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1D > PMLS LAB > Flashcards

PMLS LAB Flashcards

1
Q

Basis for classifying microorganisms into risk groups and biosafety levels

A

RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS

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2
Q

What are the components of Risk Management Process

A

> IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK MITIGATION PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
REVIEW AND UPDATE RISK PLAN

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3
Q

No or Low Individual or community risk. Unlikely to cause disease.

A

RISK GROUP 1

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4
Q

Laccaria bicolor, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Baculoviruses, adeno-associated virus

A

RISK GROUP 1

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5
Q

Moderate individual risk, Low Community risk. With treatments available

A

RISK GROUP 2

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6
Q

Human blood, Streptococcus pyogenes, Giarda spp., Microsporum canis, Human adenoviruses, Hepatitis virus

A

RISK GROUP 2

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7
Q

High Individual Risk. Low Community risk. Effective and preventive treatments are available

A

RISK GROUP 3

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8
Q

Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Coccidioides immitis, Prions, Hantavirus, Influenza viruses A H1N1 (1918), H2N2 (57-68), and H5N1 (Bird flu)

A

RISK GROUP 3

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9
Q

High Individual and High Community Risk. Effective and preventive treatments are NOT USUALLY available.

A

RISK GROUP 4

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10
Q

Small pox Virus, Ebola Virus

A

RISK GROUP 4

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11
Q

Usually no bacteria, parasites, and fungi are observed in this group

A

RISK GROUP 4

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12
Q

Term used to describe the containment principles, the technologies, practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release

A

BIOSAFETY

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13
Q
  • LABORATORY TYPE: Basic teaching, research
  • LABORATORY PRACTICES: Good Microbiological Techniques (Examples: Aseptic Techniques, PPE)
  • SAFETY EQUIPMENT: None, Open bench
A

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1 (RISK GROUP 1)

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14
Q
  • LABORATORY TYPE: Primary health services, Diagnostic Services, Research
  • LABORATORY PRACTICES: GMT, Protective Clothing, Biohazard signs
  • SAFETY EQUIPMENT: Open bench plus Biosafety Cabinet for potential aerosols
A

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2 (RISK GROUP 2)

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15
Q
  • LABORATORY TYPE: Special diagnostic services, Research
  • LABORATORY PRACTICES: GMT, Protective Clothing, Biohazard signs, plus special clothing, controlled access, directional airflow.
  • SAFETY EQUIPMENT: BSC and other primary devices for all activities
A

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3, CONTAINMENT (RISK GROUP 3)

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16
Q
  • LABORATORY TYPE: Dangerous pathogen units
  • LABORATORY PRACTICES: GMT, Protective Clothing, Biohazard signs, plus special clothing, controlled access, directional airflow, plus airlock entry, shower exit, special waste disposal
  • SAFETY EQUIPMENT: Class III BSC or positive pressure suits with Class II BSCs, double ended autoclave
A

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 4, MAXIMUM CONTAINMENT (RISK GROUP 4)

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17
Q

Institutional and personal security measures designed to prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversion, and intentional release of pathogens to the environment

A

BIOSECURITY

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18
Q

COMPONENTS OF CHAIN OF INFECTION

A

> INFECTIOUS AGENT
RESEVOIR
PORTAL OF EXIT
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PORTAL OF ENTRY
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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19
Q

Pathogenic microbes, Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT

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20
Q

Source of agent, a place a microbe can grow, survive, or multiply (human, animals, food, water, others)

A

RESEVOIR

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21
Q

Airborne Transmission, Direct Contact, Vector Borne Transmission, Droplets

A

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

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22
Q

Orifices of the body, also through the mucus membranes and breaks in the skin

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

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23
Q

Immunocompromised Adults, Elderly, Newborns, Unvaccinated, Those with acute and chronic diseases

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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24
Q
  • Safe handling of specimens in the laboratory
  • Biohazard Signs, Universal Precautions
A

LABORATORY MEASURES

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25
Q

Complete destruction of all forms of microbial life

A

STERILIZATION

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26
Q

Complete elimination of vegetative forms except the bacterial forms, spores

A

DISINFECTION

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27
Q

Used for eliminating microorganisms from inanimate objects

A

DISINFECTANTS

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28
Q

Disinfection of living tissue or skin

A

ANTISEPSIS

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29
Q

Chemical substance used for the purpose of non-selective killing or inhibiting groups of microbes

