Plumbing science Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is malleability?
A
The ability of a substance to be shaped or deformed into a different form without breaking.
2
Q
What is the description for hardness?
A
The resistance of material to being cut, deformed or bent.
3
Q
Description for tensile strength?
A
The maximum force a material can withstand when being pulled apart before breaking.
4
Q
Description for strength?
A
The measure of how materials withstand heavy loads without breaking
5
Q
Description for shear strength?
A
The maximum force a material can withstand when being ripped.
6
Q
Description for elasticity?
A
The length that a material can be stretched and return to its original length when released.
7
Q
Describe heaviness?
A
The denseness of a material. A dense material will be heavy in relation to its size
8
Q
Describe Torsion strength?
A
The maximum force a material can withstand when being twisted.
9
Q
Describe toughness?
A
The amount of energy a material can absorb without breaking or fracturing.
10
Q
Describe compressive strength?
A
The maximum force a material can withstand when being crushed.
11
Q
What’s length measured in?
A
Metre (m)
12
Q
Whats mass measured in?
A
Kilogram (kg)
13
Q
Whats time measured in?
A
Second (s)
14
Q
Whats electric current measured in?
A
Ampere (A)
15
Q
What’s temperature measured in?
A
Kelvin (K)
16
Q
Whats SI unit for Area?
A
m2 (square metre)
17
Q
SI unit for volume?
A
m3 (cubic metre)
18
Q
SI unit for speed, velocity?
A
m/s (metre per second)
19
Q
SI unit for acceleration?
A
m/s2 (metre per second squared)
20
Q
SI unit for capacity?
A
Litre (l)
21
Q
What are the SI units of measurement for length, mass, time and temperature?
A
Metre, Kilogram, Seconds, and Kelvin
22
Q
How do we measure area, volume and density?
A
length x width/length x height x width/volume
23
Q
What are the 2 categories of metal and can you list 3 examples?
A
Ferrous/Non-ferrous// brass, steel, aluminium, copper, gun metal
24
Q
Whats a conductor?
A
Conductors are good for heat and electricity where it can travel through them without a problem e.g copper is a good conductor
25
Brass is a mixture of….
Copper and zinc
26
Guttering and rain water pipes are made from…
PVCu
27
Polybutylene can be used for…
hot water pipes
28
Thermosetting plastics…
cannot be re-cycled
29
An inhibiter is used to…
Protect central heating systems from corrosion
30
Modern brass fittings are stamped…
DZ
31
The sacrificial anode in hot water cylinder is made of..
Magnesium
32
What is 1/2 litre the same as?
500ml
33
The specific gravity of air is?
1
34
Which of these statements is correct?
A kilogram is one thousand grams
35
If you are using LCS pipe for water systems it must be?
Galvanised
36
The resistance of a material to cutting or scratching is known as its…
Hardness
37
The density of a material can be calculated by the formula?
density= mass / volume
38
The problem with MDPE is that it..
Degrades in sunlight
39
Ferrous oxide is also known as?
Rust
40
How much a material can be stretched, pulled or pushed without breaking, is known as its…
Ductility
41
What does water consist?
2 atoms if hydrogen and 1 oxygen
42
Define evaporation
water is
constantly evaporating from the
oceans, lakes, rivers and streams
into the air
43
Define transpiration
water moves through plants until it reaches the leaves where it evaporates into the
atmosphere
44
Define precipitation
another word for rain. When water vapour precipitates, it condenses back into
water droplets and falls to the earth as rain, hail and snow.
45
Whats shallow wells?
shallow wells have been
dug by hand and only penetrate the
first water-bearing strata or aquifer.
They should be considered as
dangerous because of the close
proximity to leaking drains.
46
What is Aquifers?
Aquifers are naturally occurring rock and sand formations that have the ability to hold vast quantities of
usually clean water deep below the Earth’s surface. Most aquifers are permeable rocks such as sandstone
and gritstone, gravel silt or clay that soak and hold water like a saturated sponge. Usually excellent quality
but are vulnerable to contamination from farming nitrates and other pollutants, especially close to towns
and cities.
47
Atresian wells and springs?
The water from Artesian springs rise
from under the ground under its own
pressure in situations where the
spring opening is below the level of
the water table
48
Bores holes?
These are man-made, small diameter wells that are drilled directly
through the Earth’s surface to a water source where the water is
extracted for use when water main connection is not an option
because of location. Very high quality of water, which should be
carefully monitored before and during use to ensure the quality is
maintained.
49
Upland surface water?
This is water that has collected in lakes and rivers without passing
through the Earth’s surface. This is the main source of water for the
North-West of England. It is naturally soft, acidic water and usually
not contaminated.
50
Springs?
These occur naturally, flowing directly from the Earth’s surface. Its
purity is highly dependent on the distance it has travelled from its
source.
51
Rivers?
Rivers begin their life as small streams on high ground and become larger the further they travel. They usually
terminate at the sea becoming more saline and brackish close to the coast. At their estuaries, rivers are tidal,
being affected by the rise and fall of the tides. Inland, they are usually poor-quality water due to much
industrial pollution with high treatment costs for human usage.
