pluralism and religion

Question 1

what does Exclusivism mean?

Answer 1

Being a christian is the only way to be saved.

Question 2

what does inclusivism mean?

Answer 2

christianity holds the complete revelation of truth, but other religions can also offer ways of salvation if they genuinely follow their conscience and are loving (inclusivists see some truth in other religions but still see christianity as the ultimate truth)

Question 3

what does pluralism mean?

Answer 3

there are many different paths for salvation

Question 4

what do christian exclusivists say about other religions not leading people to what?

Answer 4

other religions do not lead people to the right relationship with God.

Question 5

According to christian exclusivists only through what can you be saved?

Answer 5

only through hearing the gospel and having faith in christ can you be saved.

Question 6

According to christian exclusivists, what does salvation require believers to do?

Answer 6

To give up their old ways of life.

Question 7

what do christian exclusivists believe about the belief about there being other paths for salvation?

Answer 7

Christian exclusivists believe that there is no other path available for salvation.

Question 8

what scholar believed that salvation involves giving up your old way of life and fully commiting to following Christ.

Answer 8

Bonhoeffer argued that true salvation is found in living out the teachings of Jesus, even it involves sacrificing.

Question 9

what does narrow exclusivism mean?

Answer 9

only christians within their own denomination are saved.

Question 10

who are the two scholars that are narrow exclusivists?

Answer 10

Augustine and Calvin (both saw christ as the only way to salvation)

Question 11

what did Augustine say that made him a narrow exclusivist?

Answer 11

Augustine stated that salvation is only available to those who are part of the christian church. He believed that non-christians could not be saved because they lack access to God’s grace.

Question 12

what did Calvin say that made him a narrow exclusivist?

Answer 12

Calvin stated that God has already chosen who he will save and only those who accept Jesus as lord will be saved.

Question 13

who came up with ‘restrictive access exclusivism’ and what does it mean?

Answer 13

Gavin D’costa came up with this idea and stated that only those who hear and accept the gospel of Jesus Christ can be saved.

Question 14

What was Hendrik Kraemer book called?

Answer 14

‘the christian message in a non-christian world’ (1938)

Question 15

what did Kraemer’s book emphasize?

Answer 15

The book emphasized that non-christians cannot achieve salvation through their own faith system but must convert to christianity.

Question 16

where did Henrik Kraemer say that true knowledge comes from?

Answer 16

true knowledge comes from God and salvation comes from Jesus Christ.

Question 17

where did kraemer say true knowledge comes from?

Answer 17

True knowledge comes from God and salvation comes from Jesus Christ.

Question 18

why was Karl Barth considered as an exclusivist?

Answer 18

He believed that salvation is only through possible through Jesus Christ.

Question 19

What did Karl Barth believe about the way that God revealed himself to others and how people can’t get to know him ?

Answer 19

Karl Barth believed that people can’t get to know God through their own efforts and that God chooses when to reveal himself and show his grace.

Question 20

what did Karl Barth say about using human efforts to know God including the most sincere people?

Answer 20

No matter how much of a sincere person you are, unless you know christ and follow him you still will not be saved.

Question 21

what do exclusivists believe will happen to non-christians?

Answer 21

All those that are not on a christian will be in danger of damnation.

Question 22

what is the moto that the catholic church uses?

Answer 22

‘extra ecclesiam nulla salus’ = ‘there is no salvation outside the church’

Question 23

what is broad exclusivism?

Answer 23

all people who accept christ will be saved regardless of what denomination that they come from.

Question 24

who came up with ‘universal-access exclusivists’ and what does it mean?

Answer 24

Gavin d’costa came up with universal-access exclusivists and it means that christs salvation is open to all and salvation can even come after death through the process of purgatory.

Question 25

what does 1 timothy 2:4 say?

Answer 25

This verse states that God wants to save all people and wants everyone to know his message.

Question 26

what did Karl rahner (an inclusivists) say?

Answer 26

Rahner believed that Jesus Christ is the ultimate source of salvation, however those that have not heard of Jesus can still be saved if they genuinely follow their conscience and do good.

Question 27

why did Rahner believe that the exclusivist view does not align with God's omnibenevolent nature?

