poli_sci_101_20150123003501 Flashcards
(444 cards)
1
Q
In Aristotle’s definition of politics, he states that “Man, is by nature a political animal”. What does he mean by this?
A
Politics is ever present, and all people are political.
2
Q
Whenever two people come together and interact, there is some form of ___.
A
Politics.
3
Q
Politics informs how we think about ___, ___, and ___.
A
Ourselves, others, and the world.
4
Q
Politics is constantly ___.
A
Shifting.
5
Q
Politics is about the ___ and ___ of power.
A
Negotiation and exercise.
6
Q
Politics is:
A
Ever present, relational, negotiating, decision making, and power.
7
Q
There are two types of power: what are they?
A
Power to and power over.
8
Q
Politics tries to understand the intricacies of ___ ___, how people ___ to get what they want, and what will happen in the ___.
A
Public relations, negotiate, future.
9
Q
Give an example of the unpredictability of politics.
A
An assassination of a Tunisian street merchant sparked the Arab Spring and ended two regimes.
10
Q
For Karl Mannheim, what were at the very heart of politics?
A
Unpredictability and uncertainty.
11
Q
Karl Mannheim also drew a clear distinction between ___ and ___.
A
Administration and politics.
12
Q
Mannheim described administration as:
A
Routine affairs of the state.
13
Q
Mannheim insisted that politics involved:
A
The play of irrational forces, social competition, and struggle.
14
Q
What are some features associated with democracy?
A
Equality, freedom, justice, fairness.
15
Q
Democracy is seeped in ___ thought.
A
Liberal.
16
Q
What is Demos?
A
People.
17
Q
What is Cratos?
A
Rule.
18
Q
Based on the etymology, what is democracy?
A
The rule of the people.
19
Q
Democracy believes that government was ___ the people ___ the people
A
By the people, for the people.
20
Q
In democracy, there is faith in the capacity of the ___ to govern the __.
A
Individual, community.
21
Q
What is a Polis?
A
City/state.
22
Q
What is participatory democracy?
A
When people in government directly debate upon and vote on issues.
23
Q
To Aristotle, ___ and ___ were analogous.
A
Friendship, democracy.
24
Q
Why did Aristotle say friendship and democracy were analogous?
A
We must acknowledge that we share needs, histories, and goals in order to empathize.
25
Liberal democratic thinkers believed in the power and worth of ___.
Individuals.
26
Which thinkers contributed to the shift to individualism?
Liberal democratic thinkers.
27
The public was ___ in early liberal democratic systems.
Small.
28
In the early liberal democratic system, the small government was to govern over ___ affairs.
Common.
29
The government is indeed involved in private lives, as individuals fight about how to regulate someone else's ___ life.
Private.
30
Political Theory is both ___ and ___.
Prescriptive and analytical.
31
Prescriptive:
Prescribing how societies and political bodies should be structured and how they should function.
32
Analytical:
Analysing how and why our political relations function the way they do.
33
Three key points in political philosophy:
There is no winner. Building Canon of Knowledge. Accepting that we need to change the way we think according to changing circumstances of our own political environment.
34
Canon of Knowledge
Building on past and present knowledge. Amalgamating knowledge, not replacing it.
35
Western political thought originated in ___.
Greece.
36
___ Wars influenced Plato and Aristotle.
Peloponnesian.
37
More specifically, the execution of ___ influenced Plato's ideas.
Socrates.
38
During the trial and execution of his teacher, Plato came to realize that:
The ignorant were allowed to rule over the masses and run the government.
39
Before the wars, there were ___ democracies in the Greek city-states.
Direct.
40
Direct democracies meant that anyone who was a ___ could vote.
Citizen.
41
What was the problem with the system of direct democracy in ancient Greece?
The definition of citizen was extremely limited, excluding women, foreigners, and slaves.
42
Plato supported/questioned direct democracy
Questioned
43
Plato proposed social and political justice through a state organized to individuals' ___ and ___.
Capabilities and personalities.
44
Plato's new idea of system of governance can be identified as prescriptive/analytic.
Prescriptive.
45
Governments before Plato's ideas were run on the basis of virtues such as strength and courage. However, Plato proposed that...
Governments should be run by intellectuals who engaged in philosophical thought and contemplative reason.
46
Aristotle was considered to be a philosopher of the ___.
Possible.
47
Aristotle was not as focused on the idea of an ideal state: rather, he looked for ways to make it ___ and ___.
Practical and possible.
48
Aristotle sought to establish a link between ___ and ___.
Ethics and politics.
49
By Aristotle's ideas, the ideal was that you would become the best person for your ___.
Capabilities.
50
Aristotle stated that a good ___ can prosper only in a good ___.
Individual, community.
51
By Aristotle's theories, the ___ comes before ___.
Community, individual.
52
___ is fundamental to ___, and vice versa.
Politics, ethics.
53
Political philosophy is thinking about the nature and the ___ requirements of the good life.
Public.
54
Polis in Greek means
City state, and the active life among citizens within it.
55
Political philosophy should be understood as a ___ ___.
Extended conversation.
56
Give an example of the failure of direct democracy
Pericles was reprimanded, but then re-elected.
57
The most common divide in political philosophy is between the ___ and the ___.
Ancients and the moderns.
58
The ancients believed in...
The classical tradition starting with the Greeks.
59
The moderns believed in...
The thought that emerges with the sovereign state and market economy.
