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Poli 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

affirmative action

A

policies or programs designed to expand opportunity for minorities and women

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2
Q

agency loss

A

discrepancy from what a principal would ideally like its agent to do and what they actually do

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3
Q

agenda setting

A

the ability to propose a bill

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4
Q

antifederalist

A

opposed ratification of constitution(Jefferson)

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5
Q

articles of confederation

A

Failed because: congress couldnt levy taxes, couldn’t regulate commerce between states, couldn’t support war effort.

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6
Q

attorney general

A

member of cabinet; head of justice department; nation’s prosecutor

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7
Q

Australian secret ballot

A

ballot we still used to. all candidates on single list and filled out privately. got rid of corruption

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8
Q

bicameral

A

legislature composed of two chambers

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9
Q

Brown v. Board

A

separate educational facilities unconstitutional

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10
Q

Bush tax cuts

A

series of temproary income tax relief measures

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11
Q

cabinet secretaries

A

most senior appointed officials of the executive branch

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12
Q

citizens united

A

companies can spend unliimited amounts on campaign finances; advertisements can state who they support

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13
Q

civil law

A

plaintiff(prosecution) is private person or group. Issue regarding legal rights and obligations of citizens to one another.

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14
Q

criminal law

A

prosecution is federal or state government. issue of citizens to obey the law.

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15
Q

closed rule

A

ways bill is to be passed. short debate. no amendments allowed. when congress wants to pass bill quickly.

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16
Q

cloture

A

vote needed in order to stop filibuster.

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17
Q

collective action

A

an action taken by a group of like minded individuals to achieve a common goal

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18
Q

Conference committee

A

draft a compromise bill that both houses can accept

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19
Q

Congressional(Standing) Committees

A

permanent panels made up of members of a chamber. each panel has authority over measures in certain areas of public policy such as healthcare.effective means of managing Congress’s enormous workload and gaining expertise over the range and complexity of subjects with which the federal government deals.

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20
Q

Conservative

A

limited government, private enterprise, free market, large army, associated with republicans

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21
Q

Contribution limits

A

amount of money that can be donated to political candidates

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22
Q

coordination

A

act of organizing a group to achieve a common goal. prerequisite for collective actions

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23
Q

credit claiming

A

When politicians claim responsibilty for positive effects and outcomes in their district

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24
Q

cognitive shortcut

A

shortcuts you develop mentally to make the same decisions you would make with complete information but with lesser information such as the party affiliation of the candidate