A

CHEMICAL GERMICIDE

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30
Q

Chemical compound or biological product used to kill, control the growth, or repel a specific microogranism

A

BIOCIDES

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31
Q

Proper Order of DONNING

A

Gown
Mask
Headcap
Gloves

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32
Q

Proper order of DOFFING

A

Gloves
Headcap
Gown
Mask

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33
Q

PHLEBOTOMY/ VENIPUNCTURE MATERIALS

A
  1. PPE
  2. Cleaning Agent
  3. Cotton/ Gauze
  4. Bandage/ Tape
  5. Sharps Container
  6. Tourniquet
  7. Needle
  8. Tube Holder/ Vacutainer Adapter
  9. Syringe
  10. Blood Collection Tubes
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34
Q

Lab Gown, Mask, Headcap, Gloves

A

Personal Protective Equipment

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35
Q

For Disinfection or Antiseptic

A

Cleaning Agent

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36
Q
  • Alcohol Pads are commonly used
  • 70% Isopropyl alcohol are best used to disinfect the skin
A

For Routine Use

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37
Q

Povidone Iodine

A

For Blood Culture and Blood Gas

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38
Q

Water and Soap

A

For Alcohol Testing, Allergies

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39
Q
  • To be used to disinfecting
  • To cover the wound
A

Cotton/ Gauze

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40
Q
  • Called as micropore
  • To cover the wound
A

Bandage/ Tape

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41
Q
  • To discard the needles, Lancets
  • Has a biohazard marking, color red
  • Puncture resistant, leak proof
  • NEVER recap, bend- break needles
  • Has a cutter for cutting the needle of the syringe
A

Sharps Container

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42
Q
  • For constriction
  • Slow venous blood flow
  • Makes veins more prominent
A

Tourniquet

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43
Q

NEVER leave tourniquet for _____________

A

1 minute

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44
Q

AVOID rigorous fist clenching or hand pumping, ___________, _____________, _____________

A

Increase potassium, Lactic Acid, Lactate dehydrogenase

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45
Q

if allergic to latex can use __________________

A

Synthetic Fiber

46
Q

When vein cant be located

A

Blind- Shooting

47
Q

_____________ can be done at maximum of 2-3 times

A

Probing

48
Q

chemical constituents to be tested

A

Analytes

49
Q

for Obese, use _____________________________________ for ___________________

A

Blood Pressure cuff/ Sphygmomanometer, > 60mmHg

50
Q

if there are no tourniquet or BP cuff, _______________ can be used as a tourniquet

A

used gloves

51
Q

Don’ts in Needles

A
  • NEVER reuse needles
  • NEVER use if shield/ cap is broken
  • NEVER recap, bend or break
52
Q

The size of the needle is indicated by its ___________

A

GAUGE

53
Q

Larger Gauge number, ___________________ the needle diameter

A

the smaller

54
Q

Method of fishing out the cap using the needle to close the cap onto the needle without possibly hurting yourself

A

FISH OUT METHOD

55
Q

Blue Needle

A

0.6 OD, 23G

56
Q

Black Needle

A

0.7 OD, 22G

57
Q

Green Needle

A

0.8 OD, 21G

58
Q

Yellow Needle

A

0.9 OD, 20G

59
Q

Pink Needle

A

1.2 OD, 18G

60
Q

_________ needle is used for children and adults

A

23G

61
Q
  • Most used often with syringe
  • Expensive, thus not used for routine draws
  • Increased risk of needlestick injury
  • Has a wing-like appendage
  • For those with very fragile veins or very thin veins or
    babies
A

Butterfly Needle

62
Q

Parts of Needle

A

Bevel, Bore, Shaft, Barrel, Plunger

63
Q

Indicates the volume of syringe

A

Barrel

64
Q
  • Contain a vacuum
  • Made out of glass or plastic
  • Used w/ vacutainer & syringe systems
  • Stoppers universal color, indicates contents
  • Has an expiration date
A