60
In Athens, politics was a moral activity, and was about enabling the ___ ___ and the common good.
Good life.
61
Socrates proposed that men of good character would rule not for money or power, but out of fear of...
Being ruled by someone worse.
62
Socrates' three parts of the soul:
Moderation, courage, and wisdom.
63
Socrates defined wisdom as the ability to...
See beyond the surface of things.
64
In Socrates' division of labour, there would be:
Those who loved money, those who loved honour, and those who were capable of wisdom.
65
Socrates' division of labour is likened to these three things:
Sheep, watchdogs, and shepherds.
66
Aristotle worked from ___, not abstract logic.
Observation.
67
Aristotle tutored ___ the Great
Alexander.
68
Aristotle's citizens required ___.
Phronesis
69
Phronesis
Practical judgement, which they could gain only by experience and emulation of those who demonstrated it.
70
Aristotle's two assumptions that would unsettle us are:
Slaves are expected to do housework, allowing citizens to participate in politics, and women do not possess the rational thought necessary for phronesis.
71
According to the tragic and Sophocles, the worst of human afflictions is...
The lack of judgement.
72
Who said that "fanatical enthusiasm is the mark of a real man".
Thucydides.
73
Aristotle insisted that "the most important thing is not life, it is the ___ ___".
Good life.
74
Hannah Arendt called the capacity for self-interrogation ___.
Thinking.
75
The Enlightenment was a movement of ___ thought.
Intellectual.
76
What was the Divine Rights of Kings?
The King or Queen was appointed by God to lead.
77
Before the Enlightenment and revolutions, how were societies structured?
In a hierarchy.
78
What are the four things that Enlightenment thinkers questioned?
1. Authoritarian rule. 2. Power of religious (Christian) rule. 3. The properties of human nature and intelligence. 4. The possibility for better politics and governments.
79
In the Enlightenment, there was a shifting of power away from ___ regimes.
Authoritarian.
80
In traditional liberalism, freedom and equality were valued in...
Legal and narrow terms.
81
Liberalism as it was explored in the Enlightenment is known as...
"Small L" liberalism.
82
In traditional liberalism, ___ was understood as being liberty.
Freedom.
83
Did traditional liberalism embrace or reject legal interference?
Reject.
84
How did views differ between the ancient Greek times and the Enlightenment? How did the focus shift?
During ancient Greek times, the community was put at the forefront, while during the Enlightenment, the individual was considered to be of utmost importance. Instead of how can you serve the community, it was how can the community serve you.
85
Who wrote "On Liberty" in 1859?
John Stuart Mill.
86
What is John Stuart Mill's Harm Principle?
If a person's conduct directly harms others, a society has a right to control the conduct and that person. However, if it does not harm others, a society has no right to interfere.
87
The Harm Principle is indifferent if the actions are ___ or ___.
Ethical or moral.
88
In John Stuart Mill's proposed Harm Principle, the role of the state is...
Minimal.
89
In today's ideas of freedom, freedom is understood on more ___ terms, where people are allowed to live on their own terms.
Positive.
90
Give an example of how freedom can be limited, and people can be "unfree" in today's society.
Having to wear a seatbelt or helmet by law.
91
Government offers ___ in exchange for complete freedom, which is an acknowledgement that people need assistance.
Support.
92
Who was the principle figure talked about in class in relation to free speech?
John Stuart Mill.
93
Give an example of a way that free speech can be expressed in a way that is harmful.
Shouting "fire" in a crowded theatre and causing a stampede.
94
John Stuart Mill was adamant that ___ themselves never cause harm in the long run.
Ideas.
95
What are the 3 kinds of equality?
1. Equality of citizenship. 2. Equality in the "worth" of rights. 3. Equality of resources needed to live a good life.
96
Based on the equality of citizenship, the rights of citizens must be ___.
Equal.
97
Equality of citizenship holds that people must be equal in ___ rights; however, it is not concerned with whether or not you are able to ___ your rights.
Basic, exercise.
98
Equality in the "worth" of rights focuses on removing barriers so you can ___ rights.
Exercise.
99
Based on the equality in the "worth" of rights, rights are ___ if you cannot exercise them.
Worthless.
100
Equality in the "worth" of rights is like levelling the playing field...
To start from.
101
Equality of resources needed to live a good live is like levelling the playing field...
After the start.
102
Equality of resources needed to live a good life focuses on distributing resources ___ among society's members.
Fairly.
103
If you strive for equality, you invariably ___ in people's lives.
Interfere.
104
What is the equality justification?
It is necessary to make goods and services available equally, especially to those who cannot access them themselves.
105
What is the freedom justification?
Redistribution and rethinking of equality is necessary in order for all members of society to be free.
106
Freedom and equality are compatible/incompatible?
Compatible.
107
What did the social contract try to explain?
Why we formed government.
108
The social contract was a ___ experiment conducted to try to figure out...
Thought; What society would look like without a government.
109
Who were the main thinkers that explored the social contract discussed in class?
Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
110
What was the initial contract between people that needed enforcing by a governing body?
"If you don't kill me, I won't kill you; if you don't steal from me, I won't steal from you."
111
We formed governments to be the ___ of the basic contract.
Arbitrators.
112
The initial contract between people can be linked back to the ___ principle.
Harm.
113
The government was formed ___ the people, ___ the people.
By the people, for the people.
