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AP2 lab > PNS, eye and reflexes > Flashcards

PNS, eye and reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of the eye

A

fibrous, visceral tunic, sensory tunic

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2
Q

outermost layer of the eye

A

fibrous

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3
Q

white part of eye

A

sclera

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4
Q

clear portion of eye (fibrous layer)

A

cornea

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5
Q

vascular layer contains

A

ciliary muscle

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6
Q

___ helps focus light onto retina

A

lens,

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7
Q

sensory tunic contains

A

retina

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8
Q

fibrous: vascular or avascular

A

avascular

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9
Q

fibrous tunic composed of

A

dense CT, collagen

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10
Q

cornea outer layer rich in

A

pain receptors

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11
Q

5 regions of vascular tunic

A

choroid, ciliary body, ciliary processes, iris, pupil

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12
Q

choroid richly ____ beneath ___

A

vascular, sclera

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13
Q

ciliary body anterior region of

A

choroids

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14
Q

makes and secretes aqueous humor

A

ciliary processes

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15
Q

aqueous humor functions

A

bathes, nourish lens, remove waste, maintain proper pressure for positioning of lens

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16
Q

pigmented part of eye

A

iris

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17
Q

most anterior part of vascular tunic

A

iris

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18
Q

regulates amount of light entering eye

A

iris

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19
Q

controls pupil hole size

A

iris

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20
Q

rounded opening through which light passes

A

pupil

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21
Q

innermost tunic

A

sensory

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22
Q

2 layers of retina

A

pigmented and neural

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23
Q

pigmented layer lines

A

vascular tunic

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24
Q

__ layer contains photoreceptors

A

neural

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25
Q

sensitivity for dim/low level light

A

rods

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26
Q

good for visual acuity, color

A

cones

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27
Q

neural layer transmit signal via ___ to ___

A

optic nerve to optic cortex

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28
Q

optic disc aka

A

blindspot

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29
Q

optic disc has no

A

photoreceptors

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30
Q

region where optic nerve leaves the eye

A

optic disc

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31
Q

directly posterior to lens, high cone density

A

macula lutea

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32
Q

center of macula lutea, contain mostly cones, area of great visual activity

A

fovea centralis

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33
Q

suspensory ligament attached to

A

ciliary body, lens

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34
Q

hold lens vertically

A

suspensory ligament

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35
Q

flexible crystalline structure that focuses light entering the eye onto the retina

A

lens

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36
Q

gel like substance that reinforces eye, keeps everything in place

A

vitreous humor

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37
Q

4 cranial nerves of the eye

A

optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

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38
Q

lacrimal gland

A

secretes salt like solution into eyes

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39
Q

lacrimal canals

A

tears flow into canal after flushing the eye

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40
Q

lacrimal sac

A

tears collect here and flow into the duct

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41
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

directs tears into nasal cavity

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42
Q

contains conjunctiva

A

eyelids

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43
Q

conjunctivitis

A

pink eye

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44
Q

secrete mucous to lubricate eye

A

eyelids

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45
Q

reflex

A

rapid, predictable, involuntary response to specific stimulus

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46
Q

reflex arc

A

neural pathway on which specific reflexes are mediated

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47
Q

types of reflexes (2)

A

autonomic, somatic

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48
Q

autonomic reflex

A

sympathetic/parasympathetic, involuntary, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, control digestion

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49
Q

somatic reflex

A

skeletal muscle

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50
Q

reflex arc: receptor

A

site of stimulus

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51
Q

reflex arc: sensory neuron carries _____ info into____

A

afferent, CNS

52
Q

reflex arc: integration center synapses with

A

CNS within spinal cord

53
Q

reflex arc: motor neuron carries ___ info ___ from CNS to ____

A

efferent, away, effector organ

54
Q

reflex arc: effector

A

muscle or gland that will respond to signal/stimulus

55
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc example

A

patellar reflex

56
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc ___ neurons and ___ synapse(s)

A

2, 1

57
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc stimulates ____

A

muscle spindels

58
Q

most reflexes are ____synaptic

A

poly

59
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc involves ___ synapse(s)

A

multiple

60
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc at least ___ association neuron/____ within the pathway

