PNI

Question 1

Neuropraxia

Answer 1

Mild
Motor sensory loses
No sign of wallerian degeneration
Axonal integrity is preserved
Food prognosis

Question 2

Axonotmesis

Answer 2

Impaired atonal integrity
Axon and myelin destruction
Nerve sheath integrity is preserved
Wallerian degeneration present
Surrounding tissues partially or completely intact

Question 3

Neurotmesis

Answer 3

Affect axon, myelin sheath and connective tissue
Complete nerve rupture
Formation of scar tissue
Impossible axonal regeneration
Only surgery can help

Question 4

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 4

Damage to peripheral nerve axon due to trauma, severe pressure etc
Distal to where axon is interrupted
Phagocytosed by macrophages
Proximal part of axon and peripheral nerve cell body remain intact

Question 5

Axonal degeneration

Answer 5

Damage to axon, cell body or peripheral nerve
Due to metabolic and toxics
Can regain if the cause is removed without destroying axonal integrity

Question 6

Degmental demyelination

Answer 6

Damage to surrounding schwann cell and or myelin sheath without any damage to peripheral nerve axon

Question 7

Segmental demyelination can be caused by

Answer 7

Hereditary neuropathies
Acquired neuropathies

Question 8

Hereditary neuropathies

Answer 8

Demyelination along entire nerve

Question 9

Acquired neuropathies

Answer 9

Specific nerve segment is affected
Guillain barre
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Question 10

Nerve regeneration

Answer 10

Collateral sprouting of axons and axonal regeneration

Question 11

Sign of regeneration

Answer 11

Voluntary muscle contractions
Autonomic nervous system
Tunnel sign
Electrical stimulation but not conclusive

Question 12

Causes of radial nerve injury

Answer 12

Saturday night palsy
Crutch paralysis
Triceps injections

Question 13

Symptoms of RNI

Answer 13

Extension paralysis
Supination paralysis
Wrist drop
Triceps areflexia
Brachioradialis jerk

Question 14

Muscles in RNI

Answer 14

Triceps
Brachioradialis
Wrist extensors
Ed
Epl

Question 15

Ulnar nerve injury causes

Answer 15

C7-T1
Entrapment at cubital tunnel
Anaesthesia

Question 16

Sign and symptoms of UNI

Answer 16

Wrist radial deviation
Claw hand
Paraesthesia
Sensory loss

Question 17

Muscles in UNi

Answer 17

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Abductor disgiti minimi
Interrosei
Abductor pollicis

Question 18

Egawas test

Answer 18

Test for interossei, abductors of middle finger

Question 19

Card test

Answer 19

Test for interrosei adductors of fingers

Question 20

Froment sign and book test

Answer 20

Test for adductor pollicis

Question 21

Causes of Medial nerve injury

Answer 21

Sleep paralysis
Shoulder dislocation
Crutch compression
Supracondylar fracture of humerus

Question 22

Signs and symptoms of MNI

Answer 22

Atrophy of thenar
Simian or ape hand
Benediction hand
Pointing index

Question 23

Muscles of MNI

Answer 23

Fdl
Fds and lateral half of fdp
For
Abd pb and opponens pollisis(thenar muscles)

Question 24

Pen test used for

Answer 24

Abd pb

Question 25

Examination of denervated muscle contractions

Answer 25

Nerve conduction velocity Galvanic test Faradic test Strength duration curve Galvanic tetanic ratio Accommodation ration

Question 26

Sympathetic activation assessment

Answer 26

Vasomotor changes Sudomotor changes Plyomotor changes Trophic changes

Question 27

Electrical stimulation functions

Answer 27

Prevents atrophy Accelerate regeneration Muscles re-education in post op

Question 28

Therapeutic US

Answer 28

Provides arterial dilation New artery formation ⬆️ nerve fiber density Activation of schwann cells Remove chemicals and chemotoxins mediators

Question 29

Orthotics

Answer 29

Protects denervated muscles from overtension Prevents joint contracture Prevents compensatory pattern Positioning

Question 30

Early phase of sensory education

Answer 30

Moving touch Continuous touch Pressure Touch localization Desensitization training

Question 31

Late phase of sensory education

Answer 31

Facilitate the tactile sense Compensation training

Question 32

Ways to support regenerations

Answer 32

Electrotherapy DLA training Proximal segment stabilization Body awareness Stabilization