Poisons and Toxins Flashcards

Question

What allium species are poisonous?

Answer 1

Leeks, onions, shallots, spring onions, garlic and chive

Answer 2

Dogs, cats, sheep, cattle and goats

Answer 3

Organosulphoxides in plants convert to organic sulphur compounds (n-propyl disulphide G6PD) when traumatised which enters erythrocytes and reduces the protective effect of glutathione Mixed sulphide bond forms between Hb and glutathione resulting in Heinz bodies Damaged erythrocytes removed from the circulation inducing anaemia

Answer 4

Signs of haemolysis can be delayed for 1-5 days GI effects (vomiting, inappetance, onion smelling breath) Heinz body anaemia (lethargy, pale MM, tachycardic, tachypnoeic) Haematuria and haemoglobinurea Urine may smell of onions Mild methaemoglobinaemia In severe cases icterus due to haemosiderin in the liver

Answer 5

Not known as seems to vary

Answer 6

Emesis, activated charcoal Monitor haematology, IV fluids High protein diet may promote restoration of glutathione stores Supplement oxygen and oxyglobin may be given in severe cases or a blood transplant

Answer 7

Vitamin K is essential for production of factors II, VII and X which are essential for the production of fibrin Anticoagulants inhibit Vitamin K epoxide reductase so there is a depletion of Vitamin K and therefore a reduction in factors II, VII and X

Answer 8

Rare as clotting factors have long half life so there is a delay between exposure and clinical effects Elevation of clotting or PTT Main effect is haemorrhage but may present with dyspnoea, lethargy, weakness or anorexia Bruising, bleeding from gums, nose, GI tract and wounds

Answer 9

Decontamination if <2 hours previously Blood tests Vitamin K therapy if symptomatic or elevations in PTT

Answer 10

2-5mg/kg IM or SC daily at multiple injection sites until PT normalises Once PT normalised Vitamin K orally for 2-3 weeks 2-5mg/kg in divided doses gradually reducing

Answer 11

``` Full trade name/active ingredient Household or commercial product Lifestyle Concentration % Acute/chronic exposure Amount eaten ```

Answer 12

Metaldehyde Methiocarb Aluminium sulphamate Ferric phosphate

Answer 13

Not fully understood Increase in muscular activity leading to hyperthermia Rapid cellular necrosis and metabolic acidosis

Answer 14

Hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, ataxia, panting, tremors, convulsions, hyperthermia Respiratory and cardiac effects less common

Answer 15

Emetics? Gastric lavage? Activated charcoal | Managements of convulsions using benzodiazepines or propofol CRI

Answer 16

Significant morbidity but low mortality Hypovolaemia and oedema due to increased vasular permeability due to release of mediated histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and prostaglandin Local haemorrhage due to cytolytic and haemolytic factors Cardiac effects due to impaired cirulation and poor perfusion of the myocardium Renal impairment due to hypovolaemic shock

Answer 17

Localised painful swelling Swelling oedema may last days Necrosis is rare

Answer 18

``` Shock, collapse and hypotension Pain, panting, hypersalivation, mental status change, hyperthermia, bruising, pale MM, tachypnoea, lameness Coagulopathy Renal effects Hepatic effects Cardiac effects ```

Answer 19

``` Keep animal still and quiet IVFT Antivenom BP, pulse, respiration, temperature ECG Check for coagulopathy, renal and hepatic parameters ```

Answer 20

Any animal with bite to face or with severe swelling Swelling beyond the next major joint proximal to bite Hypotension unresponsive to IVFT Evidence of coagulopathy Any ECG abnormality

Answer 21

10ml ampoule diluted in 2-3 volumes of isotonic saline by slow IV injection or by IV infusion over 30 minutes

Answer 22

Anaphylactic reactions - urticaria, vomiting, fever and tachycardia. In severe cases hypotension and bronchospasm Serum sickness occurs days later characteristed by fever, urticaria, joint pain and lymphadenopathy

Answer 23

Analgesia Antibiotics Antihistamines Steroids

Poisons and Toxins Flashcards

(47 cards)