A

one, interneuron

61
Q

somatic spinal: ___ reflex

A

stretch

62
Q

stretch reflex

A

postural reflexes, maintain posture, balance, locomotion

63
Q

stretch reflex initiated by

A

tapping a tendon

64
Q

autonomic reflex types

A

pupillary, salivary

65
Q

somatic corneal

A

corneal reflex

66
Q

eyelashes contain ___ between the follicles, lubricates the eyes

A

ciliary glands

67
Q

anterior chamber maintains

A

intraocular pressure

68
Q

aqueous humor secreted by

A

anterior chamber

69
Q

fluid formed by ciliary processes

A

aqueous humor

70
Q

aqueous humor is reabsorbed into

A

scleral venous sinus

71
Q

glaucoma

A

disease in which the intraocular pressure is too high

72
Q

glaucoma caused by

A

blockage of the drainage of aqueous humor

73
Q

glaucoma impairs

A

vision and can lead to blindness

74
Q

emmetropic eye

A

normal eye which is able to accommodate properly

75
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

76
Q

myopia: image focused ___ of retina

A

in front

77
Q

myopia corrected by

A

concave lens

78
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

79
Q

hyperopia: light focused __ retina

A

behind

80
Q

hyperopia corrected by

A

convex lens

81
Q

astigmatism

A

irregular curvatures of the lens/cornea, blurry vision

82
Q

spinal reflexes require

A

only spinal cord activity

83
Q

cranial reflexes require

A

brain involvement as well as spinal cord

84
Q

corneal reflex mediated through CN__

A

CNV, trigeminal

85
Q

corneal reflex response

A

blink and tear

86
Q

general senses include

A

touch, pressure, pain, temp, stretch

87
Q

special senses include

A

sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste

88
Q

sensation can be classified according to

A

location of stimulus

89
Q

respond to stimulus from external environment

A

exteroreceptors

90
Q

respond to stimulus from within body

A

interoreceptors

91
Q

receptors that respond to internal stimulus but are restricted to skeletal muscle, joints, tendons, ligaments

A

proprioreceptors

92
Q

transducer converts ___ stimuli into ____ impulses through generation of ____ potential

A

environmental ,afferent nerve, receptor/graded

93
Q

tactile, thermal, pain and proprioreceptive sensations

A

somatic

94
Q

sensations from internal organs

A

visceral

95
Q

respond to touch, pain, stretch, itch, vibration

A

mechanoreceptor

96
Q

respond to changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

97
Q

respond to changes in chemical environment

A

chemoreceptors

98
Q

respond to light energy

A

photoreceptors

99
Q

respond to pain

A

nociceptors

100
Q

proprioreceptors

A

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments

101
Q

non encapsulated nerve endings

A

nociceptors, thermoreceptors

102
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

mechanoreceptors

103
Q

tactile (messier) corpuscle location and sensation

A

dermal papillae
light touch

104
Q

lamellar (pacinian) corpuscle location and sensation

A

deep in the dermis
deep pressure

105
Q

bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings) location and sensation

A

deep in dermis, joints
deep pressure and stretch

106
Q

muscle spindle location and sensation

A

skeletal muscles
muscle stretch

107
Q

tendon organ location and sensation

A

tendon
tendon stretch

108
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors location and sensation

A

joint capsule
joint sense, pain

109
Q

receptor level

A

transduction

110
Q

circuit level

A

processing in ascending pathways

111
Q

perceptual level

A

sensation

112
Q

adaptation

A

decreased sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

113
Q

rapidly adapting receptors

A

phasic, signal beginning or end of stimulus

114
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

tonic, adapt slowly or not at all

115
Q

ascending sensory pathways consist of three neurons

A

first, second and third order neurons

116
Q

perception

A

interpretation of sensory input at cerebral cortex

117
Q

stimulus intensity coded as

A

frequency of impulses

118
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identifying site of stimulus, receptor density

119
Q

pattern recognition

A

ability to recognize a familiar pattern

120
Q

warns of actual or impending tissue damage

A

protective

121
Q

endogenous opioids

A

endorphins, enkephalins

122
Q

fast pain

A

acute, sharp, prickling pain, myelinated

123
Q

slow pain

A

chronic, burning, aching, throbbing, unmyelinated

124
Q

pain perceived at a location other than the site to the painful stimulus

A

referred pain

125
Q

pain stimuli arising in visceral perceived as ___ in origin

A

somatic

AP2 lab (8 decks)

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