Answer 27

because it excludes people that have ever heard of christ

Question 28

why did rahner reject the view of exclusivism?

Answer 28

some people have never heard the words of christ before and thats not their fault. Although, a exclusivist would say that they would not be able to be saved.

Question 29

what is rahner's idea o the "anonymous christian"

Answer 29

the idea that people that don't know christ can still be saved even without explicitly knowing him.

Question 30

what did kraemer say about other religions?

Answer 30

He said that other religions are misguided and attempt to take people away from the truth.

Question 31

why did Rahner disagree with what Kraemer said about other religions misguiding others?

Answer 31

Because Abraham, Moses ad Job had never experienced the teachings of Jesus but they were still aware of the grace of God and had a relationship with him.

Question 32

what does the lumen Gentium ephasize about those with a sincere heart.

Answer 32

In the lumen gentium, the church emphasizes that those who sincerely seek God with a true heart can achieve salvation. God's grace can reach anyone who seeks the truth and follows their conscience. (supportive of Karl Rahner's idea)

Question 33

Who criticed Rahner's belief and what did he say?

Answer 33

Von Balthasar criticed the idea of 'anonymous christian' because he felt that it might make people think they don't need to be openly committed to christianity to be saved. Emphasizing your faith openly is very important instead of relying on the idea that people could be 'anonymous christians'

Question 34

Pluralists believe that different religions share the same what?

Answer 34

ultimate goal.

Question 35

How does the analogy of the elephant and the blind men link to pluralism?

Answer 35

Each blind man touches different parts of the elephant and describes it differently, but none of them have the whole picture. Just like how different religions have different views but they are all trying to understand the same ultimate reality. (all religion faiths are looking at the same truth)

Question 36

What question did Hick raise?

Answer 36

Why would a God of love deny such people to salvation just because they happened to be born in a non-christian culture or chose a religious tradition other than christianity to seek God.

Question 37

why did Hick raise this question?

Answer 37

because they showed genuine commitment to living godly lives and are willing to help disadvantaged people.

Question 38

what did John Hick believe about who will be saved?

Answer 38

He believed that everyone will be saved (universal salvation)

Question 39

Hick came up with an argument called the 'copernican revolution' what does it mean?

Answer 39

an individual called copernican stated that the earth is not the centre of the universe and the other planets do not rotate around it. The earth is just one of many planets rotating around the sun. Just like how christianity is not the centre of the universe. The centre of the universe is 'God' or 'The real' and all the other religions are orbiting around it.

Question 40

what two distinctions between worlds did Kant come up with?

Answer 40

The noumenal and the phenomenal world

Question 41

what is the noumenal world?

Answer 41

The world of what things actually are, what the nature of God belongs.

Question 42

what is the phenomenal world?

Answer 42

Humans exist in this world, and he argues that religion is a human. Religions are trying to understand God but it falls short because no one is capable of understanding him. Therefore, all religions are flawed and limited because humans are flawed and limited. (therefore christianity should not be seenn as the truth because it also contains a lot of flaws)

Question 43

therefore, what did Hick say that truth-claims of religion should be taken as and give one example,

Answer 43

Truth claims of religion such as jesus christ is incarnate should be interpreted as a myth instead of a literal truth.

Question 44

what was Panikkar's view on pluralism?

Answer 44

Panikkar believed that all religions offer truth to the divine and believed that each rellgion contains unique insight into the truth.

Question 45

What did Panikkar think that other religion should do to discover the ultimate truth about the divine?

Answer 45

Other religions should help one another too have a fuller understanding about the divine.

Question 46

what did Panikkar say

Answer 46

"i left europe as a christian, I discovered I was a Hindu and returned a buddhist without ever ceased to be a christian"

Question 47

how John 14:6 links to the exclusivist view?

Answer 47

"i am the way. the truth and the life." Supports the belief that through explicit faith in Jesus can people be saved.

Question 48

How does Matthew 25:40 link to inclusivist view?

Answer 48

"whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did not do for me.' supports the inclusivist view because it shows that people who act with love and compassion, even without knowing about christ, can still be saved and recieve his grace.