Players

Question 1

Players

Answer 1

In harnessing unconventional fossil fuels - exploration companies, environmental groups, affected communities and governments

Question 2

Players

Answer 2

Measuring the stores and fluxes of the carbon cycle especially oceanic ones is difficult for the players involved. Local ecosystem studies are scaled up to give wider estimates of stores and fluxes. Technology is improving- supercomputers can process remote sensing and ocean drone data

Question 3

Players

Answer 3

Can reduce conflict risk at all scales. At a global scale the UN sets rules such as the Berlin or Helsinki framework. However this concerns NGOs such as the WWF as these frameworks are not regulated. Locally a range of players are involved in IWRM including planners environmentalists water companies and water users to minimise conflicts as develop cooperation

Question 4

Players

Answer 4

Environmental managers and planners increasingly look at catch both upstream (eg afforestation) and the lower cause (flood defence) in order to manage the impacts of urbanisation and changes in land use which have exacerbated flood risk

Question 5

Future and uncertainties

Answer 5

Projections into the future occurrences of droughts and floods are very complex and hard to predict both spatially and temporally for a number of reasons;
Multiple causes of climate change
Insufficient understanding of teleconnections with earth systems
Lack of availability of long-term big data sets

Question 6

Futures and uncertainties

Answer 6

A bleak picture of a future with increasing water scarcity for many countries and people driven by rising demand from all sectors and dwindling supplies of a finite resource

Question 7

Attitudes and players

Answer 7

To be truly effective migration needs agreement at global national and individual scales. International efforts to reduce GHG emissions have increased the UN set goals & plans roadmaps countries cannot use the carrot and stick measures to follow roadmaps sitting standards for TNCs and moulding public behaviour. The EU also set emission standards for its member states. TNCs such as shell are powerful players leading research and marketing in a global market. International pressure groups such as WinACC lobbying for changes in attitudes and actions. The public as consumers are critical. Online e-petitioning is growing eg the 38 degree campaign for more renewable energy and to shop fracking