Pneumonia & Influenza Flashcards
(19 cards)
What are lower respiratory diseases?
Diseases affecting the lower airway structures such as bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
What are upper respiratory diseases?
Diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. Examples: influenza, common cold, pharyngitis.
What is pneumonia?
An infection of the lower respiratory tract that causes inflammation in the alveoli, which may fill with fluid or pus.
What are the types of pneumonia?
Community-acquired pneumonia and Hospital-acquired pneumonia.
What is community-acquired pneumonia?
Pneumonia acquired outside of healthcare settings, commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Mycoplasma.
What is hospital-acquired pneumonia?
Pneumonia that develops 48+ hours after hospital admission, often involving resistant organisms like Pseudomonas or MRSA.
What are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
Fever, chills, cough with sputum, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnoea, crackles, leukocytosis.
How is pneumonia diagnosed?
History and physical exam, chest X-ray, WBC count, and sputum culture.
What is the treatment for pneumonia?
Antibiotics for bacterial causes, antivirals or antifungals if appropriate, supportive care (oxygen, fluids).
What are the risk factors for pneumonia?
Age (elderly/infants), smoking, chronic disease (e.g., COPD), immunosuppression, recent surgery, hospitalization.
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
Infection → inflammation → alveolar-capillary membrane damage → exudate fills alveoli → impaired gas exchange → hypoxaemia.
What are the 3 types of influenza?
Influenza A, B, and C.
What are clinical manifestations of influenza?
Fever, chills, dry cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, malaise.
What is antigenic drift?
Small genetic mutations in influenza viruses over time → seasonal flu outbreaks.
What is antigenic shift?
Major change in influenza A subtype due to gene reassortment → can lead to pandemics.
What is the most common type of influenza?
Influenza A – most likely to cause epidemics and pandemics.
What is the pathophysiology of influenza?
Virus invades respiratory epithelium → inflammation, necrosis, shedding → impaired mucociliary clearance → secondary bacterial infection possible.
What is the treatment and prevention for influenza?
Antivirals (e.g., oseltamivir) if early, supportive care, prevention via annual flu vaccination and hygiene measures.
What factors can you go through when doing a respiratory assessment? (Pneumonia)
(RATES)
Resp rate
Auscultation
Tracheal deviation
Effort
O2 Saturation.