114
The governments before the Enlightenment were hierarchical. However, Enlightenment thinkers pursued the idea that governments should serve...
The needs of the people.
115
Through the social contract, thinkers tried to figure out how and why free people came together to ___ ___ and ___ ___.
Form government, create laws.
116
Harold Lazwell defined politics as "who gets ___, ___, and ___."
What, when, how.
117
What are some words that describe politics?
Immutable, ever-changing, pervasive, interactive, and unpredictable.
118
___ is the money of politics.
Power.
119
The most influential power is...
Silent.
120
Power is the capacity to...
Make people do things.
121
Define sovereign power.
Absolute control over what happens in your territory, and the legitimate use of force.
122
There is a relationship between power, ___, and ___.
Sovereignty, war.
123
Foucault said that "Politics is a ___ by other means".
War.
124
What is power to?
The power to do something, to impact, and to make change.
125
In pluralism, we join groups, and compete for different ___.
Outcomes.
126
Pluralists will tell you that a group will not always...because...
Lose, because people do not belong exclusively to one group.
127
Power over assumes that the system is ___, and people do not start out on an even playing field.
Rigged.
128
___ assists greatly in elitism.
Conspiracy.
129
What are the 3 ways of looking at elitism?
1. Natural. 2. Instrumental. 3. Organization.
130
What does the natural way of looking at elitism say?
Having leaders in politics is natural, as there is two classes of people- the leaders and the followers.
131
What does the instrumental way of looking at elitism say?
It is okay to tell a noble lie (like Strauss did under the Bush administration) in order to protect the people.
132
The organizational way of looking at elitism says that people get their power from...
Organizations.
133
All societies are based on conflict of class struggle, and the only way to change that is through war or mass demonstration. This demonstrates...
Marxism.
134
Authoritarian power can also be referred to as?
State approved power.
135
What are the three kinds of authoritarian power?
Traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.
136
What is traditional power?
Certain individuals have power because of custom or heredity.
137
What are examples of traditional power?
Monarchs or tribe leaders.
138
What is charismatic power?
Individuals have authority, which they gain through their popularity with the public.
139
Authoritarian leaders who gain charismatic power usually come in a time of...
Crisis.
140
What are examples of authoritarian leaders who used charismatic power?
Hitler in the 1930's and 40's and Mussolini from the 1920's to the 40's.
141
What is legal-rational power?
Authority that is based on the rule of law, bureaucracies, and modern institutions such as courts, constitutions, and legislations.
142
Those who obtain legal-rational power are required to ___ to the rules and regulations of the institutions which they run.
Conform.
143
Who challenged the way we think about power?
Michel Foucault.
144
Foucault said that "We never stand outside of power, but instead are ___ by it".
Created.
145
Foucault said that power is an ___.
Entity.
146
According to Foucault, power regulates everything er think and do- this kind of power creates ___ and ___ in our society.
Knowledge, truth.
147
Foucault claimed that everything we believe to be true has been created by humans. This means that truth...
Can be changed.
148
Give an example of the power of normal.
Men are not to wear dresses or paint their nails.
149
What are Iris Marion Young's 5 faces of oppression?
Exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence.
150
Young's 5 faces of oppression explores how oppression exists in ___ societies from a ___ point of view.
Liberal, structural.
151
Oppression can be so ___ it is hard to see sometimes.
Engrained.
152
A social group is a collection of people. Is this statement true or false?
False. A social group is more than a collection of people.
153
Members of a social group have shared ___ but also a shared sense of ___.
Characteristics, identity.
154
Other commonalities between members of a social group include:
-History. -Social status. -Relationship with external groups.
155
Exploitation occurs through a steady process of the ___ of the results of labour of one social group to ___ another.
Transfer, benefit.
156
Marginalization
The act of relegating or confining a group of people to a lower social standing or outer limit or edge of society.
157
Why is marginalization possibly the most dangerous form of oppression?
It prevents an entire social group from participating in a society and can cause material deprivation and extermination.
158
Deeming a social group '___ ___' can lead to marginalization.
Less than.
159
Excluding a group from participating in the ___ realm can lead to marginalization.
Social.
160
___ the voices of a marginalized group can lead to marginalization.
Silencing.
161
Not allowing social groups to have their ___ met can lead to marginalization.
Needs.
162
Cycle of marginalization denies the means to demand ___.
Representation.
163
Who are the powerless?
-Those who lack authority or power to decide policies or results. -Those over whom power is exercised without their exercising it. -Those who must take orders and rarely have the right to give them.
164
How does 'power over' relate to oppression?
???
165
How does 'power to' relate to oppression?
???
166
Cultural Imperialism has two components: what are they?
Rendering invisible and othering.
167
Rendering invisible (in the context of oppression)
When dominant groups' values are the only ones reflected and heard.
168
Othering (in the context of oppression)
Rendering marginalized groups deviant, abnormal if they dare to challenge the universality of the dominant group.
169
In oppression, is violence simply overt or also systemic?
Violence is systemic.
170
In oppression, violence as a systemic force is explored. This includes violence between ___ ___, and violence as ___, and to be expected.
Social groups, normalized.
171
What is a state?
A sovereign body that has rule over territory and absolute control over legitimate violence.
172
What are the two tasks of states?
1. Making and implementing political decisions. 2. Protects communities from internal and external threats.
173
States and government are same/different.
Different.
