(pleuro) pneumonia Flashcards
(32 cards)
define pneumonia
infection of lower respiratory tract
define bronchopneumonia
infection of bronchi and parenchima
define pleuropneumonia
If infection of lower respiratory tract extended into pleural space
List the 3 stages of pleuropneumonia
Exudative stage
fibrinopurulent stage
organization stage
describe the exudative stage of pleuropneumonia
sterile transudate increased in pleural space
is the initial stage
describe the fibrinopurulent stage of pleuropneumonia
bacterial invasion of the pleural space and fibrin deposition
describe the organizational stage of pluropneumonia
fibroblasts grow into exudate (pleural peel)
List 6 risks factors of development of pneumonia
After viral infections
Strenuous exercise
Transportation & elevation of the head for prolonged periods
General anesthesia
Overcrowding & inclement weather
Dysphagia (aspiration)
list 2 risk factors of pleuropneumonia
Long distance transportation
Elevated head for prolonged periods of time?
List 4 risk factors of aspirational pneumonia
Dysphagia
oesophageal obstruction
general anaesthesia
cleft palate
Which pathogen is most commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia in horses
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus- normal commensal of pharynx
List the clinical signs of pneumonia in horses
Tachycardia /tachypnea
Respiratory distress
Fever
Anorexia, depression
Can have
* nasal discharge
* Exercise intolerance
* Auscultation- crackles or dull areas
List 5 extra clinical signs you will see in pleuropneumonia
Normal clinical signs of pneumonia +
Pain intercostal spaces
Reluctance to walk, colic
Grunting during respiration
Abduction of elbows
Ventral edema of the chest
If on auscultation of chest the dull area follows flat line what does this suggest
there is a fluid line
= pleuropneumonia
Describe the Diagnostic approach for suspected pneumonia
Suspicion based on Physical Exam & rebreathing bag
Haematology & biochemistry
Endoscopy
TTW & BAL
Thoracic ultrasonography
Radiography
Thoracocentesis
Thoracoscopy- in exceptional cases
why is transtracheal wash helpful when diagnosing pneumonia
allows culture and sensitivity
cytology representative of both lungs
Describe the 1st line treatment of horses with pneumonia
Penicillin + Gentamicin IV
+ Metronidazole with aspirational pneumonia
List 3 ways to administer inhaled drugs
jet, ultrasonic or mesh nebulizers can be used
List 2 advantages of jet nebulizers
cheap easy to use
List 3 disadvantages of jet nebulizers
Inefficient
Need compressed gas
Needs additional tubing
List 2 advantages of ultrasonic nebulizer
easy to use
more efficient than jet
most commonly used now
List 3 disadvantages of ultrasonic nebulizers
Large residual volume
Difficult w/viscous liquids
Degradation due to heating
List 4 advantages of mesh nebulizers
Fast, quiet, portable
Easy to use
Self-contained power
Most efficient
List 2 disadvantages of mesh nebulizers
More expensive
Cleaning necessary between cycles
