poli 330 final Flashcards
(21 cards)
minority representation in congress trends
growing but still underrepresented, only abt 25% are minorities
african americans in congress + black representation (tate 2003)
incumbency, fundraising, partisanship, gender, district demographics all shape black representation
why do asian americans run for local office (lai and geron 2006)
- ethnoburbs and patterns of suburbanization - historically immigrants have settled in primarily urban areas, but recently immigrant populations in suburban areas around big cities are growing
- asian americans are increasingly running for local office bc there are opportunities for them to gain representation in ethnoburbs compared to even larger cities with large asian american populations. ethnoburbs have less competition
- california case studies: cupertino, gardena, oakland. smaller cities with large asian american pops, only focusing on CA so we don’t know abt generalization
women political leaders in congress and 2018 significance
underrepresented for a long time, increasing starting in the 1990s but still only 25-30%.
- 2018, many young women and women of color were running for the first time in open seat and incumbent elections, won in very large numbers
- not a consistent process but some periods where women r very motivated to run (based on political conditions)
barriers that women candidates face, and why black women can overcome them (tate 2003)
- candidate pipeline, political ambition, career paths
- incumbency and fundraising help members of congress get elected again and again
- barriers: lack of incumbency advantage, recruitment and supply-side struggles, traditional career paths that lead to office
women political leaders at the state level (sabonmatsu 2008)
- trends: increase in congress steadily and then stalled at around 35% of state legislatures
- bc of incumbency advantage and partisan asymmetry in political recruitment
- partisan asymmetries: more dem women than rep women bc of deep structural differences in rep recruiting
- women of color are increasingly gaining more representation without stalling yet, but partisan asymmetry esp strong for this group
silky joshi malik’s experience: challenges, lessons, and candidate training programs
challenges: fundraising, name recognition, lack of political connections, double disadvantage of being a woman of color
lessons: women candidates struggle to ask for money even when they must. networking is important
candidate training: resources to understand fundraising, flyers, events, professionalization, etc
race in minority candidate evaluation (visalvanich 2017)
candidate race as an informational heuristic that affects white voters’ perceptions of ideological leaning, competence, and vote choice
minority candidates more likely to be liberal and less fit for political office
racial hierarchy: asians evaluated more favorable
CCES surveys asking for vote choice and demographics during congressional elections
republican minority candidates r less common but not stereotyped in this way bc they defy it just by running as republicans
descriptive representation
electing a rep with a common identity
substantive representation
electing a rep who advocates for group interests
latino candidates mobilizing latino voters (barreto 2007)
ethnic candidate paradigm when candidates have shared ethnicity, voters are mobilized. matters even for broad panethnic groups (shared culture, language, immigrant experiences). minority candidates often use coethnics as their base, who are often ignored by other candidates. surnames used as a heuristic of something in common
- diminishing role of parties, rise of candidate centered elections, appeals to groups, media focus on ethnicity, continued lack of minority representation
- analysis of precinct results to make claims abt indiv. voting behavior (ecological inference problem)
LGBTQ legislators (haider-markel et al 2020)
using aggregated analysis, find that a candidate’s sexuality does not hurt them with voters once they are actually on the ballot. but that’s bc LGBT candidates have to be strategic abt when and where they will run
intersectionality
- the interconnected nature of social categorizations as they apply to a given indiv. or group
- overlapping (venn diagram) and power hierarchy
- crenshaw: analytical framework for understanding how diff aspects of a person’s identities combine to create discrimination
modern gender gap among latino voters (sampaio 2018)
latina voters support the dem party stronger than latino voters bc the dem party has invested in latina candidate recruitment
- intersectional (gender dynamics within latine communities)
- more latino men run for rep party
- latine increased support for rep party over time. differences in origin and generation mean trump’s negative immigrant rhetoric did not turn away all voters
- limitation: patterns have changed over time, but she didn’t fully account for panethnic diversity
intersectional approach to gender and politics (junn and brown 2008)
- standard approach of conceptualizing gender unidimensionally does not fit american women bc they are too diverse
- critiques: treating gender as unidimensional and assuming a neutral playing field and that all women have individual agency
- not all women eligible to vote until voting rights act, noncitizens
the boundaries of blackness
cross cutting political issues (concerns that disproportionately affect only segments of a minority group) affect those most economically, socially, and politically vulnerable, highlight who is worthy of support
group consciousness
when a social identity group becomes aware of how their identity impacts their position in society and comes together to advocate for their shared interests
linked fate
group consciousness -> unified political behavior. rooted in the idea that what happens in an indiv.’s life is linked to what is happening to the social group. originated in african american community
- latent solidarity, racial group consciousness can be activated under certain conditions to asian american and latine groups
shared racial status and political context for asian american identity (junn and masuoka 2008)
patterns of racialization: asian americans have a unique position with their stereotypes that triangulates them between white americans and other minorities
- panethnic group conscious looks different across racial groups. asian americans are much more diverse, so their solidarity is latent - when u prime them to think about their panethnic group’s representation, they feel a stronger connection
- latent political solidarity driven by coalition building, activism, and ethnic studies
survey experiments
impacts of exposure to treatment (like representation priming) on group consciousness
the trouble with unity (beltran 2010)
- sleeping giant: latino voters as untapped potential, politically passive and difficult to mobilize. presumes civic cohesion and classifies the group as forever new
- latinidad = latin american national origin groups assumed to share a collective identity and cultural consciousness
- shift from protest -> voting: radicalism -> diversity, professionalism, representation
- hispanic origin began 1970 census, panethnic unity in urban areas thru activism
- civic latinidad = conflating linguistic and cultural similarities with common political interests
- linked fate - yes, but varies by generation. immigrants and their children have much higher than 3rd gen +