174
In terms of a car and a driver, who is the government and who is the state?
The state is the car, and the government is the driver.
175
The government is everyone who is ___ into office.
Elected.
176
What are some things that are attached to states, and not government?
Roles & institutions and responsibilities do not change.
177
What are the four branches of government?
Legislative, executive, administrative/bureaucratic, and judicial.
178
What is the legislative branch responsible for?
Preparing and making laws.
179
What is the executive branch for?
Implementing and upholding laws.
180
What is the administrative/bureaucratic branch?
Day to day functioning.
181
What is the judicial branch for?
Adjudicating and applying law.
182
The American (congressional) system is a system in which the congress plays a huge role in...
Processing and creating laws.
183
The Canadian and American systems differ in that the Canadian system includes a fusion of legislative and executive powers in the form of the...
Prime Minister.
184
The Prime Minister in Canada is elected because he is...
The leader of the party with the most seats.
185
What is a simplistic definition of citizen?
Anyone who has legal membership in a country.
186
What is a complex definition of citizen?
Having a full menu of rights and obligations in relation to other citizens and the state.
187
Most definitions of citizenship includes 3 tenets:
1. Inclusions and exclusions of membership. 2. Rights and duties in relation to the community. 3. Participation in the political process.
188
What are the two opposing views on citizenship?
1. For citizenship to be meaningful, it should be limited. 2. Citizenship should be freely available to all settled members of a community and all individuals should be treated the same way.
189
What are some different gradations of citizenship?
Foreign workers, who get no rights. Permanent residents, who have some rights, but cannot vote or run for office. Refugees have limited rights, but can apply for full citizenship later on.
190
What are the three components of citizenship rights?
Civil, political, and social.
191
Civil rights emerged in the ___ century.
18th.
192
Political rights emerged in the ___ century.
19th.
193
Social rights emerged in the ___ century.
20th.
194
What are civil rights?
Rights necessary for individual freedoms (such as liberty, speech, thoughts, etc.)
195
What are political rights?
Includes the right to vote and the right to run for office.
196
What are social rights?
Right to a minimum standard of economic living.
197
It is only recently that ___, ___, and ___ were considered citizens.
Women, men of colour, and indigenous men.
198
The system of citizenship was founded on the ___ of people.
Exclusion.
199
What is an example of how how citizenship is based on exclusion.
Women were excluded, as they were expected to stay home and raise the children while the men went out and did political things. Indigenous people were excluded so that the Europeans could justify taking away land and resources.
200
Radical ideologies and ideas are problematic if they are reduced to ___.
Destruction.
201
Radical ideologies and ideas challenge the ___ ___.
Status quo.
202
Radical ideologies and ideas tend to be separated into ___ and ___ politics.
Left, right.
203
___ is associated with egalitarianism, while ___ is associated with individualism.
Left, right.
204
Between left and right wing politics, ___ is more reactionary.
Right.
205
An ideology ___ concepts, theories, and political programs.
Merges.
206
While ideologies try to make a claim to truth, what they say may not be ___ true.
Universally.
207
Negative ideologies demonstrate how ideologies can change people's perspectives and make them believe something that is ___ to them.
Detrimental.
208
Marx believed that capitalism functioned through ___ ideology.
Negative.
209
According to socialism, property should be distributed ___ among people.
Equally.
210
According to socialism, members of society should look towards what they can do for the good of the ___.
Community.
211
Socialism is committed to evolutionary/revolutionary change.
Revolutionary.
212
What are the three types of socialism?
1. Utopian socialism. 2. Scientific socialism. 3. Democratic socialism.
213
What is utopian socialism?
There is no private ownership (the community owns everything) and everyone has what they need.
214
What is scientific socialism?
Marx's socialism, where there is a belief that capitalism is fundamentally destructive to society, as the proletariat is exploited while the bourgeoise reaps the benefits. Radical change.
215
What is democratic socialism?
Less revolutionary and more evolutions, functions within a democracy, and is modern day socialism.
216
Communism is not exactly what Marx envisioned. Why is this? Give an example.
In the U.S.S.R., people were living in poverty, but the nation was supposed to be communist.
217
Fascism is on the ___ side of the political spectrum.
Right.
218
Fascism is a movement of ___ change.
Political.
219
Fascism is about individuals, but more accurately...
Specific individuals in the dominant, desired group.
220
Fascism instills a sense of pride for being a part of the "master race", which in turn...
Causes them to follow the leader of the "master race".
221
Fascism is hierarchical. True or false?
True.
222
Fascism is largely maintained by getting people to respect the state. This is achieved through...
Police and military presence.
223
Fascism is about creating borders. What does this mean?
There are specific definitions about who belongs in a fascist society, and who does not.
224
With anarchism, it is often assumed to be about chaos, destruction, and lack of order. However, in reality, what is it about?
Taking away hierarchies.
225
Anarchists believe that power is always...
Concentrated at the top.
226
Anarchists believe in distributing power in a ___ way.
Egalitarian.
227
What are the two types of anarchism?
1. Socialist anarchism. 2. Individualist anarchism.
228
What is socialist anarchism about?
Community and ensuring equality. Commonly redistributes property.
229
Individualist anarchism is based on ___.
Libertarianism.
230
Individual anarchism and libertarianism heavily focus on maintaining a ___ government set up in basic ways, and gaining individual rights and freedoms.
Small.
231
Individual anarchism is/isn't about equality.
