Pocket Prep Treatment Planning Flashcards

Question

Which of the following is true about solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) in treatment planning? Not all problems are suitable for SFBT SFBT encourages reflection on past issues SFBT explicitly addresses thought disorder Traumatic issues are suitable for SFBT

Answer 1

Correct answer: Not all problems are suitable for SFBT SFBT is suitable for a wide variety of problems in counseling, especially when a problem can be named, understood, strategized, and dealt with in a relatively brief time (probably no more than six or seven sessions of treatment). The burden is on the client to use the lessons and plan arrived at in conjunction with the therapist to proceed to solve their problems. However, SFBT is not suitable for many problems. It would not, for example, offer the appropriate length or depth for a thought disorder or a worthwhile exploration of past issues or trauma.

Answer 2

Correct answer: To provide mediation when an ethical conflict arises Chi Sigma Iota, the Counseling Academic and Professional Honor Society International, aims to promote scholarship, research, professionalism, and excellence in counseling. Chi Sigma Iota also tries to promote the development of leaders in the field of counseling. Chi Sigma Iota does not provide mediation when an ethical conflict arises.

Answer 3

Correct answer: Help an individual resolve problems for better functioning and move to a less restrictive environment Though individual types of treatment plans vary widely across settings, the essential purpose of a treatment plan is to resolve current problems for better functioning and to provide a way for an individual to move to a less restrictive environment. The most formal and scrutinized treatment plans are usually performed at the inpatient level, where reaching goals is a means to less confined care. A treatment plan is meant to address the goals of the episode of care itself, not what happens afterward. It may or may not contain some relevant historical data, but it is more a plan of action than a history. It will do more than direct staff behavior toward a patient.

Answer 4

Correct answer: Rational emotive behavior counseling Rational emotive behavior counseling groups are based on Albert Ellis' cognitive behavioral theories focused on improving overall functioning. These groups are meant to help group members identify and correct faulty thought patterns while accepting oneself and others.

Answer 5

Correct answer: Meet with both individuals to explain that group issues should not be discussed outside of group sessions, and suggest that they wait until the group has terminated to continue with their social gatherings Questions of appropriate relationships between group members often arise in group counseling situations. In general, group members are discouraged from developing relationships with each other outside of group sessions, as extracurricular relationships can affect group dynamics. Group members should also respect the confidentiality of information shared in the group and should not discuss this outside of sessions. In this situation, the counselor should speak with the specific group members to address these concerns.

Answer 6

Correct answer: Behavior therapy is suggested before medication for those 6 or under The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that behavior therapy should be used as a primary treatment for ADHD before medication is attempted for children 6 or under. Although medication can reduce symptoms, behavior therapy is a better overall clinical intervention as a first line of treatment for those in this age group.

Answer 7

Correct answer: employee assistance program Many companies have Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) to assist workers with mental health and substance use issues. The duties of counselors working in EAPs vary depending on the company, but typically include identifying, counseling, and referring out individuals for a variety of reasons. Some EAP counselors work for the company and others work for a contract agency.

Answer 8

Correct answer: Logotherapy Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) assists clients in learning ways to regulate their emotions and thoughts by identifying the triggers that lead to undesired behaviors. There are four DBT modules that include a variety of skills: mindfulness, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and emotion regulation. Logotherapy is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that clients' primary motivation is to find meaning in life.

Answer 9

Correct answer: Reality therapy William Glasser developed reality therapy, which asserts that individuals are in charge of their own lives and therefore determine their own fate. According to reality therapy, people have five genetically based needs: survival, love and belonging, power or achievement, freedom or independence, and fun. Taking responsibility is a key concept of reality therapy.

Answer 10

Correct answer: Action Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is based on the belief that the way we interpret events, not the actual events themselves, is most important. REBT involves five parts: an Action (A) that occurs externally from the individual; a Belief (B) that is a form of self-verbalization; a Consequent affect (C) that can be rational or irrational; Disputing (D) the irrational belief that leads to the behavior; and an Effect (E), the change in the self-verbalization.

Answer 11

Correct answer: A pilot study When planning a counseling program, it is important to take orderly and careful steps to ensure that the program is thoughtfully executed. Essential steps in program planning, in order, are conceptualization, which includes examining broader systems, establishing a philosophy, and assessing needs; development of goals and objectives of the program; implementation; and evaluation of the program, including whether goals and objectives were met. While a pilot study can be helpful to identify any major problems before full implementation, it is not essential to program development.

Answer 12

Correct answer: A war veteran with PTSD Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a technique that uses eye movement to help those suffering from PTSD. The technique is thought to allow the sufferer to "rewire" experiences by using eye movement and traumatic focus. The war veteran with PTSD is a much more likely patient for this technique than the others listed unless they also had a traumatic component to their issues that could be identified and treated.

Answer 13

Correct answer: In putting behavior in its proper cultural context Contextualism as it applies to the treatment of mental illness and the specifics of treatment planning refers to the idea that, rather than being a purely idiosyncratic phenomenon, mental illness is inflected by one's participation in culture. In short, behavior should be considered within the context of culture in order to be properly assessed. The concept does not refer to considering a client's support system or bringing in their family for collateral information, nor does it refer to how culture may or may not cause pathology.

Answer 14

Correct answer: No, under no circumstances The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) provides a wealth of data dealing with diagnosis of mental illness. In this regard, it provides useful information on comorbidities, differential diagnoses, cultural factors, and so on. It does not provide formal treatment recommendations according to those diagnoses, though it may comment on treatment. The DSM-5 is a diagnostic tool and not a treatment-planning resource per se.

Answer 15

Correct answer: Clients tend to prefer counselors who are similar to themselves In most cases, clients tend to prefer counselors who are similar to themselves in terms of various factors such as race, nationality, culture, and so on. However, research is less clear on the outcomes of these therapeutic relationships.

Answer 16

Correct answer: Integrate treatment in that episode of care In terms of treatment planning, at the current time, a high number of individuals present with co-occurring disorders. Many of them will present with a substance use issue as the co-occurring diagnosis, making decisions about treatment planning and level of care more complex. When presented with co-occurring disorders, a professional's best course of action is to integrate treatment with the proper professionals as opposed to waiting to treat what could be a major client concern.

Answer 17

Correct answer: 18 The American Counseling Association (ACA) consists of 18 divisions. In many cases, counselors may join a division but are not required to join ACA. These divisions include the Association for Child and Adolescent Counseling, the National Employment Counseling Association, and Counselors for Social Justice. Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA) Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) Association for Child and Adolescent Counseling (ACAC) Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC) American College Counseling Association (ACCA) Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC) Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ) International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (IAAOC) International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) Military and Government Counseling Association (MGCA) formerly ACEG National Career Development Association (NCDA) National Employment Counseling Association (NECA) Society for Sexual, Affectional, Intersex, and Gender Expansive Identities (SAIGE)

Answer 18

Correct answer: The relationship between a counselor and a client Much research evidence affirms that the most important factor in client success is the quality of the relationship between a counselor and a client. This is more of a determination of success than the specific technique of the counselor, the level of expertise of the counselor, or the level of knowledge the client has been able to attain.

