Policing

Question 1

Aggressive patrol

Answer 1

A patrol strategy designed to maximize the number of police interventions and observations in the community

Question 2

Chain of command

Answer 2

Organizational structure based on military model with clear definition of ranks to indicate authority over subordinates and obligations to obey orders from superiors

Question 3

Chimel v. California (1969)

Answer 3

Supreme Court decision that endorsed warrantless searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested

Question 4

Civilian complain review board ( CCRB )

Answer 4

New York City committee formed to investigate complaint against police

Question 5

Clearance rate

Answer 5

The percentage of crimes known to the police that they believe they have solved through an arrest; a statistic used to measure a police department’s productivity

Question 6

Community policing

Answer 6

Approach to policing that emphasizes close personal contact between police and citizens and the inclusion of citizens in efforts to solve problems, including vandalism, disorder, youth misbehavior, and crime

Question 7

CompStat

Answer 7

Approach to crime prevention and police productivity measurement pioneered in New York City and then adopted in other cities that involves frequent meetings among police supervisors to examine detailed crime statistics for each precinct and develop immediate approaches and goals for problem solving and crime
Prevention

Question 8

Consent search

Answer 8

A permissible warrantless search of a person, vehicle, home, or location based on a person with proper authority or the reasonable appearance of proper authority voluntarily granting permission for the search to take place

Question 9

Detectives

Answer 9

Police officers, typically working in a plainclothes, who investigate crimes that have occurred by questioning witnesses and gathering evidence

Question 10

Differential response

Answer 10

A patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response

Question 11

Directed patrol

Answer 11

A proactive form of patrolling that directs resources to known high-crime areas

Question 12

Domestic violence

Answer 12

The term commonly used to refer to intimate partner violence or violence victimizations between spouses, boyfriends, and girlfriends, and those formerly in intimate relationships. Such actions account for a significant percentage of the violent victimizations experienced by women

Question 13

Evidence-based policing

Answer 13

The deployment of police personnel and development of police strategies based on the utilization of results from social science studies on the nature of crime and other social problems and the effectiveness of past efforts to address these problems

Question 14

Excessive use of force

Answer 14

Applications of force against individuals by police officers that violate either departmental policies or constitutional rights by exceeding the level of force permissible and necessary in a given situation

Question 15

Exclusionary rule

Answer 15

The principle that illegally obtained evident must be excluded from trial

Question 16

Existent circumstances

Answer 16

When there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed, officers may search, arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of criminal procedure.

Question 17

FBI special agents

Answer 17

The sworn law enforcement officers in the FBI who conduct investigations and make arrests

Question 18

Frankpledge

Answer 18

A system in old English law in which members of a tithing (a group of ten families) pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court

Question 19

Good faith exception

Answer 19

Exception to the exclusionary rule that permits the use of improperly obtained evidence when police officers acted in honest reliance on a defective statute, a warrant improperly issued by a magistrate, or a consent to search by someone who lacked authority to give such permission

Question 20

Illinois v. Gates (1983)

Answer 20

U.S Supreme Court decision that established the flexible totality of circumstances test for determining the existence of the probably cause needed for obtaining a search warrant

Question 21

Incident-driven policing

Answer 21

Policing in which calls for service are the primary Instigators of action

Question 22

Inevitable discovery rule

Answer 22

Supreme Court ruling that improperly obtained evidence can be used when it would later have been inevitable discovered by the police

Question 23

Internal affairs unit

Answer 23

A branch of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violation of rules and policies on the part of the officers

Question 24

Interpol

Answer 24

The international criminal police organization formed in 1946 and based in France with the mission of facilitating international cooperation in investigating transnational criminal activities and security threats

Question 25

Inventory search

Answer 25

Permissible warrantless search of a vehicle that has been "impounded" __ meaning that it is in police custody__ so that police can make a record of the items contained in the vehicle.

Question 26

Legalistic style

Answer 26

Style of policing that emphasizes strict enforcement of laws and reduces officers' authority to handle matters informally

Question 27

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Answer 27

Supreme court decision that applied the exclusionary rule as the remedy for improper searches by state and local officials

Question 28

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Answer 28

U.S Supreme Court decision declaring that suspects in custody must be informed of their rights to remain silent and be represented during questioning

Question 29

Nix v. Williams (1984)

Answer 29

Legal decision in which the surprise court created the "inevitable discovery" exception to the exclusionary rule

Question 30

Order maintenance

Answer 30

The police function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face-to-face conflict between two or more people. In such situations, the police exercise discretion in deciding whether a law has been broken

Question 31

Patrol units

Answer 31

The core operational units of local police departments that deploy uniformed officers to handle the full array of police functions for device, order maintenance, and law enforcement

Question 32

Plain view doctrine

Answer 32

Officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that it is open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be

Question 33

Police bureaucracy

Answer 33

The organizational description of police departments' design and operations that seek to achieve efficiency through division of labor, chain of command, and rules to guide staff

Question 34

Police corruption

Answer 34

Police officers' violation me of law and departmental policy for personal gain or to help their family and friends