Isn't.
232
The state is seen as legitimate if they follow the rule of ___.
Law.
233
___ ___ ___ means that people are to be governed according to a known set of rules that affect all members of a polity and are arrived at in a constitutional manner.
Rule of Law.
234
Law applies over ___.
Everyone.
235
Law prohibits ___ power.
Arbitrary.
236
If everyone respects law, then no one can abuse ___.
Power.
237
Law is the ___ form of regulating rules.
Highest.
238
Laws are/aren't affected by precedent.
Are.
239
Laws must be ___ in scope, and applicable to everyone and everything.
General.
240
Laws must be private/public.
Public.
241
Laws must be ___, rather than retroactive.
Prospective.
242
"Laws must be prospective, not retroactive". What does this mean?
Laws must be for the future, not for past events.
243
Laws must be ___ in how it relates to past laws and the constitution.
Consistent.
244
Laws must be ___ of being obeyed.
Capable.
245
Law must be taken in a relevantly ___ way.
Constant.
246
Law must be enforced as ___.
Written.
247
The ___ is the ultimate rulebook for how our society functions.
Constitution.
248
The constitution is the supreme document outlining a social ___.
Contract.
249
The ___:-Lays down the basic institutions of the state. -Lays down the processes for changing the basic institutions. -Outlines the basic rights and obligations of the state and citizens.
Constitution.
250
Constitutions can be challenged through law. If successful, this is called ___, and goes through the ___ court.
Amendments, Supreme.
251
The constitution can be changed through law of ___ reform.
Legislative.
252
What are the two types of constitutions?
Written and unwritten.
253
What is a written constitution?
A constitution that is codified, and consists of a single document that acts as the supreme law.
254
What country has the longest lasting written constitution in the world?
The United States.
255
What is an unwritten constitution?
Convention, procedure that has existed for hundreds of years.
256
What are the two types of political systems?
Unitary and federal systems.
257
What is the political system used by most western societies?
Unitary system.
258
The unitary system involves ___ power, with one central government.
Centralized.
259
Unitary systems ___ internal control over territory.
Consolidate.
260
___ systems defeat and suppress internal rivals to maintain power.
Unitary.
261
___ systems strengthen the state in relation to its neighbours.
Unitary.
262
___ systems consolidate distinct geographic, ethnic, and cultural areas.
Federal.
263
___ systems are based on the idea of power sharing.
Federal.
264
___ systems place certain rights and responsibilities on constituent parts.
Federal.
265
The goal of federal systems is to bring together diverse entities under one flag and singular ___ control.
Political.
266
When was the Constitution Act in Canada established?
1982.
267
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms explores the relationships between ___ and ___.
Citizens and State.
268
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms assure ___ application of the law.
Equal.
269
It is argued that since the Charter can be interpreted by courts, it can be ___ little by little over time.
Changed.
270
Voter turnout is very ___ in Canada.
Low.
271
In places like Canada with low voter turnout and first past the post systems, governments are elected by ___.
Minorities.
272
How does the accessibility of stations affect voting?
If voting stations are too far, or if they are physically inaccessible, people are less likely to vote.
273
People in higher social classes are more likely to vote ___.
Conservative.
274
People that are older vote ___.
Conservative.
275
What is a reason that many people cite for voting the way they do?
Parents.
276
What is vote splitting?
Making your vote count, voting for a party that you don't believe in to win your riding.
277
Which voting system "wastes" more votes? First past the post or proportional representation?
First Past the Post.
278
What is Direct Democracy
Direct citizen involvement in the decision making process. Debating, talking, voting on individual issues.
279
What is another name for indirect democracy?
Representative democracy.
280
What is indirect democracy?
Where citizens' opinions ane decisions are represented by an elected representative.
281
What are the two kinds of indirect representation?
1. Instrumental representation. 2. Constitutive democracy.
282
What is instrumental representation?
Where public officials are charged with speaking for those they represent, and listen to constituents to represent their needs, wants, and experiences.
283
What are the 4 theories in instrumental representation?
1. Delegate model of representation. 2. Trustee model of representation. 3. Plebiscitarian democracy. 4. Social inclusion democracy.
284
What is the delegate model of representation?
Elected politicians should follow constituents' opinions very closely and there are calls for a close, direct relationship.
285
What is the trustee model of representation?
Elected politicians are trusted to make decisions for their constituents. These decisions may not be in line with the constituents' needs or wants, but the representative is treated as an expert.
286
In which political system would an election occur every four years?
The trustee model of representation.
287
In the trustee model of representation, the politicians are trusted as ___, and can/cant't change their mind.
Experts, can.
288
What is plebiscitarian democracy?
A combination of the delegate model and direct democracy, where there is a focus on the direct connection within the delegate model.
289
In which political system is there most likely going to be a tyranny of the majority?
Plebiscitarian democracy.
290
What is tyranny of the majority?
If a majority is consistently winning, the minority can stop having a voice, as their rights can be voted on.
291
What is social inclusion democracy?
Social groups are treated differently in society, and meed to be represented in different ways.
292
What is constitutive democracy?
Assumes that everyone comes to the political system with pre-existing political ideas and identities, and that the political system we have form people's political interests and identities.
293
In constitutive democracy, the system creates an issue, then gives a ___. For example...
Solution. "You are a student, you need to pay more tuition."
294
The UN aims for __% female representation in parliament.