Answer 19

Correct answer: Mental health counseling attends to systems and stresses wellness Mental health counseling focuses on wellness and, among other differences from the typical medical model, sees individuals as members of interlocking systems rather than suffering from pathology. Mental health counseling does formally assess illness when appropriate and does put substantial effort toward symptoms and deficits while still attempting to treat a whole, complicated individual who—in many cases—is the best expert about their needs for treatment.

Answer 20

Correct answer: Career The National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) grants generic counselor certification as National Certified Counselor (NCC). Individuals who are NCCs can also obtain specialty counselor certification in the areas of school counseling, mental health counseling, and addiction counseling. Career counseling is not one of these specialties.

Answer 21

Correct answer: Privileged communication Privileged communication is a legal term that refers to the fact that in a court of law the counselor does not have to reveal what the client said during counseling sessions. However, counselors are obligated to break privileged communication in several situations, including times when the client is a danger to himself or others, when child abuse or neglect is suspected, when a client asks that counseling records be released, when a lawsuit is filed against the counselor, when involuntary hospitalization is considered, when supervision of the counselor is taking place, or when the counselor's records are subpoenaed by a judge.

Answer 22

Correct answer: Yes, in some circumstances The DSM-5 contains a section that is dedicated to substance-related and addictive disorders. This section details 10 different classes of drugs and the clinical criteria used to diagnose them. In terms of treatment, a variety of modalities have proven successful, some of which can be medical, such as the use of substitute medication for substances of concern. Treatment modalities are highly variable and may contain psychotherapy and/or mindfulness in addition to medical interventions when indicated.

Answer 23

Correct answer: They must get a physician referral before seeing a counselor who is not a TRICARE Certified Mental Health Counselor TRICARE is the health insurance provider for United States Armed Forces personnel, retirees, and their dependents. Individuals who are covered by TRICARE are permitted to seek services from a TRICARE Certified Mental Health Counselor. Other counselors can provide services to individuals covered by TRICARE, but only if they practice under a TRICARE-authorized physician.

Answer 24

Correct answer: Take steps to obtain an involuntary commitment Counselors may be faced with ethical dilemmas when confidentiality needs to be broken. These situations occur when the counselor feels there is imminent risk of danger to the client or others, when a lawsuit is filed against the counselor or a court orders information about a client, when supervision or consultation is needed, when insurance companies request information, when the client requests that counseling records be released, or when administrative professionals in the office handle client information. In this situation, the client appears to be at serious risk of harming himself; he has a motive and a clear plan to commit suicide. Though the counselor will have to break confidentiality, he or she must attempt to obtain an involuntary commitment to have the client admitted to the hospital for his own safety if he will not admit himself. man with her until he agrees not to shoot himself

Answer 25

Correct answer: To make sure development is proceeding appropriately An important step in the counseling program planning process is processing information as the planning moves forward. It is best to have a clear structure of individuals who can obtain and relay feedback about goals, objectives, needs, philosophy, and the broader system to the planning team to ensure that the planning process is as relevant and thorough as possible.

Answer 26

Correct answer: The difference between what is and what is desired A needs assessment is an important element of program planning, as it defines the differences between what currently exists and what is needed or desired to change the situation. Needs assessments can be conducted through questionnaires, surveys, interviews, focus groups, or other methods. Random sampling should be used when possible in order to obtain an accurate representation of needs.

Answer 27

Correct answer: Defining the limits, goals, and nature of the counseling process In order to convey messages clearly to clients and to create a safe, secure space for them to share during sessions, counselors should define the nature, limits, and goals of the counseling process. This process is called structuring and may also include a description of the roles of the client and counselor.

Answer 28

Correct answer: 50% Estimates suggest that about 50% of ethnic minorities quit counseling after only one session, in the belief that they will not get what they want out of it. This highlights the importance of culturally relevant treatment planning that is responsive to the different ways clients may express (or not express) their needs to those they see as dominant treatment providers.

Answer 29

Correct answer: When a lawsuit is filed against the counselor Privileged communication is a legal term that refers to the fact that, in a court of law, the counselor does not have to reveal what the client said during counseling sessions. However, counselors are obligated to break privileged communication in several situations, including times when the client is a danger to himself or others, when child abuse or neglect is suspected, when a client asks that counseling records be released, when a lawsuit is filed against the counselor, when involuntary hospitalization is considered, when supervision of the counselor is taking place, or when the counselor's records are subpoenaed by a judge.

Answer 30

Correct answer: Increased self-confidence and communication skills Adventure-based counseling is a unique intervention that is designed for children and adults. This type of counseling consists of an experiential set of outdoor activities such as challenge courses, hiking, camping, and other activities designed for individuals or groups. The goals of adventure-based counseling include increased self-awareness and self-confidence, improved communication skills, and camaraderie. Diversity sensitivity and multicultural skills may also be developed through adventure-based counseling.

Answer 31

Correct answer: Up to 50% In treatment planning discussions, the issue of co-occurring disorders is an important concern. Many estimates suggest that up to 50% of clients entering care have a co-occurring substance use issue in addition to their presenting diagnosis.

Answer 32

Correct answer: Inpatient hospitalization, day hospital care, group home care, independent living A continuum of care refers to the way in which a client can move best through the most appropriate level of care for their situation. Though a client can have setbacks, and there is variability in what might actually happen in any case, the intention of such a continuum is to provide a reasonable progression of the most appropriate level of care for a client with the goal of providing the greatest amount of autonomy possible. Thus, a client could reasonably be expected to go from inpatient hospitalization to day hospital care, group home care, and finally independent living. The other progressions do not represent a progression from a more to a less intensive level of care

Answer 33

Correct answer: Psychopharmacology and psychotherapy The section on trauma- and stressor-related disorders in the DSM-5 deals with the impact of traumatic or stressful events on a person's life and well-being, such as adjustment disorders, acute stress disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. As these disorders deal with idiosyncratic events in a person's life experience, resilience, and other factors, a wide variety of psychopharmacology and psychotherapy approaches can be used to treat them, either together or separately. These approaches might include hypnosis and many other kinds of alternative treatment.

Answer 34

Correct answer: Counselors must be willing and able to address spiritual concerns About 90 percent of the population of the United States believes in a power greater than themselves. Though this can be somewhat vaguely defined, spiritual concerns are part of the presentation of clients and therefore a useful focus of counseling study. There is a discussion about how and when to best introduce the topic, but the current consensus is that the client should drive this part of the counseling conversation. A counselor might or might not use a spiritual assessment at the beginning of care but should not present spiritual issues of their own without prompting, as this might alienate many clients. Counselors must be willing and able to engage with this topic with their clients.

Answer 35

Correct answer: To shape behavior around desired goals A token economy's purpose is to shape behavior around desired goals for an individual. It usually takes place in treatment settings in which most of the client's behavior can be observed and documented, with good behavior rewarded with small, meaningful motivators. The point of a token economy is not to elicit feedback, create accountability, or suggest further clinical directions.

Answer 36

Correct answer: Health insurance plans must provide the same level of coverage to those with mental health needs as to those with medical needs The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act was passed as an attempt at providing the same level of coverage to individuals with mental health issues as to those with medical issues. This legislation applies only to private sector health plans that cover 50 or more employees, along with state and local government plans.

Answer 37

Correct answer: Consultation When faced with ethical dilemmas, counselors can use the steps found in the problem-solving process, such as assessment and evaluation. However, consultation is particularly important when dealing with an ethical dilemma, because various viewpoints and opinions may be valuable when attempting to make a difficult decision.

Answer 38

Correct answer: Helping a client understand the nature, limits, and goals of treatment In terms of treatment planning and client engagement, structuring refers to helping a client understand the nature, limits, and goals of treatment by defining all these items in a way the client can understand. In addition to being good customer service, it also promotes client engagement. The term does not refer to helping a client reorganize their schedule or their thoughts, and clients do not define the treatment-planning process.

Answer 39

Correct answer: Resolving issues sufficient to warrant a less restrictive environment A treatment plan is a therapeutic outline of goals and interventions that is meant to address well-defined, specific issues in the life of a patient. Minimally speaking, a treatment plan would be one that allows a person to transition to a less restrictive environment, which would indicate concrete therapeutic progress. Enhancing well-being to a noticeable level may not have the specificity needed. A roadmap for self-actualization may contain needed benchmarks but would be a lofty goal. Resolving issues so that a patient can terminate treatment may be desirable but is not the most minimal effective level presented here.

Answer 40

Correct answer: They are persistent conditions throughout a client's life Personality disorders are difficult to treat in practice; they are persistent, pervasive conditions that are seen as lifelong. In other words, such a disorder impacts nearly every facet of the client's life with maladaptive affective strategies. Personality disorders in individual presentation may or may not be responsive to medication or counseling interventions, but they are real in the sense that the client is most likely not making up their difficulty and distress for some other motive.

Answer 41

Correct answer: They seek out services less often and withdraw from them sooner In forming treatment plans for individuals from minority cultures, particularly when they are to be treated by individuals or organizations representing the majority culture, providers must remember the tendency for individuals from these cultures to seek out services less often and withdraw from them sooner. This is likely due to a variety of factors such as trust, language differences, financial limitations, and other forms of socioeconomic stress.

Answer 42

Correct answer: Client specifics and counselor orientation In arriving at treatment plans, many factors are important to consider. In addition to the diagnosis of the client, there will be an array of client specifics that must be understood and included in treatment planning, such as cultural background, age, etc. Also, the counselor's therapeutic orientation must also be considered, as it will drive the interventions selected. Medical staffing and the patient's medical acuity are important factors, but they would already be considered as part of the diagnostic impression.

Answer 43

Correct answer: Client specifics and counselor orientation In arriving at treatment plans, many factors are important to consider. In addition to the diagnosis of the client, there will be an array of client specifics that must be understood and included in treatment planning, such as cultural background, age, etc. Also, the counselor's therapeutic orientation must also be considered, as it will drive the interventions selected. Medical staffing and the patient's medical acuity are important factors, but they would already be considered as part of the diagnostic impression.

Answer 44

Correct answer: There is substantial evidence for the effectiveness of CBT Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most widely used therapeutic modalities. It incorporates various waves, schools, and techniques such as motivational interviewing and DBT. CBT has a substantial evidence base of effectiveness over a long period in hundreds of studies.

Answer 45

Correct answer: Asking the client for her phone number and address In today's world, information is incredibly easy to obtain due to the accessibility of the internet. There are numerous issues that arise when considering informed consent and digital access, but asking a client for her phone number and address is not unethical. Googling a client's name, following a client's social media profile, and looking up any non-client medical records are all unethical.

Answer 46

Correct answer: Two people have different reactions to the same dose of Haldol With differential sensitivity, different people can have diverse experiences with the same phenomenon. One example might be that two people, based on genetics or some other factor, have different reactions to the same dose of Haldol. This concept is not limited to pharmaceuticals and can mean differences in reported experience of other phenomena. The concept would not apply if the experience were the same, and it is not about one's sensitivity to something per se.

Answer 47

Correct answer: To ensure continuity of care in case of the therapist's incapacity A transfer plan is an adjunct to a treatment plan for a client, which indicates what to do in case the therapist becomes incapacitated or is otherwise unable to provide services. Its point is to avoid any interruptions or confusion in the continuity of care for clients. In the absence of such a plan, a client might have to wait while the situation is resolved. The point of a transfer plan is not to expedite a change in therapists or to show the efficacy of a treatment plan.

Answer 48

Correct answer: Conceptualization, development, implementation, evaluation When planning a counseling program, it is important to take orderly and careful steps to ensure that the program is thoughtfully executed. Essential steps in program planning, in order, are conceptualization, which includes examining broader systems and assessment needs; development of goals and objectives of the program; implementation; and evaluation of the program, including whether goals and objectives were met.

Answer 49

Correct answer: "We will meet about six times, and I will attempt to help you with your depression." When working with cross-cultural clients, communication and understanding gaps can emerge due to the differences present between counselor and client. One effective way to address this is to use structuring, which in this context refers to using some part of the first counseling session to express in detail the roles, expectations, duration, and purpose of treatment. The other statements do not attempt this clarity about the nature and structure of the helping relationship.

Answer 50

Correct answer: Disaster mental health Disaster mental health is an area of counseling that requires counselors to have specific skills and training to appropriately address disasters, trauma, and crises. In 2010, the ACA developed a category of programs titled Disaster Mental Health, and CACREP (The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) now includes standards for disaster, trauma, and crisis counseling. Group therapy, couples' counseling, and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) are more long-standing areas of counseling.

Answer 51

Correct answer: Family therapy The treatment of choice for eating disorders appears to be family therapy; this may be due to the context that involving the family provides, as well as giving the chance for body-image beliefs and expectations to be explicitly addressed. Other modalities may also be effective, such as individual therapy, with or without medication.

Answer 52

Correct answer: Lazarus' multimodal therapy Arnold Lazarus' multimodal therapy is an eclectic approach based on behaviorism. There are seven interactive modalities used in multimodal therapy, which can be remembered by using the acronym BASIC ID. These include Behaviors (B), Affective responses (A), Sensations (S), Images (I), Cognitions (C), Interpersonal relationships (I), and Drugs and biology (D). Counselors operating from this approach typically use anxiety-management techniques, biofeedback, relaxation training, and other behaviorally based interventions.

Answer 53

Correct answer: Similarity between counselor and client does not necessarily produce a better therapeutic relationship Although more research is needed, a similarity between a counselor and a client does not necessarily produce a better therapeutic relationship. The research does not suggest that the effectiveness of therapy or satisfaction with therapy overall is a function of similarity in these areas.

Answer 54

Correct answer: The counselor should explore possible reasons the client may feel uncomfortable receiving cybercounseling rather than meeting with the counselor in person Cybercounseling includes web counseling, e-counseling, and telephone counseling and can consist of live or video chat as well as email. This option may be appealing to those who have physical disabilities, transportation issues, or agoraphobia. There are many ethical issues to consider, however, including security of communications, the possibility of impostors, records maintenance, and crisis contacts. Some clients have difficulty building trust and remaining transparent with cybercounseling, so if counselors feel this is a barrier it should be explored in counseling sessions. In the situation in question, the counselor should directly bring up her concerns with the client, as it may be productive content to discuss during the session.

Answer 55

Correct answer: Counselors have a wide range of interests and areas of competence Counseling encompasses a wide range of interests and competencies, sometimes making it difficult for counselors to establish a collective identity. In addition, the scope of counseling changes often due to state laws and the changing nature of cultural expectations and norms.

Answer 56

Correct answer: Following diagnosis and case conceptualization Treatment planning is meant to provide a therapeutic roadmap with which to address a patient's presenting needs. It generally takes place following a diagnosis and case conceptualization, when enough information about the client and their needs is present with which to make a plan to help them. Treatment planning does not take place at admission or intake, nor does it take place at the end of an episode of care.

Answer 57

Correct answer: Individuals who have had painful and traumatic experiences Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is used to help a client access painful and traumatic memories through eye movements similar to those in REM sleep cycles. There is a growing base of evidence-based research that EMDR can have positive results for those who have had traumatic experiences.

Answer 58

Correct answer: Remind the man that the counselor has obligations to the entire family, and work with him on finding a way to talk with his wife about the affair At times, ethical dilemmas can arise in family counseling. Before starting therapy with a family, the counselor should explain the limits of confidentiality with all family members and address ways that secrets will be handled should they arise. The counselor in this question is considering the effects of the counseling relationship on all family members, and is willing to support the man as he tells his wife about the affair.

Answer 59

Correct answer: Medication Often, mental health practitioners must plan care with the practices of the insurance and managed care apparatus in mind. These entities tend to advocate medication as the first line of treatment, over elements like therapy and health counseling.

Answer 60

Historically, intellectual assessments consistently found differences between cultural and racial groups. What is the best explanation for these differences? Cognitive assessments were rarely given to minorities Men were smarter and better educated than women Assessment instruments were targeted to favor Whites Correct answer: Assessment instruments were targeted to favor Whites Historically, intellectual assessments indicated that Whites had higher cognitive abilities than other racial and ethnic groups. However, more recent research demonstrates that differences between cultural and racial groups on cognitive and intellectual evaluations are most often a function of the assessment instruments themselves, which were targeted (often unintentionally) to favor Whites. Reference: Study Guide for the National Counselor Exam and CPCE, 9th Edition. Pg 65. Blacks were less sophisticated and savvy than other racial groups

Answer 61

Correct answer: The nonverbal message will be believed and the verbal message will be minimized Counselors serve their clients well by paying attention to the verbal and nonverbal messages their clients send, because nonverbal communication often communicates messages more clearly than verbal communication. For example, a counselor may be able to detect whether a client is lying based on the client's lack of eye contact and other nonverbal cues.

Answer 62

Correct answer: Wait until the client's next session to thank her for the invitation, then talk about the pros and cons of the counselor attending the ceremony In many situations, counselors may feel that attending any event for the client will negatively impact the counselor-client relationship. However, this depends on the nature of the relationship, the client's motives, and whether the counselor believes that her attendance will enhance or impede her relationship with the client. The counselor should invite the client to speak openly with her about the reason she was invited to the ceremony and, together with the client, weigh the pros and cons of the counselor attending the ceremony.

Answer 63

Correct answer: Assimilation Assimilation refers to the phenomenon of a person with a particular cultural background losing his or her own original values and behaviors due to being absorbed into the dominant group. Assimilation occurs often in families with children, because the children are more readily exposed to and influenced by the majority culture than their parents. This can create conflict within the family system. Acculturation is the extent to which a person with a particular cultural background incorporates the values and beliefs of the dominant culture (rather than becoming completely absorbed by the dominant culture).

Answer 64

Correct answer: emotional cutoff Emotional cutoff occurs when an individual deals with conflict by reducing contact with the other person. Rather than encouraging communication and repairing the relationship with her daughter, the mother is prohibiting any discussion or processing of feelings. This can easily lead to feelings of isolation between family members and difficulty expressing emotions with each other.

Answer 65

Correct answer: white privilege White privilege refers to the perception that many White individuals have that their lives are average and ideal. There are numerous advantages and entitlements that Whites experience, particularly White males, and these are often dismissed as part of the typical human experience.

Answer 66

Correct answer: By 3000, all minority groups combined will be larger than the non-Hispanic White population The demographic profile of the United States is quickly and constantly changing. By 2050 (not 3000), all minority groups combined will be larger than the non-Hispanic White population. Currently, over 20 percent of the U.S. population speaks Spanish or other non-English language at home, over 14.5 percent of the U.S. population is over age 65, and the median age in the U.S. is about 37.8 (the oldest ever).

Answer 67

Why might group counseling be particularly helpful for men? It can provide emotional support for men who suffer from discrimination It can provide a way for men to challenge each other's defenses and denials Correct answer: It can provide a way for men to challenge each other's defenses and denials Generally, men in counseling are goal-oriented and focused on cognitive processes. Groups can be helpful for men in counseling as a way for them to build community around a particular issue, and as a way for them to challenge each other's defenses and denials. While groups may be able to provide support to members who suffer from discrimination, this issue is not exclusive to men. Men typically process problems cognitively, and groups can help them learn to integrate an affective component as well. As stated above, one goal of men's groups is to decrease the use of defense mechanisms. Reference: Study Guide for the National Counselor Exam and CPCE, 9th Edition. Pg 73. It can help increase the ability of men to use defense mechanisms It can help men process problems cognitively rather than emotionally

Answer 68

Correct answer: Decreased tax benefits for being married Over the past few decades, marriage rates have decreased for several reasons. More couples are now cohabiting instead of or before getting married. Cohabitation also leads to increased age of first marriage and a higher number of children born out of wedlock. Currently, over 40 percent of all children are born to unmarried women. There are still tax benefits for couples who are married.

Answer 69

Correct answer: The counselor's solutions may not be consistent with multicultural clients' beliefs Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on the client's beliefs and aims to correct unhelpful and inaccurate thoughts. This type of counseling may appeal to multicultural clients because it is often short-term and solution-oriented, and is active and directive. However, the counselor must be careful to understand the client's world before correcting the client's thoughts, since the counselor's solutions may not be consistent with particular multicultural clients' beliefs.

Answer 70

Correct answer: The counselor should focus on the man's cognitive processes and help him establish concrete goals to address Society generally expects men to be emotionally stoic, competitive, and physically active. Men are less likely than women to seek out counseling, and those in counseling are more likely to address their problems using cognitive rather than emotional processes. In counseling, men are typically more goal-oriented than women, though they can work with counselors to develop affective skills and improved communication.

Answer 71

Correct answer: Through attachment and disciplinary styles Development is influenced by many different social factors, including parents, peers, and television and other media. How securely an individual is attached to his or her parents or caregivers greatly impacts his or her future relationships. Parenting and disciplinary styles, such as being authoritarian or permissive, also have a significant influence on individuals' development. For example, a person who was physically abused and experienced an insecure attachment to his parents may have difficulty trusting others and may struggle to parent his own children in a healthy way.

Answer 72

Correct answer: Self-fulfilling prophecy A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when individuals are expected to act a certain way, so circumstances are arranged that make it likely that those outcomes will occur. This frequently occurs in school settings, particularly along racial lines. In this example, the teacher believed that her African-American male students would struggle academically and behaviorally, so she placed them in the lowest skill groups and most likely punished more of their behaviors than she did the White students'. Due partly to her own actions, the teacher's expectations were met and her beliefs confirmed.

Answer 73

Correct answer: Address her concerns with the family This counselor is worried that she is not experienced enough working with members of the Vietnamese culture to be able to competently address the family's concerns. However, the counselor does not know how assimilated the family is into American culture, so she should have an open and honest conversation with the parents to let them know her concerns. The counselor can gather further information to make a more well-informed decision about whether a different professional would be better able to help the boy and his family.

Answer 74

Correct answer: Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options open Generation Xers were born between 1965 and 1976 and are also called the "baby busters." This generation is typically characterized by wanting the facts and the right answers, wanting exciting jobs, seeking stimulation, and keeping options open. Generation X was followed by Generation Y, or the Millennial Generation, which is multiculturally inclusive, self-confident, goal-oriented, and civic-minded.

Answer 75

Correct answer: children with handicaps who attend public schools must be placed in the most restrictive environment The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA) is meant to give protection to children with disabilities in the public school system. IDEA requires that all children between three and 21 be given free public education, children with handicaps who attend public school must be given an IEP (Individualized Education Plan), and children with disabilities who attend private schools are eligible for special education services. IDEA aimed to place children with handicaps in the least, not most, restrictive environments possible.

Answer 76

Correct answer: The participant is too critical of his or her own performance The Masters and Johnson approach was based on the belief that many people are too critical of their own sexual performance, leading to dysfunction. Therefore, their approach was to implement strategies to change the self-evaluation taking place.

Answer 77

Correct answer: All states have had at least one openly LGBT state official in recent years Though lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons face frequent and pervasive discrimination in our society, the last decade has resulted in some progress related to the LGBT population. All states have had at least one openly LGBT state official, and there are a few openly LGBT elected national officials as well. Of all Americans, 3.5% (not 25%) identify as LGBT. Almost all Fortune 500 companies (91%) protect workers based on sexual orientation, and in 2013 the United States Supreme Court declared that no state is allowed to ban same-sex marriage. Despite this progress, LGBT persons live in an often-hostile world and are forced to navigate many negative interactions due to discrimination.

Answer 78

Correct answer: Ongoing oppression In terms of multicultural clients, counselors have many responsibilities. In an article published in the Journal of Counseling and Development, Hanna and Cardona write that counselors who work cross-culturally should focus on freeing the client from ongoing oppression by using a variety of techniques. Hanna and Cardona believe that if clients do not release the pain and anger associated with oppression, they will not be able to achieve freedom.

Answer 79

Correct answer: About 30% of children and young adults are androgynous Androgyny refers to the existence of both male and female physical characteristics, and some counselors provide androgynous counseling to help clients uncover both male and female characteristics on emotional and psychological levels. Sandra Bem's Sex-Role Inventory found that about 30 percent of children and college students are androgynous.

Answer 80

Correct answer: Women are more likely to successfully complete counseling than men Women and men in the United States have very different experiences due to socialization, and counselors should be well informed about the ways society intersects with gender. Men and women differ in their emotional development, the ways they interact, and their communication patterns, though traditional personality and development theories focus only on men. Women, however, are more likely than men to seek out counseling, are generally more emotionally expressive than men, and are more susceptible to depression than men. There is no substantial research to indicate that women are more likely than men to actually complete counseling.

Answer 81

Correct answer: Multicultural clients typically have traumatic and impressionable childhood experiences Psychoanalytical counseling is often appealing to multicultural clients because of the strong focus on family dynamics and, for some, the formality of the therapist, which may appeal to the client's expectation of professional distance. Psychoanalysis also emphasizes conceptual relativity and a lack of assumption, which may appeal to multicultural clients as well. While some multicultural clients have childhood trauma, this certainly does not apply to all or even most of these clients.

Answer 82

Correct answer: Three It is important for counselors working with children to be aware of typical developmental milestones. Most children develop a sense of being male or female by the age of three. The counselor should explain the concept of gender identity to the parents in this situation and assure them that their child is most likely developing normally.

Answer 83

Correct answer: cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance refers to the discord individuals feel when they hold inconsistent beliefs or attitudes, or when their behaviors are inconsistent with their beliefs or values. Typically, cognitive dissonance is a source of motivation for seeking to reduce stress. In this example, the cognitive dissonance the husband feels is due to having been disloyal to his wife while holding the belief that loyalty and honesty are of supreme importance in marriage. If the husband had not been experiencing such intense dissonance, he may have refrained from telling his wife and continued with the adulterous relationship. Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards (such as feelings about ourselves) rather than external rewards (such as praise from others). Attribution theories are models that attempt to explain the causes of behavior and events. Familism refers to the value held by many cultures that prioritizes the role of families in individuals' lives.

Answer 84

Correct answer: The girl is feeling somewhat relieved that she has made a decision to kill herself Teenage suicide is a widespread public health problem; it is the third-leading cause of death among ten to 24-year-olds. Counselors should be aware of warning signs, which include depression, giving away valuable possessions, talking about suicide, and having a plan and a means to commit suicide. Often, these individuals feel a temporary sense of relief and a boost in mood after making the decision to kill themselves.

Answer 85

Correct answer: A counselor believes that the same strategies will work across client populations Worldviews define how individuals perceive their relationships with other individuals, institutions, objects, and the environment. Our attitudes, values, and beliefs make up our worldviews and affect how we interact with others, the decisions we make, how we interpret events, and how we behave. An etic worldview refers to the belief that there is a global understanding of humanity that can be applied to all individuals. A counselor who believes that the same strategies will work across client populations is operating from an etic worldview. An emic worldview can be described as looking at the culture from the inside.

Answer 86

Correct answer: To justify counselors' activities to populations served and to sources of funding Program accountability is an important concept for counselors to understand, as it justifies their activities to populations served and to the sources of funding. Program accountability is not concerned with increasing counselors' skills or providing supervision. It does require counselors to be held accountable for their financial decisions, but the greater purpose of accountability is concerned with ensuring populations are effectively and fairly served.

Answer 87

Correct answer: Desirable and undesirable The YAVIS and QUOID acronyms were coined by University of Minnesota professor William Schofield in his 1964 book Psychotherapy: The Purchase of Friendship in which he claimed to have demonstrated that mental health professionals often have a positive bias towards clients exhibiting the YAVIS traits. YAVIS refers to desirable clients and stands for Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, and Successful. QUOID stands for Quiet, Ugly, Old, Indigent, and Dissimilar. Counselors tend to want to work with clients with whom they can achieve success, and the YAVIS characteristics typically lend themselves toward a better prognosis in therapy.

Answer 88

Correct answer: Clients should be examined outside of their sociocultural environments Counselors operating from a feminist therapy approach believe that gender is central to the therapeutic process, that women should be empowered, and that counselors should acknowledge the significance of the role of sociocultural influences. Clients should be seen in the context of their sociocultural environments rather than separate from those influences. Feminist therapists also believe that all clients are experts on themselves and their own experiences, that therapy can transform society as well as individuals, and that maladaptive symptoms are often types of survival strategies.

Answer 89

Correct answer: The stages negate the importance of the person feeling angry about their illness Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is known for her research and development of the five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Traditionally, therapists believed that all grief moves chronologically through these stages, but recent research shows that most people skip or come back to stages throughout the process of grieving. Criticisms include the assertion that the stages do not adequately represent the complexity of the dying person's feelings and that the stages do not take into consideration the fact that feelings can be recurring.

Answer 90

Correct answer: It is defined as intentionally malicious Prejudice is a preconceived judgment or opinion about an individual or group of people that may be positive or negative. It is often not intentionally malicious.