Question 35

Preventive patrol

Answer 35

Making the police presence known, to deter crime and to make officers available to respond quickly to calls

Question 36

Proactive

Answer 36

Acting in anticipation, such as an active search for potential offenders that is initiated by the police without waiting for a crime to be reported. Arrest for victimless crimes are usually proactive

Question 37

Probable cause

Answer 37

An amount of reliable information indicating that it is more likely than not that evidence will be found in a specific location or that specific person is girly of a crime

Question 38

Problem-oriented policing

Answer 38

Community policing strategy that emphasizes solving problems of disorder in a neighborhood that may contribute to fear of crime and crime itself

Question 39

Public safety exception

Answer 39

Exception to Miranda requirements that permits police to immediately question a suspect in custody without providing any warnings, when public safety would be jeopardized by their taking the time to supply the warnings

Question 40

Reactive

Answer 40

Occurring in response, such as police activity in response to notification that a crime has been committed

Question 41

Reasonable expectation of privacy

Answer 41

The objective standard developed by courts for determining whether a government intrusion into an individual's person or property constitutes a search because it interferes with the individual's interests that are normally protected from the government examination

Question 42

Reasonable suspicion

Answer 42

A police officer's belief based on articulable facts that would be recognized by others in a similar situation as indicating that criminal activity is afoot and necessitates further investigation that will intrude on an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy

Question 43

School resource officers (SROs)

Answer 43

Police officers assigned for duty in schools to assist in order maintenance while also developing positive relationships with students that may assist in delinquency prevention

Question 44

Search

Answer 44

Government official's examination of and hunt for evidence on a person or in a place in a manner that intrudes on reasonable expectation of privacy

Question 45

Section 1983 lawsuits

Answer 45

Civil lawsuits authorized by a federal statute against state and local officials and local agencies when citizens have evidence that these officials or agencies have violated their federal constitutional rights

Question 46

Seizures

Answer 46

Situations in Which police officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and which must not be "unreasonable" according to the forth amendment

Question 47

Service

Answer 47

The police function of providing assistance to the public, usually in matter unrelated to crime

Question 48

Service style

Answer 48

Style of policing in which officers cater to citizens' desire for favorable treatment and sensitivity to individual situations by using discretion to handle minor maters in ways that seek to avoid embarrassment or punishment

Question 49

Sheriff

Answer 49

Top law enforcement officials In county government who was an exceptionally important police official during the country's westward expansion and continues to hear primary responsibility for many local jails

Question 50

Slave patrols

Answer 50

Distinctively American form of law enforcement in southern states that sought to catch and control spaces through patrol groups that stopped and questioned African Americans on the roads and elsewhere in public places

Question 51

Socialization

Answer 51

The process by which the rules, symbols, and values of a group or subculture are learned by its members

Question 52

Stop

Answer 52

When somebody is temporarily detained and not free to leave. Reasonable suspicion is needed

Question 53

Frisk

Answer 53

Pat down the outer clothing for weapons based on reasonable suspicion, approved by the Supreme Court in Terry v. Ohio

Question 54

Subculture

Answer 54

The symbols, believe, values , and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup of the lager society

Question 55

Sworn officers

Answer 55

Police employees who have taken an oath and been given powers by the date to make arrest and to use necessary force, in accordance with their duties

Question 56

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

Answer 56

Deadly rice may mother used against and unarmed and fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probably cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers or others

Question 57

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Answer 57

Supreme Court decision endorsing police officers authority to stop and frisk suspects on the streets when there is reasonable suspicion that they are armed and involved in criminal activity

Question 58

Totality of circumstances

Answer 58

Flexible test established by the Supreme Court for identifying whether probable cause exists that Permits the judge to determine whether the available evidence is both sufficient and reliable enough to issue an warrant

Question 59

U.S border patrol

Answer 59

Federal law enforcement agency with responsibility for border security by patrolling national land borders and coastal waters to prevent smuggling, drug trafficking, and illegal entry, including entry by potential terrorists

Question 60

U.S marshals

Answer 60

Federal law enforcement officials appointed to handle duties in western territories and today bear responsibility to federal court security and apprehending fugitives

Question 61

United States v. Leon (1984)

Answer 61

Supreme Court decision announcing the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule

Question 62

USA patriot act

Answer 62

A federal statute passed in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, that broadens government authority to conduct searches and wire taps and that expands the definitions of crimes involving terrorism

Question 63

Watch system

Answer 63

Practice of assigning individuals to night observation duty to warn the public of fires and crime that was first introduced to the American colonies in Boston and that later evolved into a system of paid, uniformed police

Question 64

Watchman style

Answer 64

Style of policing that emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of law as officers use discretion to handle small infractions Informally but make arrests for major violations.

Question 65

Weeks v. United States (1914)

Answer 65

Supreme Court decision applying the exclusionary rule as the remedy for improper searches by federal law enforcement officials

Question 66

Working personality

Answer 66

A set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to the work distinction and environmental influences

Question 67

Affidavit

Answer 67

Written statement of fact, supported by oath or affirmation, submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant.