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Flashcards in Poisoning of the CNS Deck (25)
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1
Q

True Alkaloids - Groups

A

1) Tropane Alkaloids
2) Isoquinoline Alkaloids
3) Piperidine Alkaloids

2
Q

Terpenoids - Groups

A

1) Diterpene derivatives
2) Triterpenoid derivatives (steroidal compounds)
3) Triterpenoid derivatives (non-steroidal compounds)

3
Q

Thiaminase Enzymes in Plants

A

1) Cleave thiamine (Vitamin B1) molecule
2) Renders them Biologically Inactive
3) Vitamin B1 is essential for many animals (and humans), as they are unable to biosynthesise it
4) Vitamin B1 has a key role in carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism

4
Q

Symptoms and Plants of Thiaminase Enzymes

A

Weakness, decreased production, milk with bluish colour
Enlarged heart, low heart rate
- Field Horsetail

5
Q

Characteristics of Tropane Alkaloids

A

1) A tropane ring
2) Solanaceae
3) 2 types - Solanaceous alkaloids + Coca alkaloids

6
Q

Tropane alkaloids: Mechanism of Action

A

1) Site of action: smooth and cardiac muscle, gland cells, peripheral ganglia and CNS
2) Solanaceous alkaloids = anticholinergics = reducing the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system and promoting sympathetic predominance
3) Symptoms = 30-60 mins
4) Alkaloids = excreted with urine

7
Q

Symptoms of Tropane Alkaloids

A

1) Dry Mouth
2) Dilated Pupils
3) High Heart Rate
4) Rapid Breathing
5) Spasms, seizures, death

8
Q

Plants with Tropane Alkaloids

A

1) Henbane
2) Jimson Weed
3) Deadly Nightshade

9
Q

Characteristics of Isoquinoline Alkaloids

A

1) Papaveraceae

2) NB derivatives = morphine, codeine, papaverine, and rhoeadine

10
Q

Opioids: Mechanism of Action

A

1) Opioids bound to the opioid receptors of neurons
2) Close Ca2+ channels and inhibit Ca2+ ions to enter the neurone
3) Open K+ channels = K+ ion efflux
4) Hyperpolariztion occurs = lees likely to fire
5) Suppression of transmission of pain signals

11
Q

Opioids Symptoms

A

1) Pinpoint pupils
2) Spasms in the stomach and intestinal tract, vomiting
3) Slow and heavy breathing
4) Hallucinations, coma, death

12
Q

Opioid Plants

A

1) Field Poppy

2) Opium Poppy

13
Q

Characteristics of Piperidine Akaloids

A

1) Apiaceae
2) Piperidine Ring biosynthesised from Lysine Amino Acid
3) Most NB derivatives are Coniine, Coniceine, and Lobeline

14
Q

Coniine: Mechanism of Action

A

1) Blocks the Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in the Neuromuscular Junctions - Paralysis

15
Q

Coniine Symptoms

A

1) Trembling, movement disorders
2) Uncontrolled Urination
3) Heart rate: first slow, later high
4) Respiration rate becomes low, respiration laboured, and irregular

16
Q

Coniine Plants

A

Hemlock

17
Q

Terpenoids - Diterpene Derivatives Characteristics

A

1) Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae

2) Major compounds are Aconitine and Taxus alkaloids

18
Q

Aconitine: Mechanism of Action

A

1) Makes the Voltage-Gated Na+ ion channels permanently open
2) High Na+ levels in muscle cells inhibits Na+/Ca2+ exchangers
3) Cell membrane cannot be repolarized - paralysis

19
Q

Aconitine Symptoms

A

1) Sensation of burning
2) Tingling and numbness in the mouth
3) Vomiting
4) Motor weakness; slowing movements
5) Heart and respiration failures - cardiac arrest, death

20
Q

Aconitine Plants

A

Wolfbane

21
Q

Triterpenoid Derivatives (steroidal compounds)

A

1) Liliaceae and Solanaceae

2) Steroidal skeleton bounds to N- heterocyclic rings

22
Q

Solanum Alkaloids: Mechanism of Action

A

1) Acetylcholinesterase enzyme is inhibited by Solanine
2) Na+ channels stay open
3) No new Action Potential
4) No more muscle contractions
5) Paralysis

23
Q

Solanum Alkaloids

A

Black Nightshade

24
Q

Triterpenoid Derivatives (non-steroidal compounds)

A

1) Glycosides forming an amphipathic molecule (a saponin)
2) Pentacyclic molecules
3) Non Taxon- Specific Compounds

25
Q

Plants

A

Corncockle