Answer 91

Correct answer: Carl Rogers Carl Rogers is known for his focus on empathy, respect, and genuineness. Rogers believed that these components are incredibly important when building the relationship between counselor and client, and without these qualities the helping relationship is not likely to succeed.

Answer 92

Correct answer: Carl Rogers Carl Rogers is known for his focus on empathy, respect, and genuineness. Rogers believed that these components are incredibly important when building the relationship between counselor and client, and without these qualities the helping relationship is not likely to succeed.

Answer 93

Correct answer: Overweight Child maltreatment can refer to physical, emotional, psychological, or sexual abuse as well as neglect. Those children who are most at-risk come from families under significant stress, such as single-parent families and those with few resources. Children who have ADHD or are otherwise hyperactive, irritable, ill, premature, or defiant are at greater risk, as are those from families who believe in physical punishment. Simply being overweight does not mean that a child is at a greater risk of being abused.

Answer 94

Correct answer: Writing poetry in a journal because it is enjoyable There are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation refers to the internal desire to be competent and to engage in a behavior simply because it is personally rewarding. When individuals are intrinsically motivated, they do something to bring themselves internal satisfaction or pleasure. Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to do something because of external rewards (or not do it because of lack of rewards). Salary, allowance, and community service credits are all examples of extrinsic rewards.

Answer 95

Correct answer: Writing poetry in a journal because it is enjoyable There are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation refers to the internal desire to be competent and to engage in a behavior simply because it is personally rewarding. When individuals are intrinsically motivated, they do something to bring themselves internal satisfaction or pleasure. Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to do something because of external rewards (or not do it because of lack of rewards). Salary, allowance, and community service credits are all examples of extrinsic rewards.

Answer 96

Correct answer: An individual who identifies as Christian believes anyone who argues with his theology is wrong and uncivilized Cultural encapsulation occurs when an individual holds a narrow viewpoint and refuses to take other perspectives or viewpoints into consideration. This often leads to stereotyping of other people who come from different backgrounds.

Answer 97

Correct answer: ageism Ageism is prejudice against someone based on their age. In this example, by refusing to consider anyone outside of a narrow age window, the college is discriminating against potential applicants. Nationalism is prejudice against non-natives in a country, classism is prejudice against an individual based on socioeconomic status, and ableism is prejudice against someone with handicaps or disabilities.

Answer 98

Correct answer: Avoid encouraging families to analyze their beliefs about gender roles It is important for family counselors to recognize that there are many social, cultural, and political factors that influence the treatment of men and women in our society, and that gender-sensitive family counseling is essential in many types of clinical situations. As family counselors attempt to be sensitive toward family members' perceptions of gender roles, they should identify the strengths and needs of both men and women in the family and help the family identify the roles of men and women in families. The counselor should also recognize their own preconceptions and beliefs about gender roles in families, and should encourage (rather than avoid encouraging) families to analyze their own beliefs about gender roles.

Answer 99

Correct answer: Humanistic life outlook The humanistic life outlook, based on the humanistic perspective, focuses on the positive aspects of human behavior. This approach to therapy and counseling gained popularity in the mid-20th century and emphasizes the client's ability to reach self-actualization. It is formed by a combination of formal education about various topics, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs; observational learning experiences, which can help build empathy and understanding; and interpersonal interactions.

Answer 100

Correct answer: Anxiety Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is known for her research and development of the five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Traditionally, therapists believed that all grief moves chronologically through these stages, but recent research shows that most people skip or come back to stages throughout the process of grieving.

Answer 101

Correct answer: The increasing older population Disabilities significantly impair an individual in one or more life areas, including hygiene tasks, employment, walking, and hearing. Due to longer life expectancy and the baby boom generation, there is an increasing older population. This explains why, in 2010, there were over 56 million Americans with disabilities, and this number is only expected to increase.

Answer 102

Correct answer: The increasing older population Disabilities significantly impair an individual in one or more life areas, including hygiene tasks, employment, walking, and hearing. Due to longer life expectancy and the baby boom generation, there is an increasing older population. This explains why, in 2010, there were over 56 million Americans with disabilities, and this number is only expected to increase.

Answer 103

Correct answer: The relationship between counselor and client Though there are many evidence-based approaches that counselors use to help clients, the most important factor in determining whether counseling will be successful is the relationship between counselor and client. The four key elements in building this helping relationship are human relations (empathy, respect, and genuineness), social influence (competence, power, and intimacy), skills, and theory.

Answer 104

Correct answer: The relationship between counselor and client Though there are many evidence-based approaches that counselors use to help clients, the most important factor in determining whether counseling will be successful is the relationship between counselor and client. The four key elements in building this helping relationship are human relations (empathy, respect, and genuineness), social influence (competence, power, and intimacy), skills, and theory.

Answer 105

Correct answer: Share more personal information with multicultural clients than they might with white clients Multicultural counseling aims to pay close attention to (and provide interventions that are in accordance with) the client's cultural beliefs, norms, and values. In order to be most effective with multicultural clients, counselors may need to be more deliberate about forming a positive rapport with the client by engaging in more small talk and sharing more personal information than they might with white clients.

Answer 106

Correct answer: An individual with a broken leg is confined to a wheelchair and is unable to access her place of employment because there is no entrance ramp It is important for counselors to understand the difference between a disability and a handicap. Disabilities refer to physical or mental limitations, such as developmental delays or medical conditions. Handicaps exist only if the disability affects the individual's functioning in one or more of life's major roles because of a barrier. In this question, the person with the broken leg has a handicap that keeps them from going to work. The individuals in the remaining answer options are able to succeed despite having a variety of disabilities.

Answer 107

A counselor is meeting with an older client, age 80, for the first time. The client lost her husband about 15 years ago and in the past year has begun having symptoms of depression, including sleeplessness and irritability. Which of the following is the most helpful goal the counselor can help the client work toward? Examine the origins of the client's depression, such as childhood trauma Build a positive attitude toward the client's self-worth Correct answer: Build a positive attitude toward the client's self-worth Typical issues faced by older adults include the loss or illness of a spouse, increased leisure time, changing family roles, and physical changes. In this situation, the most helpful thing the counselor can do is help the client build and maintain a positive attitude toward her own worth and dignity. The question does not indicate that there are issues of unresolved grief or that the client's symptoms are directly related to the death of her husband. Though the counselor may wish to discover how much natural support this client has, there is no indication in the question that that is an appropriate goal. For an 80-year-old client, assisting in dealing with specific and immediate problems would be more helpful than examining the origins of the depression.

Answer 108

Correct answer: Build a positive attitude toward the client's self-worth Typical issues faced by older adults include the loss or illness of a spouse, increased leisure time, changing family roles, and physical changes. In this situation, the most helpful thing the counselor can do is help the client build and maintain a positive attitude toward her own worth and dignity. The question does not indicate that there are issues of unresolved grief or that the client's symptoms are directly related to the death of her husband. Though the counselor may wish to discover how much natural support this client has, there is no indication in the question that that is an appropriate goal. For an 80-year-old client, assisting in dealing with specific and immediate problems would be more helpful than examining the origins of the depression.

