Plants Study Guide

Question 1

what are the diagnostic features of plants?

Answer 1

chloroplast from cyanobacteria, chlorophyll A

Question 2

the 5 challenges of terrestrial life for plants:

Answer 2

UV, desiccation, water transport, gravity, dispersal

Question 3

the 3 advantages of terrestrial life for plants:

Answer 3

sunlight, gasses, less competition

Question 4

algal grade innovations and its order

Answer 4

chlorophyll a (not innovation), starch storage, chlorophyll b, egg retention, egg encasement, protected embryo

red algae, chlorophyte, choloeochates, charales, land plants

Question 5

unicellular algal species reproduce ___ and multicellular algal species reproduce with the ___ cycle

Answer 5

asexually, haplontic

Question 6

what are the diagnostic features of land plants? (vegetative)

Answer 6

waxy cuticle, pigments, microrrhizae

Question 7

what are the diagnostic features of land plants? (reproductive)

Answer 7

sporic life cycle

Question 8

sporangia def

Answer 8

the reproductive organs of a sporophyte

Question 9

sporopollenin def

Answer 9

protective covering around spores

Question 10

gametangia def

Answer 10

the reproductive organs of a gametophyte

Question 11

where does a protected embryo develop in the sporic cycle?

Answer 11

gametophyte

Question 12

what are the four features of bryophytes?

Answer 12

lack of true vascular tissue, poor cuticle, lack of root/shoot/leaf, water-reliant life cycle

Question 13

how do bryophytes absorb/move water and nutrients?

Answer 13

diffusion for nutrients, capillary action for water

Question 14

three main lineages of bryophytes

Answer 14

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Question 15

what are rhyniophytes and what are the two important features of them?

Answer 15

first vascular plants, branched sporophyte (apical sporangia) and vascular without tracheid cells

Question 16

two diagnostic features of vascular plants

Answer 16

nutritionally-independent sporophyte at maturity and tracheid cells

Question 17

what does the xylem do and how does it do it?

Answer 17

transports water and nutrients with transpiration-cohesion-tension system

Question 18

what does the phloem do and how does it do it?

Answer 18

transports sugar to sink with pressure flow model, made up of sieve-tube elements nurtured by companion cells

Question 19

why were vascular plants successful?

Answer 19

rigid structure competitive for sunlight and dispersal; more efficient water and nutrient transport

Question 20

what three elements of land plants developed homoplastically?

Answer 20

leaves, roots, heterospory

Question 21

what kinds of leaves evolved independently?

Answer 21

micro and megaphylls

Question 22

what kinds of roots evolved independently?

Answer 22

dichotomous simple roots and complex roots with hairs

Question 23

where did heterospory evolve independently?

Answer 23

lycophytes, monilophytes, MRCA of seed plants

Question 24

what are the two seedless vascular plants? their families?

Answer 24

lycophytes (club and spike mosses, quillworts) and monilophytes (leptosporangiate, horse-tail, whisk ferns)

Question 25

diagnostic features of lycophytes?

Answer 25

lateral sporangia (strobili), simple roots, microphyll

Question 26

diagnostic features of monilophytes?

Answer 26

overtopping growth, megaphylls, complex roots

Question 27

the two modern groups of seed plants:

Answer 27

angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 28

the two early seed plants

Answer 28

progymnosperms and seed ferns

Question 29

four innovations of seed plants' MRCA

Answer 29

seed, pollen, 2ndary growth, reduced/dependent megagametophyte

Question 30

why was the vascular cambium successful?

Answer 30

taller growth, dispersal, rejuvenated xylem/phloem, protective bark

Question 31

three components of a gymnosperm's seed

Answer 31

diploid embryo, haploid nutritive tissue, diploid seed coat

Question 32

why were seeds successful?

Answer 32

helped dispersal, protected embryo, enabled dormancy

Question 33

why was pollen successful?

Answer 33

genetic diversity due to dispersal and independence from water

Question 34

7 major angiosperm innovations

Answer 34

flowers, carpels, fruit, double fertilization, triploid endosperm, embryo sac, new vessel and fiber cells in xylem

Question 35

three components of a flowering plant's seed

Answer 35

diploid embryo, triploid endosperm, diploid seed coat

Question 36

two new cell types in flowering plants:

Answer 36

vessel elements increasing water and mineral transport; fiber cells supporting body

Question 37

perfect vs imperfect flower

Answer 37

stamens and carpels vs stamens only

Question 38

monoecious vs dioecious plants

Answer 38

same plant, different plant

Question 39

four types of inflorescence

Answer 39

umbel, compound umbel, spike, head

Question 40

what is fruit and why was it successful?

Answer 40

an elaboration of the ovary and it protects the seed and facilitates the dispersal

Question 41

8 types of fruits:

Answer 41

drupe, berry, aggregate, accessory, samara, achenes, multiple, legumes

Question 42

how did researchers root an angiosperm phylogency?

Answer 42

duplicate gene rooting in the phytochrome family (sequenced extra phytochrome gene in flowering plants and made trees until they found gene duplication)

Question 43

what two major discoveries resulted from rooting flowering plants?

Answer 43

dicot group is not monophyletic and ANITA