Plasmodium Species

Question 1

What are the medically important species of the Plasmodium genus that cause Malaria?

Answer 1

Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae

Question 2

What species of the Plasmodium genus affects both long-tailed macaques and humans?

Answer 2

Plasmodium knowlesi

Question 3

Where does the asexual cycle of the Plasmodium sp. occur?

Answer 3

Humans

Question 4

Where does the sexual cycle of the Plasmodium sp. occur?

Answer 4

Anopheles mosquito

Question 5

What is the male Plasmodium gamete?

Answer 5

Microgametocyte

Question 6

What is the female Plasmodium gamete?

Answer 6

Macrogametocyte

Question 7

What is the shape of the gametocyte?

Answer 7

Round or banana-shaped

Question 8

What color is the microgametocyte?

Answer 8

Lighter blue cytoplasm

Question 9

What color is the macrogametocyte?

Answer 9

Darker blue cytoplasm

Question 10

What is the pre-patent period?

Answer 10

The time between sporozoite infection and detection of parasites in the blood.

Question 11

What is the average pre-patent period of P. falciparum?

Answer 11

11 to 14 days

Question 12

What is the average pre-patent period for P. vivax?

Answer 12

11 to 15 days

Question 13

What is the average pre-patent period for P. ovale?

Answer 13

14 to 26 days

Question 14

What is the average pre-patent period for P. malariae?

Answer 14

3 to 4 weeks

Question 15

What is the incubation period?

Answer 15

The time between sporozoite infection and the appearance of clinical symptoms.

Question 16

What is the average incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 16

8 to 15 days

Question 17

What is the average incubation period of Plasmodium vivax?

Answer 17

12 to 20 days

Question 18

What is the average incubation period of P. ovale?

Answer 18

11 to 16 days

Question 19

What is the average incubation period of P. malariae?

Answer 19

18 to 40 days

Question 20

What are the two Plasmodium species are microscopically indistinguishable?

Answer 20

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi

Question 21

What is the time interval between attacks for Plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 21

48 hours

Question 22

What is the time interval between attacks of Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale?

Answer 22

Alternate days

Question 23

What is the time interval between attacks for Plasmodium malariae?

Answer 23

72 hours

Question 24

What species of Plasmodium lacks an erythrocytic stage and is known to be non-relapsing?

Answer 24

Plasmodium knowlesi

Question 25

What age of red blood cells do Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale infect?

Answer 25

Young red blood cells

Question 26

What age of red blood cells do Plasmodium malariae infect?

Answer 26

Aging or older red blood cells

Question 27

What age of RBCs do Plasmodium falciparum and P. knowlesi infect?

Answer 27

Infect all ages

Question 28

What is recrudescence?

Answer 28

Renewal of parasitemia or clinical features arising from persistent undetectable asexual parasitemia in the absence of an exo-erythrocytic cycle.

Question 29

What is relapse?

Answer 29

Renewed asexual parasitemia following a period in which the blood contains no detectable parasites.

Question 30

What causes relapse?

Answer 30

Reactivation of dormant hypnozoites found on the liver from both the Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale species.

Question 31

What are knobs?

Answer 31

The enlargement of electron-dense sub-membranous structures of RBCs which are important for cytoadhesion.

Question 32

What protein of the knob is most adhesive?

Answer 32

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1)

Question 33

What protein is responsible for heat-induced cytoadherence of P. falciparum RBCs in febrile conditions?

Answer 33

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1)

Question 34

What moieties, linked to the antigens attached to the surface of hemoglobin, imitates the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) of gram-negative bacteria, causing the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or cachexin by monocytes?

Answer 34

Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)

Question 35

What is the gold standard for diagnosis of malaria?

Answer 35

Giemsa or Wright’s stain in thick and thin blood smears

Question 36

What enzyme is a marker in distinguishing between Plasmodium falciparum and non-Plasmodium falciparum species?

Answer 36

Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase

Question 37

What antigen is targeted by malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that helps identify Plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 37

Histidine rich protein II (HRP II)

Question 38

How many people are at risk of malaria?

Answer 38

3.3 billion

Question 39

What is the principal malaria vector in the Philippines?

Answer 39

Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris

Question 40

What is the malaria survery?

Answer 40

The evaluation of the amount and conditions of transmission of malaria in a given locality

Question 41

What are the major vector control strategy methods?

Answer 41

Using insecticide-treated nests (ITN) and long lasting insecticide-treated nests (LLIN)

Question 42

In category A provinces, what is the annual incidence of malaria?

Answer 42

>= 1000 cases

Question 43

In category B provinces, what is the annual incidence of malaria?

Answer 43

100 to <1000 cases

Question 44

In category C provinces, what is the annual incidence of malaria?

Answer 44

<100 cases