Blood Collection Tubes

65
Q

Order of Draw

A

> Yellow
Blue
Red
Green
Lavender
Gray

66
Q
  • Contains sodium polyanethole sulfate
  • Used for blood culture
  • Invert 8-10x
A

Yellow Cap Tube

67
Q
  • Contains Thixotropic Gel Separator
  • Separate RBC and Formed elements from supernatant
  • Used for clinical chemistry
  • Invert 5x
A

Gold Cap Tube

68
Q
  • Contains Sodium citrate
  • Used for coagulation studies
  • Invert 3-4x
A

Light Blue Cap Tube (1:9 Blood to coagulant ratio)
Black Cap Tube (1:4 Blood to coagulant ratio)

69
Q
  • NO additives
  • If plastic Invert 5 times
  • If glass no inversion
  • used for serum examination
A

Red Cap Tube

70
Q
  • Contains Heparin
  • Used for chemistry exam
  • Invert 8-10x
A

Green Cap Tube

71
Q
  • Contains EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid)
  • Used for Hematology (CBC, Platelet Count)
  • Invert 8-10x
A

Lavender Cap Tube

72
Q
  • Contains Sodium Fluoride
  • Used Glucose Monitoring
  • Invert 8-10x
A

Gray Cap Tube

73
Q
  • Serum Tube (5 mins coagulation)
  • Contains Thrombin
  • Used for Stat Exams
  • Invert 5-6x
A

Orange Cap Tube

74
Q

Required Information

A
  • Patient name
  • Identification number, room number
  • Date of draw (mm, dd, yyyy)
  • Time of draw (military time)
  • Phlebotomists signature, first initial, last name
  • Sex or gender
75
Q
  • Most often used
  • Most economical
  • Quick
  • Least risk of accidental needle stick injury
A

Vacutainer Tube

76
Q
  • Most control
  • Can reposition easily
  • Will see ‘flash’ of blood in syringe when vein is
    successfully entered
A

Syringe

77
Q

STEPS OF VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE

A

Step 1: Review and Accession on Test Requisition
Step 2: The Patient
Step 3: Selecting the Site
Step 4: Clean and Air Dry the Site
Step 5: Prepare the Equipment
Step 6: Anchor the Vein and Insert the Needle
Step 7: Establish Blood Flow and Fill Tube or Syringe
Step 8: Fill, Remove, Mix Tubes or Fill Syringe
Step 9: Remove The Needle
Step 10: Label the Tube

78
Q
  • Check the completeness of the required information.
  • Verify the test to be collected
  • Take note of any dietary restriction or special condition
  • Determine the test status
A

Step 1: REVIEW AND ACCESSION ON TEST REQUISITION

79
Q
  • Approach the patient
  • Communication and empathy
  • Handling special situation
  • Patient Identification
    > Arm Band
    > Legal Document
  • Prepare patient for blood draw
    > Check for Latex Allergy
A

Step 2: THE PATIENT

80
Q
  • Antecubital area most often accessed
  • Median, Cephalic, Basilic
  • Hand or wrist
  • Remember: 2 Arms
  • Ask permission
  • Apply tourniquet 3 to 4 inches or 4-5 fingers length from the puncture site.
  • Using the finger. Trace the path to determine a possible puncture site
  • Palpate or press the vein to determine the depth and patency
A

Step 3: SELECTING THE SITE

81
Q

Vein inline with the 5th Digit (Pinky)

A

Basilic Vein

82
Q

Vein inline with the 1st Digit (Thumb)

A

Cephalic Vein

83
Q
  • Apply tourniquet ______ inches or _______ fingers width from the puncture site.
A

3 to 4 Inches, 4-5 Finger width

84
Q

2nd choice for selecting the Site

A

Hand or Wrist

85
Q

Palpate or press the vein to determine the _____ and ________

A

Depth, Patency

86
Q
  • The selected puncture site should be cleaned using an antiseptic
  • The area to be cleaned should be 2-3 inches in diameter
  • Clean the site in an up and down motion with friction
  • Air dry, never fan, blow or touch
A