Answer 109

Correct answer: An elementary-aged child of a single parent living in a poor neighborhood Child maltreatment can refer to physical, emotional, psychological, or sexual abuse as well as neglect. Those children who are most at risk come from families under significant stress, such as single-parent families and those with few financial resources. While children who have ADHD or are otherwise hyperactive, irritable, ill, or defiant are at greater risk of child maltreatment, the risk is drastically reduced when symptoms are well-managed by medication. As stated above, lower-income families are at greater risk of child maltreatment than middle-class families, and families with two caregivers are less likely to engage in child maltreatment than those with a single parent.

Answer 110

Correct answer: "Jim, I see that you just rolled your eyes and turned away from the group. Could you share with us what you're thinking right now?" When leading groups, counselors should be aware of various group dynamics taking place and ways to handle negative and destructive behaviors within the group. In this situation, the counselor gently makes note of Jim's behavior and nonjudgmentally invites him to share his thoughts with the group.

Answer 111

Correct answer: Race refers to biological differences, and ethnicity refers to customs of a group, often based on region or culture Race refers to biological differences, such as physical features, that people use to differentiate minority and majority groups. Ethnicity refers to the language, practices, and beliefs of a group of people. Ethnicity is usually regionally or culturally based, whereas individuals of the same race may live in separate areas of the world and have drastically different cultural experiences.

Answer 112

Correct answer: Ask the family questions about their cultural values and beliefs in order to know how to best effect change Counselors working with clients from other races and/or cultures should not make assumptions about the clients' beliefs, values, norms, or opinions. The counselor should make sure to ask questions about the family in the initial part of the assessment in order to begin to understand how to best effect change. It is not impossible for a White counselor to have a therapeutic relationship with a Hispanic family as long as the counselor is culturally sensitive and open to learning more about the family's values and beliefs.

Answer 113

Correct answer: cultural encapsulation Gilbert Wrenn coined the term "cultural encapsulation" to refer to the tendency to disregard differences between cultures and individuals, the use of stereotypes in attempting to understand the world, and the implementation of only one type of technique with all counseling clients. Cultural encapsulation can severely limit the counselor's effectiveness in effecting change, in understanding and joining with the client, and in developing his or her own self-awareness over time.

Answer 114

Correct answer: Integrative awareness The racial/cultural identity development model refers to a conceptual framework that helps counselors better understand clients who are of different cultures. There are five stages of development for individuals in the minority race or culture: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant and minority cultures.

Answer 115

Correct answer: The older child will likely become more dependent on the father Alfred Adler is known for his theory of how birth order can affect children throughout the lifespan. According to Adler, following the birth of a second child the older sibling will likely seek comfort from the father. The oldest child can become perfectionist and authoritative, yet can learn to bear responsibility and be helpful to others.

Answer 116

Correct answer: Ensure the man that she is accepting of all clients, no matter their orientation, and if this is an issue he would like to bring up in counseling she is receptive to it Counselors should be aware of the discrimination and stereotypes that gay, lesbian, transgendered, and bisexual clients often face in society. By critically examining their own beliefs and limitations, counselors can better serve LGBT clients and can help them achieve their goals. Counselors should always let clients know they are accepting of all sexual orientations and should directly encourage clients to talk openly about their concerns.

Answer 117

Correct answer: The degree to which a client is attached to and identifies with his or her family Familism refers to the degree to which a client identifies with his or her family system. Cultures high in familism, such as Hispanic culture, encourage individuals to remain strongly attached and loyal to their families. Counselors should be aware that individuals belonging to these cultures may be more sensitive to criticism of family members as well as suggestions that the family's interactions and dynamics may be contributing to the presenting problem.

Answer 118

Correct answer: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) There are various tests which assist in the field of career counseling, and these are broken out into various types depending on how they help a career search. The Minnesota Importance Questionnaire is a test of values related to work, while the Self Directed Search (SDS) and the O*Net Interest Profiler are considered assessments of career interest. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a test of personality used in career counseling and in general psychotherapy.

Answer 119

Correct answer: "Why do you think he did that?" Robert Carkhuff developed a 5-point scale for rating counselors' responses depending on how empathic the responses are, with Level 1 responses not attending to the client's affect at all and Level 5 responses adding significantly to the client's affect and meaning. "Why do you think he did that?" is a Level 1 response, as it fails to address the client's affect and focuses only on the content by asking a blunt question about the client's father's behavior. "You look like this bothers you for some reason" is a Level 2 response because it subtracts from the client's affect. "You look very worried when thinking about your dad's unpredictability" is a Level 3 response, as it can be interchangeable with the client's affect and content. The best response would be, "Your uncertainty about your dad's reactions to you and your siblings has contributed to your anxiety today and why you might feel so afraid of getting into a serious relationship with someone." This is a Level 4 or 5 response as it adds to the client's affect and meanings.

Answer 120

Correct answer: Carkhuff Robert Carkhuff is known for his contributions in the counseling field to the topics of empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. Carkhuff developed a five-point scale for rating counselors' responses depending on how empathetic the responses are, with Level 1 responses not attending to the client's affect at all, and Level 5 responses adding significantly to the client's affect and meaning.

Answer 121

Correct answer: The direction in which a client crosses her legs There are many types of communication that counselors pay attention to: verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and paralanguage. Verbal communication refers simply to the words that people say and the content of their conversations. Nonverbal communication includes body language and other cues that sometimes contradict verbal messages. Paralanguage refers to vocal cues such as inflections, tones of voice, silences, hesitations, etc., rather than the content of discussions.

Answer 122

Correct answer: A married man and woman and their children There are many different ideas about what defines a family based on one's culture, ethnicity, and personal values. Historically, the family unit in the United States was defined as what is known as a nuclear family: a married heterosexual couple and their children. A more updated, inclusive definition of family is any small group of people who are related by blood or voluntarily choose to share their lives with each other.

Answer 123

Correct answer: Authoritativeness According to Strong's social influence model of counseling, the client may view the counselor as being the expert, in that the counselor has a special set of skills and experience; attractive, in that the client wants to gain the counselor's approval; and trustworthy, in that the counselor is seen as caring and wanting to help. The counselor is generally not seen as authoritative, which refers to the right to exercise power over someone else.

Answer 124

Correct answer: An approach to counseling that acknowledges the importance of feelings, thoughts, behaviors, cultural experiences, and societal influences, then applies those that are most relevant to the client(s) Counselors should deliberately seek out training programs that provide competencies in cross-cultural counseling. These courses should include consciousness-raising, affective, knowledge, and skills components as well as systematic eclecticism, an approach to counseling that acknowledges the importance of feelings, thoughts, behaviors, cultural experiences, and societal influences and then chooses which of these is most relevant to the client(s).

Answer 125

Correct answer: cultural pluralism Cultural pluralism refers to the large categories of people who may have special needs or concerns, such as women, gays and lesbians, children, racial groups, single-parent families, and many others. Counselors should remain sensitive to the unique needs of each of these groups when seeing clients for individual, family, or group counseling.

Answer 126

Correct answer: Countertransference In cross-cultural counseling, in which the counselor and client(s) are of different races, ethnicities, or cultures, several concepts should be examined. One of these is countertransference, in which the counselor experiences feelings toward the client(s) that can be attributed to the cultural dynamic. For example, an African-American counselor may feel resentful or angry towards a white client due to the historical context of discrimination and oppression that has existed in American society. If this occurs, the counselor should consult with peers or a supervisor to become more self-aware and find ways to address his concerns without harming the relationship with the client.