30.
295
How many countries hit the UN goal for percentage of women in parliament?
24.
296
In ___, after the genocide, 50% of the seats were allocated to women.
Rwanda.
297
In all levels of Canadian government, there is consistently a __ to __% female representation.
20, 25.
298
More ___ live below the poverty line than ___.
Women, men.
299
There is the question of "who can best represent women?" One theory is that ___ better represetnt women, and we just need to get women in seats.
Women.
300
However, at the same time, there is an acknowledgement that white women cannot represent all women, as it does not solve the problem of lack of ___.
Diversity.
301
Policies we call neutral usually come from...
European, whte, Christian, affluent, and male background.
302
A minority person in politics can be charged with only...
Representing their difference.
303
Traditionally, politics is the realm of...
Men/masculinity.
304
Wome and minorities are seen as only being able to represent the perspectives and needs of their...
Gender or race.
305
Hillary Clinton has been portrayed by the media as being...
Cold, weak, aggressive, uncaring. She has been treated differently by the media than a male politician would.
306
In the film Miss Representation, it was noted that women who ___ ___ more have lower political efficacy and less of a voice.
Self-objectify.
307
In the film Miss Representation, some people claimed that men/women criticize women more harshly.
Women.
308
Peter Mansbridge claims that you get more information when...
You read the news.
309
What is mass media?
All the ways in which we communicate to each other.
310
What is a conglomeration?
When a large corporation owns a large number of small media outlets.
311
What are some factors that determine news value and framing?
Personalities, drama, conflict, sex appeal, novelty, conflict.
312
What is framing?
Highlighting certain parts of an event while obscuring other parts.
313
What is a game frame?
Framing events in terms of who is ahead, and who is behind. Basically treating news like a sporting events.
314
Game frame paints politics as ___.
Masculine.
315
Bypassing media is ___ to democracy, as media has a role to play.
Detrimental.
316
Harper makes it very ___ for press to access media.
Difficult.
317
When did the field of international relations develop?
After World War II.
318
Before World War II, the ___ was prioritized, as it was thought that they held ultimate power.
State.
319
BGO's are not attached to...
Governments or corporations.
320
What do international relations try to explain?
Why international conflicts and politics occur in the way that they do.
321
What are the 3 different levels of study in international relations?
1. Individual. 2. Regional. 3. Transnational.
322
What is the individual level of study in international relations?
How international actors affect people between and across states.
323
What is the regional level of study in international relations?
Relationship between the state and actors within a geographically connected area (region).
324
In the regional level of study in international relations, it is assumed that there are common...
Histories, religions, resources, etc.
325
What is the transnational level of study in international relations?
Transcend and transect territorial borders, not bound by state, and much more international.
326
What is globalization?
The intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders.
327
What power shift happened after the Second World War?
Power began shifting from traditional empires to countries such as the United States.
328
What is an example of an international organization that rose up after World War II?
The United Nations.
329
What is political globalization?
When politics goes beyond state borders, and states are no longer making decisions only for themselves in a bubble.
330
What is social globalization?
Emergence of the idea of a global society or global norms.
331
What can lead to increased globalization, and why is it problematic?
Acceleration of technology and the sharing of ideas. However, some people do not have access to this technology.
332
What does the realism theory say about international relations?
States are the most important power, and should be the most important power. The world stage is competitive, non-cooperative, and there are limited resources. Military might and strength are perceived as measures of power.
333
Which theory about international relations would claim that the world is about the survival of the fittest, and that international organization would fail as a result of self interest?
Realism.
334
Why would international organization be useless in a realism theory?
They are dominated by the most powerful nation.
335
What is the balance of power like in the realism theory?
States will usually cooperate to avoid conflict from aggressive states.
336
What is hegemonic power?
The idea that there will always be one dominant power in power relations.
337
What does the liberalism theory say about international relations?
It is self-devastating for powers to vie for the dominant positions. Organizations such as the UN or EU are effective.
338
Liberalism theory for international relations says that international peace will be achieved when ___ is achieved in more places.
Democracy.
339
In liberalism theory for international relations, the focus is on ___ and not ___.
Cooperation, competition.
340
Gender is ideological and cultural, not ___.
Natural.
341
Gender is socially ___.
Constructed.
342
Politics selects masculinity/femininity.
Masculinity.
343
There is a common misconception that the international world is a place of insecurity, however, the reality is that the ___ can be a place of insecurity as well.
State.
344
Masculinity in the military is called the...
"Latter-day leprosy."
345
Poststructuralism
Social "reality" and identities are discursively created, rather than being "truth" or universal.
346
Discourse
Systems of meaning production rather than simply statements or language, encompassing narratives, texts, images, and systems that 'fix' meaning and enable us to make sense of the world.
347
The "Other"
That which is distinct from, different from, or opposite to something or oneself.
348
International Organizations developed complexity and became numerous in the...
Second half of the 20th Century.
349
What are the 4 concepts behind International Organizations?
1. Sovereignty. 2. Anarchy. 3. Global governance. 4. Multilateralism.
350
What is sovereignty?
States having the monopoly of power in a certain territory.
351
States can be completely sovereign. True or false?
False.
352
In sovereignty, freedom is given up to ensure ___.
Security.
353
What is anarchy?
Absence of government or formal authority.
354
States exist in a state of ___.
Anarchy.
355
What are the 3 components of global governance?