Step 4: CLEAN AND AIR DRY THE SITE

87
Q

The area to be cleaned should be _______ inches in diameter

A

2-3 inches

88
Q
  • Prepare equipment based on the chosen venipuncture procedure (syringe, evacuated tube system, winged infusion set)
  • Size depends on:
     Age of the patient
     Volume of the blood needed
     Size and condition of vein
A

Step 5: PREPARE THE EQUIPMENT

89
Q

Size of the Equipment is based on:

A
  • Age of the Patient
  • Volume of the Blood Needed
  • Size and condition of the Vein
90
Q
  • Reapply tourniquet
  • Taut the skin using the thumb at least 1-2 in below to stabilize
  • Position the needle at 15- 30 degrees angle or depending on the depth of the vein then insert the needle using a forward motion.
A

Step 6: ANCHOR VEIN AND INSERT NEEDLE

91
Q

Taut the skin using the thumb at least _____ in below to stabilize

A

1-2 Inches

92
Q

Position the needle at _____ degrees angle or depending on the depth of the vein then insert the needle using a forward motion.

A

15- 30 Degrees Angle

93
Q
  • When the vein is punctured, a “flash” of blood will be seen in the hub then you may pull the plunger until the desired volume is reached.
  • When using the evacuated tube system, make sure to properly hold the tube holder to stabilize the needle hen press on the collection tube to penetrate the needle and collect blood.
A

Step 7: ESTABLISH BLOOD FLOW AND FILL TUBE OR SYRINGE

94
Q
  • Make sure to collect the required volume
  • Follow the order of draw when collecting samples in ETS
  • The tourniquet should be released before removing the needle
A

Step 8; FILL, REMOVE, MIX TUBES OR FILL SYRINGE

95
Q
  • First remove the tourniquet
  • Disengage the tube
  • Place cotton directly over the needle without pressing down
  • Remove needle in swift, smooth motion
  • Immediately apply pressure to puncture site
  • Do not bend arm
A

Step 9: REMOVE THE NEEDLE

96
Q
  • In sight of the patient (beside)
     Patient name
     Identification Number
     Date of Draw
     Time of Draw
     Initials of Phlebotomist
A

Step 10: LABEL THE TUBE

97
Q

What needs to be seen in the Label

A
  • Patient Name
  • Identification Number
  • Date of Draw (mm/dd/yyyy)
  • Time of Draw (Military TIme)
  • Initials of Phlebotomist
98
Q

THINGS TO REMEMBER AFTER DRAWING BLOOD

A
  • Recheck the Draw Site
  • Dispose contaminated material
  • Thank the Patient, remove gloves and sanitize hands
99
Q

THINGS TO DO AFTER FAILURE

A
  1. Look at the alternative sites
  2. Use a Clean, Sterile needle
  3. Only try Twice
  4. After 2nd try and you fail, endorse to a different MedTech
100
Q

POOR COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

A
  1. Venous Stasis
  2. Hemodilution
  3. Clotted Sample
  4. Hemolysis
  5. Partially filled tube
  6. Specimen Contamination
  7. Specimen Handling
  8. Use of Wrong Anticoagulant
101
Q

o Prolonged application of tourniquet <1 min

A

Venous Stasis

102
Q

o Drawing above IV line
o Short Draw (unbalanced blood to coagulant ratio)

A

Hemodilution

103
Q

o Inadequate mixing
o Traumatic stick

A

Clotted Sample

104
Q

o Traumatic stick
o To vigorous mixing
o Alcohol is wet
o Using of too small needle
o Forcing blood into syringe

A

Hemolysis

105
Q

o Short draw
o Sodium citrate tube draw critical volume

A

Partially Filled Tube

106
Q

o Using incorrect cleaner
o Alcohol is still wet
o Powder from gloves
o Drawing above IV

A

Specimen Contamination

107
Q

o Exposure to light
o Pre- chilled tube

A

Specimen Handling

108
Q

Specimen/ Procedure that is sensitive to Light Exposure

A

BILIRUBIN

109
Q

Specimen/ Procedure that must be placed in a Pre-chilled Tube

A

Arterial Blood Gas

110
Q
A
111
Q
A
112
Q
A

1D (9 decks)

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