Answer 127

Correct answer: Some intellectual decline into a person's late 70s is inevitable Older adults have unique physical, emotional, and psychological needs and characteristics. While ten percent of older adults have depression and/or other forms of mental illness, few older adults receive mental health services due to stigma and financial circumstances. By age 60, or 70, most older adults have a physical impairment, though most personality traits remain stable into late adulthood. Intellectual decline into a person's 70s is possible but not inevitable.

Answer 128

Correct answer: Perform a risk assessment Any individual who threatens to kill himself or herself should be taken seriously, even if those close to the individual do not think he or she would actually follow through. The counselor should certainly tell the student's parents about the suicidal statement and arrange a meeting between the student and teacher to discuss the incident. However, before doing anything else, the counselor should perform a risk assessment to determine whether there is imminent danger to the student. If the counselor determines that the student is actively suicidal, then measures should be taken to ensure his safety, such as hospitalization.

Answer 129

Correct answer: Intellectual functioning is usually not impaired There are many differences between older and younger workers, though older workers do not tend to have impaired intellectual functioning and do tend to have higher job satisfaction. Older workers have longer unemployment periods than younger workers, there is typically a decline on speeded tasks, and there is an increasing need for security and affiliation.

Answer 130

Correct answer: differentiation of self It is normal for adolescents to have interests, values, and beliefs that are different from those of their parents. This is necessary in order to have a healthy differentiation of self, which refers to how much a person's beliefs differ from those of their family's beliefs. An individual with weak differentiation of self requires approval and acceptance from others in order to function, while someone with a strong differentiation of self is typically confident and sensible.

Answer 131

Correct answer: Justifying one's own actions in relation to others' behaviors Assertiveness training is a popular intervention used to empower individuals to stand up for themselves without undermining or denying others' rights. Assertiveness training helps individuals learn how to make their opinions and feelings known without becoming aggressive toward others, and it promotes expression of both positive and negative emotions. Assertiveness training does not promote the justification of one's own actions in relation to others' behaviors.

Answer 132

Correct answer: Children from birth through age two The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA) requires that all children between three and 21 be given free public education, that children with handicaps attending public school must be given an IEP (Individualized Education Plan), that children with disabilities who attend private schools be eligible for special education services, and that children with handicaps be placed in the least restrictive environments possible. If a state meets the requirements of the law, IDEA also provides additional funds to serve eligible children from birth to age two.

Answer 133

Correct answer: "Since this is such a small town and I don't want you to find yourself in an uncomfortable position, let's schedule a time to sit down and talk about the possible issues that might come up if I do see her." Typically, it is not recommended that a counselor agree to engage in a professional therapeutic relationship with a client the counselor knows in another role. However, sometimes these relationships cannot be avoided due to logistics such as location, accessibility, insurance requirements, and other factors. The best way for the counselor to approach this situation is to invite the parent to have a dialogue about the issues that may come up should the counselor begin to see her daughter.

Answer 134

Correct answer: reflection Reflection refers to the technique of repeating back to the client what he or she has said, but stressing the client's emotional and/or affective experiences. This counselor is emphasizing the client's feelings of frustration and discomfort while also helping the client to feel heard. Restatement is similar to reflection in that it consists of repeating back to the client what he or she just said, but emphasizes the cognitive rather than the emotional message. Congruence refers to either how authentically the counselor is communicating with the client, or how well the client's behaviors and beliefs match. Confrontation occurs when the counselor identifies differences between the client's verbal and nonverbal actions.

Answer 135

Correct answer: American Indian and Alaska Native teens are more at risk than White or African-American teens Teenage suicide is a widespread public health problem; it is the third-leading cause of death among ten to 24-year-olds. At greatest risk of suicide in this age group are American Indian and Alaska Native youth. Girls do tend to attempt suicide more often than boys, but boys are more successful and commit 80 percent of suicides. Though about 4,500 adolescents kill themselves every year, this rate has declined in recent years.

Answer 136

Correct answer: A counselor expects clients to adhere to weekly 50-minute sessions Class-bound values refer to characteristics that are more closely tied to social class than other factors. These can include the adherence to a 50-minute session, rather than allotting as much or as little time as the client needs; an unstructured approach to problems; and the seeking of long-range goals. Culture-bound values, by contrast, refer to the degree of openness and intimacy expressed during counseling sessions, the communication patterns that are defined within the session, and the emphasis on verbal and emotional expressiveness.

Answer 137

Correct answer: Prejudice Prejudice refers to any preconceived judgments or opinions without sufficient knowledge, such as assuming that an individual is disrespectful and unmotivated based simply on his race and criminal background. Prejudice can be positive, but most often it is thought of as a negative phenomenon.

Answer 138

Correct answer: Resistance and immersion The racial/cultural identity development model refers to a conceptual framework that helps counselors better understand clients who are of different cultures. There are five stages of development for individuals in the minority race or culture. The first stage, conformity, is characterized by identification with the majority. The second stage, dissonance, is when the individual's self-concept is challenged and there is a conflict between appreciation and depreciation of self. The third stage, resistance and immersion, is when the individual rejects the majority and accepts the minority views. The fourth stage, introspection, follows the intense emotions of the resistance and immersion stage and is more focused on self-appreciation. The final stage, integrative awareness, occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant and minority cultures.

Answer 139

Correct answer: An individual who identifies as Christian believes anyone who argues with his theology is wrong and uncivilized Cultural encapsulation occurs when an individual holds a narrow viewpoint and refuses to take other perspectives or viewpoints into consideration. This often leads to stereotyping of other people who come from different backgrounds.

Answer 140

Correct answer: An individual with a broken leg is confined to a wheelchair and is unable to access her place of employment because there is no entrance ramp It is important for counselors to understand the difference between a disability and a handicap. Disabilities refer to physical or mental limitations, such as developmental delays or medical conditions. Handicaps exist only if the disability affects the individual's functioning in one or more of life's major roles because of a barrier. In this question, the person with the broken leg has a handicap that keeps them from going to work. The individuals in the remaining answer options are able to succeed despite having a variety of disabilities.

Answer 141

Correct answer: although Whites experience societal forces, they do not often experience introspection or dissonance The racial/cultural identity development model refers to a conceptual framework that helps counselors better understand clients who are of different cultures. There are five stages of development for individuals in the minority race or culture: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. Whites may also go through similar development because they are not immune to societal beliefs such as racist attitudes and poor treatment of minorities. Whites can go through the same stages as members of a minority culture, culminating in the final stage when they solidify a non-racist identity.

Answer 142

Correct answer: The relationship between counselor and client Though there are many evidence-based approaches that counselors use to help clients, the most important factor in determining whether counseling will be successful is the relationship between counselor and client. The four key elements in building this helping relationship are human relations (empathy, respect, and genuineness), social influence (competence, power, and intimacy), skills, and theory.

Answer 143

Correct answer: Share more personal information with multicultural clients than they might with white clients Multicultural counseling aims to pay close attention to (and provide interventions that are in accordance with) the client's cultural beliefs, norms, and values. In order to be most effective with multicultural clients, counselors may need to be more deliberate about forming a positive rapport with the client by engaging in more small talk and sharing more personal information than they might with white clients.

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