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25
Democrat
liberal, support government programs, less money on defense, pro-choice
26
direct democracy
citizens make policy decisions rather than delegating authority to representatives
27
discharge petition
if majority party in house tries to delay voting on a bill, congress can take a vote to bring it to the floor and overrule majority party's attempt to delay it
28
Dissenting opinion
court justice disagreeing opinion with court ruling
29
divided government
one party controls executive branch and one party control one or both houses of legislature
30
Dred Scott v. Sanford(1857)
US Circuit Court didnt have jurisdiction to hear Scott’s suit to declare his and his family’s emancipation, bc African descents (slave and free) were not protected by the Constitution and were not US citizens( later the 14th Amendment superceded this). 2) Federal government had no power to regulate slavery in territory acquired after the creation of the US, bc the Fifth Amendment protects property owners against deprivation of their property without due process of law.
31
dual federalism
system of gov. in which the federal gov. and state govs. each have mutually exclusive spheres of action.
32
Duverger's law
multiple parties form into two parties
33
economic voting
assess politicians performance based on economy
34
executive order
carry the weight of law even though not enacted by Congress. President directs parts of the executive branch to behave in a certain way. But, can be overturned by new president or by Congressional statute.
35
eras of judicial review
courts intrusion into decisions of congress. 1. nation-state authority: founding to civil war - boundaries between state and natl govt. 2. govt reg of economy: civil war to 1937 - relationship btw govt and economy. 3.civil rights and liberties:1938 to present - protection of personal liberties
36
estate tax(inheritance tax)
total of possesion and debts one leaves behind when they die. tax imposed on heir of estate. seen as tax on rich
37
facial competence
voter make judgement on politicians based on facial appearance
38
federalism
system of government where power is divided by a central government and several regional governments.
39
federal reserve system
central banking system. control interest rates, reserve rates, and prints money
40
federalist 10
warning form madison regarding factions
41
federalist 51
checks and balances between branches of government
42
filibuster
delays legislation by 30 hours even when it fails. delaying time so that bill doesn't pass
43
filibuster pivot
most stubborn point. more pivots the harder it is to change the policy. whether to sustain or block a filibuster attempt
44
fire alarms and police patrols
the two ways to limit agency loss. fire alarms is when principal waits until bad news arrives then reacts or interest groups look over agents. police patrols are when principals are actively looking for agency loss or monitoring and monthly reports from agencies
45
fiscal cliff
sharp delcine in budget deficit. 500 billion in tax increases
46
free-rider problem
A situation in which individuals can receive the benefits from a collective activity whether or not they helped to pay for it, leaving them with no incentive to contribute.
47
gerrymandering
practice to attain a political advantage for a political party by manipulating district boundaries.
48
fudge packing and butt cracking
fudge = when you pack a district with many voters of one type. butt = spreading out voters of a particular type among many districts
49
going public
strategy of putting pressure on congress by campaigning
50
gridlock interval
policies inside of the interval cannot be moved*
51
Hastert Rule
the speaker of the house will not allow a vote on a bill unless the majority of the majority party supports the bill. It prevents the minority party in congress from bringing bills to vote and being able to pass them.
52
Homer Gets a Tax Cut
argues that americans laregely fail to connect economic inequality and public policy
53
income inequality
constly government aid programs. decreases demand respective to economic growth
54
incumbency advantage
person in office has advantage to whoever opposes them
55
Insurance comp with an army
The government’s main responsibility is maintaining the welfare of its citizens, first by protecting their physical security (Army) and second by ensuring social and economic liberties through regulative legislation and finance (insurance)
56
issue voting
defined as cue and cognitive shortcut. voting based on politicians views on certain issues. entombed with cognitive shortcut because issues make you choose political party.
57
liberal
favors more government regulation, redistribution, support for disadvantaged groups, and larger government. A majority of Americans support liberal policies, but they prefer the label ‘moderate.’ The Democratic Party is the party associated with support for liberal policies.”
58
living-constitution theory
The idea that it was intended to be flexible and adaptable over time. Its contents are not meant to be taken in a strictly specific context.
59
lobbying
the act of trying to influence the decision of government officials
60
Marbury v. Madison
established basis for judicial review. power of court to label laws of congress null or void
61
monetary policy
controls the supply of money in the country in order to promote economic growth. This helps maintain stable prices and low unemployment. done by federal reserve
62
office of management and budget
largest office in executive office. Responsible for deciding and submitting the president's annual budget proposal to congress. Also measures the quality of agency programs, policies, and procedures to see if they comply with the President’s policy
63
open rule
the rules committee in house decides how debate time and if amendement are allowed. open rule has a long debate period and amendment can be made
64
originial-intent theory
Courts should interpret law based on how they assume the founders intended the law to be interpreted, as opposed to what the law literally and actually states.
65
patronage
practice of awarding jobs or special favors in exchange for political support
66
plain-meaning-of-the-text theory
the law is to be read word for word and not divert from its ordinary meaning
67
pluralism
the view that politics, although largely served in the framework of the government, is influenced by outside factors such as non-governmental personal interest groups.
68
Polarized America
by McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal. Causes of polarization: cross party coalitions on congressional roll call votes were becoming rarer · party-strengthening reforms of the 1970s · primary elections – because closed primaries produced partisan elections · changes in media – journalism, tv,internet, cameras · increasing gap between rich and poor · racial and social issues – voting rights acts, civil rights
69
political action committee(PAC)
type of organization that campaigns for (or against) candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation
70
poll tax
part of jim crow laws. anyone whos father voted before the abolition of slavery didnt have to pay the tax to vote
71
pork barrel
this is the gathering of government spending for localized projects just in order to bring money to a representatives district.
72
position taking
when congress members publicly state their viewpoints. one of the 3 activities congress does to get re-elected(advertising, credit-claiming)
73
principal agent problem
difficulty in motivating one party to act in the best interests of another party rather than his or her own interests. EX: corporate mangers to shareholders or politicians to voters
74
republic
form of governent which power is vested in elected represtatives.
75
republicans
end to favor a smaller, cheaper federal government; they advocate lower taxes, less regulation of business, and lower spending on social welfare. They would be more generous only to the Defense Department.
76
restrictive rules
an order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made to a bill on the floor
77
retrospective voting
vote for politician who has done well in the past. more concerned with policy outcomes than policy instruments
78
rules committee
most powerful committee in house(senate doesn't have one). controls which bills actually get voted on
79
stare decisis
an order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made to a bill on the floor
80
supremacy clause
national laws are "supreme law" and take precedence over any state law
81
tax expenditure
government spending program through the tax code. Allows exemptions, deductions and credits to select groups or activities
82
unanimous consent agreement
motions that the senate or house adopts as long as no member objects to them
83
undfunded mandate
a federal regulation that requires a state or local government, or private individual or organization, to perform certain actions, yet provides no money or benefits (pork barrelling) for fulfilling those actions
84
whip
a member of leadership in House and Senate - minority and majority whip in both parties. They are responsible for getting votes from their respective parties. Can offer incentives to their members or threaten with punishments (carrots and sticks).
85
writ of certiorari
n order issued by the Supreme Court in order to review the decision and proceedings in a lower court and determine whether there were any irregularities.

Political Science (1 decks)

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