52
Canals?
Canals are the products of the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th Centuries, built for the purpose of
transporting goods by barge from one end of the UK to the other. As the railways developed, they fell into
disuse and neglect with many being filled in. Canals have been cleaned over the years with many being
classified as sites of natural beauty. The water quality though, is usually poor with only limited amounts being
used for agricultural and industrial processes.
53
Main water treatment process?
Screening
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
54
Screening?
First, the water is passed through a series of coarse meshes to remove large debris such as leaves, plant
material and other fragments
55
Flocculation
Here, a chemical coagulant is added to the water to act as a
binding agent to remove colour, turbidity and algae. This
process also allows any dissolved metals such as aluminium
and iron to precipitate. This leads to the formation of a ‘floc’
which can then be removed by other processes.
56
Turbidity
cloudiness or haziness due
to millions of microscopic particles that
would normally be invisible to the
naked eye.
57
Sedimentation
Sedimentation is designed to slow down the velocity of the water to allow any solid matter, such as grit, mud
and decaying vegetation missed by the screening process, to sink under gravity to the bottom of the
sedimentation tanks. This process further reduces turbidity and bacteriological content of the water. After
further sedimentation, the water is pumped to a storage reservoir before being filtered.
58
Pressure Filters?
here the filter bed is enclosed in a cylinder pressure vessel. They are sometimes
used where the need to maintain water pressure without the aid of a pump.
59
Population / size of main
1/2 million / 1.05m to 1.20m
60
Population / size of main
200,000 / 0.75m
61
Population/ size of main
500-20,000/ 0.2m to 0.3m
62
Direct cold water installations:Advantages
Most cost effective
63
Direct cold water installations:Advantages
Requires less pipework to any other installation
64
Direct cold water installations:Advantages
Good water at ALL cold water outlets
65
Direct cold water installations: Disadvantages
No cold water storage if the cold water main is under repair
66
Direct cold water installations:Disadvantages
Greater wear on taps and valves which increase noise
67
Direct cold water installations: disadvantages
can cause a lot of water damage due to high pressure and flowrate
68
Direct cold water installations: Disadvantages
Greater condensation build-up on pipework that is
often mistaken for a leak
69
Advantage of Indirect cold water installation
Reduce risk of contamination
70
Disadvantages of indirect cold water installation
More pipework needed
71
Wholesome water supplied by?
The water undertaker
72
What is the typical size of a rising main for most dwellings?
15mm
73
What device prevents backflow in outdoor taps?
Double check valve
74
At what depth should a supply pipe be installed?
750-1350mm
75
Who is responsible for maintaining the communication pipe?
Water undertaker
76
What is a key advantage of gravity water distribution?
No pumps are required
77
What does the Water Act 2003 primarily regulate?
Water industry operations and standards
78
What is a major disadvantage of a direct cold water system?
Risk of contamination during failure
79
What is the purpose of a water tower in a distribution system?
To increase pressure through height
80
What type of air gap is required for fluid category 5 in sinks?
AUK3
81
What is required for cold water cisterns installed in the roof space?
Structural support
82
Which valve ensures full bore water flow in low-pressure systems?
Gate valve
83
What does BSEN806 cover?
Water installation specifications inside buildings
84
What does activated carbon in filters primarily remove?
Chlorine and odors
85
How should MDPE pipes enter a building to prevent UV degradation?
With no more than 150mm showing
86
Which float-operated valve type is quieter in operation?
Diaphragm type
87
What supplies an instantaneous electric shower?
Cold water mains and internal heater
88
What is a unique feature of thermostatic mixing valves?
Self-adjusting to maintain water temperature
89
Who is responsible for monitoring private water supplies?
Local Authorities
90
What material is resistant to de-zincification in fittings?
Gunmetal
91
What level of chlorine is typically added during disinfection?
Less than 1 mg/L
92
Main types of hot water systems?
Open vented hot water system
direct heating
indirect heating
93
Temperature and expansion relief valve-
This valve is also part of the ‘sealed’ heating systems.
94
Common materials?
Copper and plastic pipes
95
Stored hot water advantages
can deal with high demand more easily
96
Stored hot water advantages
water can be heated by green sources of energy like solar or biomass
97
Stored hot water disadvantages
can be more expensive to install
98
Stored hot water disadvantages
greater chance of the water growing harmful bacteria
99
Immersion heater-
This heater uses electricity to heat the water; this is the same as an electric kettle but on a much larger scale. where as a kettle is 300 - 500 watts, an immersion heater is 3000 - 5000 watts
100
Programmer / Timer-
This decides to turn the heating boiler on or off. and controls the flow of heated water to the hot water cylinder or radiator
101
What pipes used for hot water systems?
Either copper or plastic; and come in many sizes from 8mm to 35mm in diameter
102
Tundish?
Connected to the pipe coming from the relief valve. This device is placed in the pipeline to alert you to a fault in the system, as you will be able to see the water flowing out of the safety valves.
103
Expansion Vessel-
This is used to deal with the expansion of the water in the system as it is heated. As water gets warmer it gets bigger, by up-to 4% in the volume