1. Relationship between states and international organizations. 2. Negotiation of needs and wants. 3. Rules and enforcement.
356
In global governance, there is the assumption that states accept that they will have to give up some ___ for peace and security.
Freedom.
357
What is multilateralism?
Process and end results of efforts to establish rules to resolve common problems.
358
In multilateralism, ___ states share in the costs and benefits of cooperation.
All.
359
What are some tenets of international organizations?
There must be voluntary participation, and they must come with rules of exclusion.
360
What does IGO stand for?
Intergovernmental Organizations.
361
What does NGO stand for?
Non-governmental Organizations.
362
Approximately how many IGO's are there?
300-400.
363
What are some examples of IGO's?
UN, WTO, EU, NATO.
364
IGO's have a hand in ___, ___, and ___.
Markets, trade, resources.
365
The focus of some IGO's is ___ and ___ ___.
Genocide, human rights.
366
The power of IGO's such as the UN is that they get to ___ what terms such as "genocide" mean.
Define.
367
Are International Economic Organizations the same as IGO's?
No.
368
What are some examples of International Economic Organizations?
NAFTA, World Bank, IMF.
369
What are Regional Organizations?
Only open to states in certain geographic areas.
370
Give examples of some Regional Organizations.
EU, African Union.
371
Approximately how many NGO's are there?
50 000.
372
NGO's are made up of...
Private citizens.
373
NGO's cannot be affiliated with the ___ or ___.
State, corporations.
374
What are some examples of NGO's?
Greenpeace, Red Cross, Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders.
375
NGO's function to represent ___ populations.
Marginalized.
376
Why is unequal representation a problem in the UN?
There are 5 permanent security council members (the victors of WWII), that can make binding decisions and have the power to veto.
377
Why are people underrepresented in international organizations?
They do not think of or consider how the country will act on an international scale.
378
Why is self interest a problem in international organizations?
If you are in power, you want to stay in power- therefore, you will only create policies that benefit yourself.
379
What is Political Economy?
The area of study which agrees that the political and economic spheres of life cannot be viewed as separate.
380
Political Economy is the interaction between ___ and ___, and ___ and ___.
States, markets. Power, wealth.
381
What is International Political Economy?
The study of the relationship between the political and economic spheres in international politics.
382
What is Global Political Economy?
A critique on the concept of international political economy, arguing that the term "international" privileges some actors, when non-state actors can be just as important.
383
What are some important actors in Global Political Economy?
Countries/states, corporations, intergovernmental organizations, NGO's, individuals, regional organizations, social classes.
384
What are Robert Cox's 2 types of theory?
1. Problem Solving Theory. 2. Critical Theory.
385
What is Cox's Problem Solving Theory?
Works within given parameters, does not challenge parameters, creates narrow laws, ahistorical, fixed point of reference, perceived as value free, used in times of stability.
386
What is Cox's Critical Theory?
Challenges parameters, how they originated and formed and potential change, more holistic approach, theory of history constantly changing to deal with new realities.
387
What do Mercantilists believe about GPE?
Is a zero sum game, winners win at the cost to losers. Hoarding all the silver and gold results in power.
388
What did Marx say about GPE?
Role of material factors, means of production can tell us more about global economy and power than political factors can.
389
What did Antonio Gramsci say about GPE?
Drawing from Marx, said that material factors were important in explaining who had power, but the role of ideas and language also important.
390
Antonio Gramsci is associated with the concept of ___ ___.
Hegemony central.
391
What did Karl Polyani say about GPE?
What had been thought of as natural order, specifically the free market, was in fact sustained through government intervention.
392
What did Robert Cox say about GPE?
Control over the means of production, which leads to surplus, is a key factor in which classes can shape political economy.
393
What is the Bretton Woods conference?
At the end of WWII, the world powers met and asked, how can we apply the learning from the 1920's and 30's to construct a new system of GPE?
394
What did the Bretton Woods conference conclude?
An open system with a social security net was best.
395
John Ruggae came up with the idea of...
The Compromise of Embedded Liberalism.
396
Who came up with the idea of the Compromise of Embedded Liberalism?
John Ruggae.
397
What is the Compromise of Embedded Liberalism?
To move towards a goal of increased trade and openness, national protection, you sacrifice fixing the north/south divide. Developing nations are forced to participate in the system, even though they have very little voice in shaping it.
398
Which factors shaped the Compromise of Embedded Liberalism?
Hegemony of Keynesian ideas as well as American hegemony.
399
How did the Global Financial Crisis of 1971 occur on a macro level?
Floating exchange rate set by the market and general liberalization leads to trade imbalances worldwide, especially with regards to U.S. and China.
400
How did the Global Financial Crisis of 1971 occur on a meso level?
Neoliberalism globally and globalized pressures have led to deregulation.
401
How did the Global Financial Crisis of 1971 occur on a micro level?
Individual irrationality, a belief that the housing market will always go up.
402
How were politics related to the Global Financial Crisis?
There was free trade, free mocement of capital, growth of power of the financial system, and political pressures. In response to the GFS, there were bail outs, stimulus packages, austerity measures, and regulatory returns.
403
What was the global economic system like after World War I?
Nations were in financial trouble, stock market crash in 1929 resulted in the Dirty Thirties (Great Depression).
404
What did social liberalism and welfarism try to do?
Tried to mitigate the highs and lows of the market.
