?
A
herbaceous
16
Q
Trees are an example of what type of plant?
A
woody
17
Q
pressure on plant cell walls; they are hypertonic
A
turgor pressure
18
Q
clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
A
meristems
19
Q
Where are the meristems located?
A
in the apexes
20
Q
How do woody plants increase in width?
A
cambium (NOT found in herbaceous plants)
21
Q
What causes grass blades to extend?
A
intercalary
22
Q
What gives rise to primary tissues?
A
apical meristems
23
Q
three primary meristems
A
protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
24
Q
What is the protoderm?
A
epidermis
25
What is procambium?
the first degree vascular tissue
26
What is ground meristem?
ground tissue
27
What can be found in plants that exhibit secondary growth? (also give rise to secondary tissues)
lateral meristems
28
How many types of lateral meristems do woody plants have? What are they?
two; cork cambium and vascular cambium
29
Where is cork cambium found?
outer bark
30
What is vascular cambium?
second degree vascular tissue
31
The epidermis is usually ____ cell layer(s) thick.
one
32
What is the fatty cutin layer that covers the dermis?
the cuticle
33
paired sausage-shaped cells; regulator of water loss in plant; good day=open, crappy day=closed
guard cells
34
the passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide
stoma
35
Where are most stomates located?
on the bottom of the leaf
36
cellular or multicellular hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis
trichomes
37
tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells; greatly increase root's surface area and efficiency of absorption
root hairs
38
most common type of plant cell
parenchyma cells
39
What is parenchyma that contains chloroplasts called?
chlorenchyma (BIG in photosynthesis)
40
What kind of cells provide support for plant organs, allowing them to bend but not break?
collenchyma cells
41
sclerenchyma cells have ________(thick/thin) walls.
thick
42
What are the two general types of schlerenchyma cells?
fibers and schlereids
43
long, slender cells that are usually grouped in strands
fibers
44
two subcategories of xylem
vessels and tracheids
45
continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end
vessels
46
dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another
tracheids
47
Vessels are ______ and _____ than tracheas and conduct water ______(more/less) efficiently.
shorter; wider; more
48
termed soft wood; have mostly tracheid xylem
conifers
49
hard wood
deciduous
50
parenchyma cells in horizontal rows
rays
51
the diffusion of water vapor from a plant
transpiration
52
Phloem contains two types of elongated cells:
sieve cells and sieve tube members
53
Do sieve members have nuclei of their own?
NO
54
Roots have a much more _______(simple/complex) pattern of organization and development than stems.
simple
55
What are the four regions of roots?
root cap, zone of cell division (mitosis), zone of elongation, zone of maturation
56
function of the root cap
protection of the delicate tissues behind it
57
zone of roots that contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei
zone of cell division
58
area in the zone of cell division where cells divide very infrequently
quiescent center
59
There is no further increase in size past the zone of _______.
elongation
60
Where does the patterning of tissues begin to take place?
zone of cell division
61
What happens in the zone of maturation?
the elongated cells become differentiated into specific types
62
cells with very thin cuticle, include root hair and non hair cells
epidermal cells
63
location of the cortex
interior to the epidermis
64
parenchyma cells used for ________
storage
65
single layered cylinder impregnated with bands of suberin called casparian strips
endodermis
66
all tissues interior to endodermis
stele
67
multiple-layered cylinder that gives rise to later roots or the two lateral meristems
pericycle
68
How can you identify if a root is dicot?
xylem looks like an X
69
plant system with a single large root with small branch roots
taproot system
70
root system with many small roots of similar diameter
fibrous root system
71
What kind of root system does a monocot plant have?
fibrous root system
72
What kind of root system does a dicot plant have?
taproot system
73
roots that arise from any place other than the plant's root
adventitious roots
74
purpose of prop roots
keep the plant upright
75
purpose of aerial roots
obtain water from the air
76
facilitate oxygen uptake (cypress tree)
pneumatophores
77
roots that pull the plant deeper into the soil
contractile roots
78
roots that penetrate host plants
parasitic roots
79
food storage roots typically store a lot of ______
carbohydrates
80
water storage roots can weigh:
50 or more kg
81
buttress roots help the plant by:
providing considerable stability
82
T/F: All plants have chlorophyll.
FALSE
83
How many types of plant tissue do stems contain?
three
84
first or basic building blocks that develop into leaves or sometimes flowers
primordia
85
3 ways leaves may be arranged:
alternate, opposite, and whorled
86
most common arrangement of leaves on a plant
spiral (alternate)
87
sequential leaves tend to be placed ________ degrees apart.
137.5
88
tendency of leaves to be placed a certain way to optimize the exposure of leaves to the sun
phyllotaxy
89
point of attachment from leaf to stem
node
90
area of stem between two nodes
internode
91
flattened part of leaf
blade
92
stalk of leaf
petiole
93
angle between petiole/blade and stem
axil
94
bud that develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
axillary bud
95
bud located at the apex of the stem
terminal
96
chemical/hormone that prevents plants from producing more meristem until concentration falls below a tiny level in parts/million
auxin
97
_________(monocot/dicot) vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ground tissue systems.
monocot
98
Only ________(monocot/dicot) plants have cambium.
dicot
99
How is vascular tissue in eudicots arranged?
in a ring with internal ground tissue (pith) and external ground tissue (cortex)
100
Where does vascular cambium develop in dicots?
between the primary xylem and phloem
101
Do monocots have secondary growth? Why or why not?
no; no vascular cambium
102
most commonly moved super throughout plants
sucrose
103
the corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary thickening or as a response to injury or infection
periderm
104
What happens after cork tissue cells get impregnated with suberin?
they die and constitute the outer bark
105
helps with gas exchange on the stem of plants
lenticels
106
swollen underground stems consisting of flashy leaves; perennial in nature
bulbs
107
modified stems that superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves; perennial in nature
corms
108
horizontal underground stems with adventitious roots; ex. iris
rhizomes
109
horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground; ex. strawberries
runners and stolons
110
What is the difference between rhizomes and stolons?
rhizomes are underground and stolons are on top
111
swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates
tubers
112
What are tendrils?
extensions of stems or modified leaves that twine around supports and aid in climbing
113
flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaving
cladophylls
114
main site of photosynthesis
leaves
115
What kind of veins do monocot leaves have?
parallel
116
What kind of veins do dicot leaves have?
netted or reticulate veins
117
leaves containing undivided blades; may have teeth, indentations, or lobes
simple leaves
118
leaves with blades that are divided into leaflets
compound leaves
119
leaflets in pairs along an axis
pinnate
120
leaflets radiate out from a common point
palmate
121
tissue between the upper and lower epidermis; most photosynthetic processes happen here
mesophyll
122
Two types of mesophyll found in dicots:
palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll
123
type of mesophyll usually in two rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells
palisade mesophyll
124
type of mesophyll loosely arranged cells with many air spaces between them
spongy mesophyll
125
surround true flowers and behave as showy petals
floral leaves (bracts)
126
reduce water loss and may deter predators
spines
127
plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plants
reproductive leaves
128
succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground
window leaves
129
leaves that are larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves
shade leaves
130
leaves that trap insects
insectivorous leaves
