POLI 438 Midterm Study Guide Terms

Question 1

Empire v Nation

Answer 1

In an Empire, you identify with family and village, no upward mobility, rule is alien, no commerce or trade. Nation= identify with a larger unit, in a centralized state, economic development and military service

Question 2

Art Novueau

Answer 2

Art with curves that symbolize plants and flowers

Question 3

Alphonse Mucha

Answer 3

Art noveau artist that centered work around Pan Slavism. Promote independence of Slavs. Was a Czech nationalist, created the Slav Epic to show accomplishments of Slavic People

Question 4

Treaty of Trianon

Answer 4

End of World War I for Hungary where they lost 2/3 of territory and 1/3 of population. They are still upset about this

Question 5

Minority Rights Treaties

Answer 5

Set up by the League of Nations that forces Eastern Europe to acknowledge and protect minority rights, but LN cant guard against this, have no sanctions and did not hear many cases. Only applied for the new states

Question 6

Admiration of Hitler

Answer 6

Rejected democracy, created a booming German economy and placed blame on minorities

Question 7

Munich Agreement

Answer 7

Britain gave Germany Sudetenland if Hitler won’t invade the rest of Europe. Czechs felt betrayed by the West.

Question 8

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Answer 8

non-aggression agreement between Hitler and Stalin, split up Poland and gave USSR Eastern Lands

Question 9

General Government

Answer 9

German sphere of influence in Poland where they committed the Holocaust

Question 10

Katyn Massacre

Answer 10

mass executions of Polish military by USSR which was discovered by Nazis. Made Poland anit-Nazi and anti-USSR

Question 11

Holocaust

Answer 11

ethnic cleansing from Hitler’s biological racism with 6 million killed and 92% of Jewish poles

Question 12

Warsaw Uprising

Answer 12

Polish resistance to Nazi occupation which caused the destruction of Warsaw which the Soviets did not intervene in but watched from across the River

Question 13

Expulsion of Germans

Answer 13

Racial deportation of German speakers from non-German countries in 2 phases. The wild transfer caused the killing of German speakers while the organized transfer expelled Germans from EE

Question 14

Revisionist State

Answer 14

states that lost land after WWI, Hungary, Soviets, and Germany

Question 15

Pileck

Answer 15

Polish officer that was against the holocaust and wanted to bomb Aushwitz. Became a voluntary work camp prisoner to collect intelligence from inside and report to UK and United States. died under Soviet torture

Question 16

Stojka

Answer 16

Romanian Holocaust survivor who painted her experiences in 3 concentration camps. Warns against nationalism

Question 17

Turski

Answer 17

Aushwitz survivor, said holocaust started from exclusion of a group of people, small steps were taken to ignite the evil and it can happen to anyone. All it takes is a small violation of civil rights

Question 18

What happened to Western Europe after WWII?

Answer 18

They became more liberal and their was a greater appreciation for individual political freedoms

Question 19

What special policies were implemented in the West after WWII?

Answer 19

Health care, access to education, pensions, insurances, with center left and right parties supporting these programs, no more radicals

Question 20

Marshall Plan

Answer 20

United States lending money to Europe to rebuild their continent and prevent the spread of communism by putting trust in democracy. Moscow prevented the East from taking the money

Question 21

Red Scare

Answer 21

The targeting of government officials and those in entertainment industry for being too left leaning, they were black listed and lost jobs

Question 22

Pete Seeger

Answer 22

In the folk band the Weavers, accused of Communism, lost his living and was blacklisted

Question 23

What leverage did USSR have over Eastern Europe?

Answer 23

They had a constant presence of their army, fed into the fear of Germany, Yalta and Potsdam conferences

Question 24

Yalta Conference

Answer 24

Divided up Germany into 4 sectors, Stalin promised free elections in Poland and that he would fight against Japan

Question 25

Potsdam Conference

Answer 25

More occupation zones talk for Germany, the Soviet government was officially recognized, USSR was told of the atomic bomb

Question 26

What was Stalin's Rule like?

Answer 26

no criticism, goal was to take over, and over come the backwardness with forced industrialization and collectivization

Question 27

Show Trials

Answer 27

Stalin was paranoid, thought infiltrators were everywhere, even in the Party, put everyone on trial with brutal executions

Question 28

Death of Stalin

Answer 28

Movement for De-Stalinization, make legitimacy of government through politics not fear, rekindle the belief in ideology, make people acquiescent, quiet, no more secret police

Question 29

1956 Hungarian Revolution

Answer 29

workers and intelligentsia united against the communists, Soviet Army shut it down, caused the working class to remian disloyal and they kept censorship, West did nothing, students were killed once they reached 18

Question 30

Nagy

Answer 30

Leader of Hungary during Revolution, sided with students causing his execution, was a true believer in communism, wanted to reform the ideology.

Question 31

1968 Prague Spring

Answer 31

Movement to reform the party, no censorship and free to travel, created merit based jobs, reforms snowballed and Prague called to leave the Warsaw Pact, workers and students united but the Soviet army invaded

Question 32

Dubcek

Answer 32

leader of Communist Prague, called for socialism with a human face, was kidnapped and forced to ask Czechs to not resist the invasion

Question 33

Brezhnev Doctrine

Answer 33

USSR will use military force to save communism and prevent states from leaving the Warsaw Pact

Question 34

Normalization

Answer 34

Czechoslovakia had widespread purges, belief in the ideology was gone, depressing social life, acquiescence, nobody trusted each other

Question 35

Helsinki Final Act

Answer 35

USSR wanted recognition of borders but they must guarantee respect for human rights, causing Helsinki groups to pop up around Europe to ensure this

Question 36

Economic Conditions of Poland in 1970s

Answer 36

Economy was in a slump with rising prices causing strikes. Committee for Worker's Defense bc they couldn't buy bread or meat. Intellectuals helped workers and their families

Question 37

Religious Conditions for Poland 1970s

Answer 37

Polish Bishop became Pope with Pope John Paul II. 1978 was the first Papal visit which was a symbolic challenge to communist rule

Question 38

Solidarity

Answer 38

Trade Union of striking workers and intellectuals, USSR was forced to recognize it making it the first non-communist organization recognized by the USSR.

Question 39

Jaruzelski

Answer 39

Polish nationalist and leader of Polish communist party that was forced to crackdown on solidarity and impose martial law

Question 40

Adam Michnik

Answer 40

A leader of solidarity, felt that solidarity became too smug and had too much moral authority, while in jail wrote appeal about future of democratic party in Poland, asked for communists and solidarity to come together and don't have politicized witch hunts, defended Jaruzelski in his political trial

Question 41

Acquiescence

Answer 41

through job security, censorship, and a restriction on Travel, slow liberalization in Poland and Hungary

Question 42

Gorbachev changes

Answer 42

caused openness in Russia with freedom of speech while the rest of East was still oppressed, ended the Brezhnev Doctrine, Gorbachev said no interference but caused him to lose his popularity and is now seen as a traitor of Russia for causing the loss of so many territories

Question 43

Polish Roundtable

Answer 43

Meeting of communist and solidarity leaders, agree to join NATO and EU with multi-party elections, they had free elections but communists got to keep some of the seats as solidarity won almost every vote

Question 44

East Germany end of communism

Answer 44

refugees leaving all summer. huge protests knocked the wall down and citizens easily crossed the border

Question 45

Velvet Revolution

Answer 45

Czechoslovakia workers and students marched on strike with banners, started with students but once the workers arrived, it was over, became over 1 million protesting in Prague in 5 days and the communist leaders were forced to resign.