405
What were the 3 main ideas behind social liberalism/welfarism?
1. Capitalist markets are unstable for inheret reasons. 2. Anyone can fall on hard economic times. 3. Citizens have a right to a minimum standard of living (social rights).
406
Why do social liberalists claim that capitalist markets are inherently unstable?
Governments need to step in and provide social programs, there must be welfare, housing, health care, education, EI, disability payments, and food stamps.
407
What are the 2 kinds of welfare?
1. Preventative. 2. Reactionary.
408
John Maynard Keynes said that states should do 2 things.
1. Tax when the market is doing well. 2. In times of economic downturn, government should invest in building projects that would create jobs.
409
What are some criticisms of social liberalism and John Maynard Keynes' ideas?
-Highs and lows are natural, and you just have to wait them out. -Government has no business intervening.
410
When did social liberal states exist?
Between 1920-1970.
411
What were some reasons for the switch to neoliberalism in the 1970's?
-Oil prices were high (OPEC Crisis). -Deficit in the U.S. (Vietnam War). -Large trade deficit in the U.S.. -Stag-flation, -Some blamed social liberalism.
412
Despite their names, liberalism and neoliberalism are two very different ideas. What are the 2 things that liberalism and neoliberalism have in common.
1. Idea of freedom. 2. Reverence to the individual.
413
What are the 3 main views on neoliberalism?
1. Set of principles. 2. Political interest. 3. World view.
414
How can neoliberalism be viewed as a set of principles? There are 3 evaluations.
1. Privatization- markets are more effective than governments in delivering G&S. 2. Liberalization- governments hsould remove all barriers to the movement of G&S and investments (such as tariffs). 3. Deregulation- govenrnments should scale back all measures that restrict companies (such as environmental laws).
415
How can neoliberalism be viewed as a political interest?
Neoliberalism is a prokect to concentrate wealth among the few. Richest individuals in the most developed countries benefit. Social programs only help weak people, and unequal distribution of wealth is desirable.
416
Give some statistics that support income inequality.
Richest 1% control 43% of the world's assets. Richest 10 control 83. Bottom 50 control 2.
417
How can neoliberalism be viewed as a world view?
Justifies disparity in wealth as individuals should be held responsible for their own economic well being. Social Darwinism, suffering of the poor can motivate them to escape poverty.
418
Who are the working poor?
Those who work full time, but cannot support themselves.
419
In neoliberalism as a world view, ___ is valued, as people should not depend on anyone. Demonization of welfare.
Individualism.
420
How do the tax cuts pan out in neoliberalism?
The tax cuts are made to the highest earners and the wealthy, and the middle class is taxed higher proportionally. The government then has less money to work with.
421
What is austerity?
In had times, things need to be cut, and the government needs to spend less. For example, there is less health care and welfare, and there is a push for privatization and deregulation.
422
What type of system uses austerity measures?
A neoliberal system.
423
What is the struggle with neoliberalism globally?
Trade is opened up to the global market, so there is the problem of trying to keep jobs in America.
424
How do the IMF and World Bank operate?
On the basis of concessions and neoliberal stipulations.
425
What is the Paradox of the Plenty?
Wealth accumulation in the world is at an all-time high, and so is the wealth gap between the rich and the poor.
426
What are the four parts of the most basic definition of poverty?
Starvation, illness, feeling of oppression, and powerlessness.
427
What is global poverty?
People are lacking basic needs.
428
What causes global poverty?
The unequal distribution of resources and wealth.
429
Global poverty is an issue with the ___ of wealth, not with the ___ of wealth.
Distribution, accumulation.
430
When looking at inequality in the film "Inequality for All," the narrator looked at people at the ___ and people in the ___ to define inequality.
Top, middle.
431
What was the name of the model in the U.S. during the 1950's to the 70's?
The Virtuous Cycle.
432
The Canadian system exists because of the ___ of certain groups of people.
Exclusion.
433
What are 6 major points in the 1986 UN definition of indigenous peoples?
1. They must belong to a community. 2. They must have a historical existence as a group before invasion/colonialism. 3. They must have a claim to lands before colonialism. 4. They must consider themselves distinct from other communities. 5. Indigenous peoples are usually the non-dominant group. 6. There must be a desire and an attempt to preserve culture, land, and practices.
434
What is a criticism of the UN definition for indigenous peoples?
Encourages the need for proof to prove ancestry.
435
Indigenous populations should be considered as people, not only as an ___ ___.
Ethnic group.
436
Indigenous groups should be able to determine...
Who is indigenous and who is not.
437
What is self determination?
Self governance. Right to freely determine political status, and social and cultural development.
438
What is self identification?
Identifying yourself indigenous.
439
Self ___ and self ___ are important to indigenous identity.
Determination, identification.
440
What are 5 things that need to be considered when looking at self determination?
1. There is a connection to descendants. 2. Distinct history that can be traced to written/oral accounts. 3. Cultural attachment to land. 4. Vulnerability as a result of colonialism. 5. Desire of the people to continue to live in evolving traditional ways.
441
Self determination cannot come at the cost of...
The sovereignty of the state.
442
How can self determination be implemented?
The right to control territory and natural resources, social organizations, and decision making in institutions.
443
What is Idle No More?
A reaction to actions of Harper and Bill C-45, which was an omnibus bill.
444
What is an omnibus bill?
There are so many ifferent things that it becomes difficult to separate the different elements.
