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Plate Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

Evidence of the plate tectonic theory…

A

Geology (mountain ranges match Europe and North America)
Fossil Records (Mesosauraus found in South African and Brazil)
Climatology (coal deposits found in North America and Europe, glacial deposits found in Africa, India, Australia..)
Living Species (Earthworms found in New Zealand, Asia and North America)
Palaeomagnetism

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2
Q

Lithosphere

A

The crust and upper mantle. (100 km thick)

The zone where tectonic plates are formed.

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3
Q

Athenosphere

A

A layer of soft, almost plastic like rock. (150 km thick)

Moves very slowly carrying the lithosphere on top.

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4
Q

Inner core

A

Solid ball containing lots of iron and nickel.

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5
Q

Outer core

A

Semi-molten and also contains lots of iron and nickel.

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6
Q

Continental crust

A

30-70 km thick

less dense

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7
Q

Oceanic crust

A

6-10 km thick

more dense

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8
Q

Who thought either side of the Atlantic ‘fitted together’?

A

Francis Bacon

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9
Q

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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10
Q

What year was continental drift proposed?

A

1912

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11
Q

Name of the once supercontinent?

A

Pangea

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12
Q

Land forms at a constructive plate margin

A

Mid-ocean ridge

Rift valley

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13
Q

Land forms at destructive plate margin

A

Oceanic-Continental: ocean trench, volcanic arc, fold mountains
Oceanic-Oceanic: ocean trench, island arcs, volcanoes
Continental-Continental: fold mountains (no volcanoes)

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14
Q

Land forms at conservative plate margin

A

Low ridges and shallow focus earthquakes

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15
Q

Example of a hot spot

A

Hawaiian Islands

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16
Q

Types of volcanoes

A

Dome volcano, Shield volcano, Composite cone and Caldera

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17
Q

Balsatic lava

A

Along mid-ocean ridges
Over hotspots
Alongside rift valleys
CONSTRUCTIVE

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18
Q

Adesitic lava

A

Island arcs

DESTRUCTIVE

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19
Q

Rhyolitic lava

A

DESTRUCTIVE

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20
Q

Primary effects of eruption

A

Volcanic gases
Lava flows
Tephra (rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption)
Pyroclastic flows

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21
Q

Secondary effects of eruption

A 
Climate change
Flooding
Lahars (a destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano)
Tsunamis
Volcanic landslides
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22
Q

Minor forms of extrusive activity

A

Geysers
Fumaroles
Hot springs/ boiling mud

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23
Q

Intrusive land forms

A

Dykes
Sills
Laccoliths
Batholiths

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24
Q

Other possible causes of earthquakes

A

Reactivation of old fault lines
Subsidence as a result of deep mining
Pressure on surface rocks from water in large reservoirs

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25
Focus
the point within the crust where the pressure release occurs
26
Epicentre
is directly above the focus on the surface of the ground
27
Seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth
P (primary) waves | S (secondary waves
28
The two types of surface waves
Love waves | Rayleigh waves
29
Primary waves
fastest wave moves through solid rock and fluids 5000 meters per second through granite
30
Secondary waves
only moves through solid rock | half as fast
31
Love waves
``` travel on Earth's surface most destructive slowest wave travel globally only travels through solids ```
32
Rayleigh waves
rolls over the ground like waves does over ocean most shaking is due to this wave travels through liquids and solids
33
Richter scale
measure magnitude it is logarithmic- each value is 10 times greater than previous value 1-9+
34
Mercalli scale
measures the impact using observations 1-12
35
Characteristics of a tsunami
``` Wave height is low (under 1 m) Reaching shore it rises (over 25 m) Wavelength is very long (100-1000km) Travel very quickly (640- 960 kmph) Series of waves Wave period is long (10- 60 minutes) ```
36
Predicting when and where of an earthquake
currently impossible to predict when but strange animal behaviour and small tremors, cracks can suggest Earthquake warning system can detect P waves Possible to predict where future earthquakes may happen using data from past earthquakes
37
Protecting people from earthquakes
Buildings can be designed to withstand earthquakes e.g. reinforce concrete Construction laws have become stricter
38
Planning for an earthquake
Educating people about what to do and how to evacuate | Training emergency services
39
Predicting when and where a volcano eruption
Possible to predict as change in shape and small tremors can mean eruption is likely Can not predict exact date
40
Protecting people in volcanic eruption
Buildings can be strengthened so less likely to collapse due to weight of ash Divert the lava flow using a barrier
41
Planning people for a volcanic eruption
Future developments can be planned to avoid areas at most risk
42
Predicting where and when a tsunami hits
Tsunami warning systems rely on earthquake detection systems | Tsunami warning centres around the world
43
Protecting people from tsunamis
Buildings designed with raised and open foundations and made strong Tsunami walls
44
Planning for a tsunami
Training emergency services Governments plan evacuation routes Educating people on what to do and how to evacuate
45
Factors that increase the severity of the impacts of a volcano...
Development of a country Population Timing
46
Deaths in L'Aquila earthquake
300
47
Deaths in Port au Prince earthquake
Between 230,000 and 250,000
48
How many homeless in L'Aquila
70,000
49
How many homeless in Haiti
1.5 million
50
Responses in L'Aquila
12,000 rescue and support workers Mortgage payments and gas and electricity bills suspended Bye end of 3009, 4500 new buildings built
51
Date of L'Aquila
6th April, 2009
52
Date of Haiti
12th January, 2010
53
Responses to Haiti
810,000 placed in aid camps 16,000 UN troops to restore law and order $100 million by USA
54
Magnitude of L'Aquila
6.3
55
Magnitude of Haiti
7
56
Number of countries affected by Indonesia
14
57
Number of deaths of Indonesia
230,000
58
Number of deaths for Japan
25,000
59
Height of Indonesia
39m
60
Height of Japan
24m
61
Damage to which Japan nuclear plant
Fukushima
62
Date of Montserrat
25th June,1997
63
Date of mt St. Helens
18th may, 1980
64
Number of deaths of Montserrat
19
65
Number of deaths at mt St. Helens
56
66
Cost of damage at Montserrat
£1 b
67
Cost of damage at mt St. Helens
$1.1 b
68
Reptile form in Africa and South America
Mesosaurus
69
Fossil plant found in all continents
Glossopteris
70
Name of Rift Valley
East African Rift Valley
71
Date wegener published his theory
1912

Geography (4 decks)

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