Policy Towards Youth and Women Flashcards
(38 cards)
What were the Nazi’s aims for young children?
- Be obedient
- Idolise the Fuhrer
- Be physically fit
- Sacrifice self for national good
- Do everything possible to strengthen the health and racial purity of the German nation
How did boys progress through Nazi organisations?
Childhood:
6-10: Pimpfen (Cubs)
10-14: Deutsches Jungvolk (Young German Boys)
14-18: Hitlerjugend
Adulthood:
Reich Labour Service (RAD)
German Labour Front (DAF)
German Students’ League
Wehrmacht (army)
How did girls progress through Nazi organisations?
Childhood:
10-14: Jungmädelbund (Young Girls League)
14-18: Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls)
Adulthood:
18-21: Glaube und Schönheit (Faith and Beauty)
NS Frauenverk (National Socialist Women’s Organisation)
How did the Nazis control the education system?
Teachers who were considered ‘unreliable’ were removed from the profession.
Schools were centralised under the Reich Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science.
Head teachers had to be members of the Nazi party.
A National Socialist Teachers’ League was established.
Were teachers willing to join the National Socialist Teachers’ League (NSLB)?
Many were already sympathetic towards the Nazis and 30% had voluntarily joined the party by 1936.
All teachers were pressurised to join the NSLB and by 1937 97% had done so.
What did the National Socialist Teachers’ League achieve?
Members had to attend one-month long training courses which stressed Nazi ideology and physical education.
It allowed Nazi local officials to keep records on individual teachers. Those who were insufficiently committed to National Socialism were dismissed.
How was the curriculum changed to reflect Nazi ideals?
Greater emphasis on physical education which, by 1936 took up at least 2 hours per day.
History lessons focuses on German history and stressed nationalism and heroism.
German language and literature were studied to foster nationalist spirit.
Biology lessons reflected Nazi ideas on eugenics.
Religious education was pushed to the side and eventually removed as the subject did not uphold Nazi values.
Which new types of schools were introduced to train the next Nazi elite?
NAPOLAs - National Political Education Institutions
Adolf Hitler Schools - run by the Hitler Youth
Ordensburgen - for boys of college age
What was the objective of NAPOLAs and what happened within them?
For boys 10-18 to develop future leaders. Led by the SS.
There were 39 by 1943.
Provided a military-style boarding education with stress on physical education, manual labour and political training.
What were Adolf Hitler Schools?
Free boarding schools for 12-18 year olds, selected on grounds of physical appearance and leadership potential.
Only 11 created.
Intended partly to rival the SS’s NAPOLAs.
Physical, political, and military training were even more dominant and many aspect of normal schools were abandoned.
What were Ordensburgen?
Modelled on medieval chivalric orders where boys completed their training as future political and military leaders.
Students (Ordensjunkers) were housed in vast castles.
How did higher education change under the Nazis?
Decrease in students: from 113,000 in 1933 to 57,000 in 1939, which demonstrated the Nazis’ anti-intellectual attitudes.
There was an increase in uptake by 1944 however due to a large increase in female students (who made up 11% of students in 1939 in comparison to 49% in 1944)
Which organisation was set up for university lecturers?
Nazi Lecturers’ Association
All university lecturers forced to join the association in November 1933.
New appointees had to attend a six-week ideological and physical training camp.
Which organisation was set up for university students?
German Students’ League
Students forced to join the group, but 25% seem to have evaded this.
Compulsory twice weekly sessions for ideological and fitness training.
When was the Hitler Youth created?
July 4th 1926
What was the aim of Nazis with their youth groups?
To indoctrinate the youth and combat the possibly negative influences of parents or the church
How did activities for boys within youth groups compare to those for girls?
For both there was an emphasis on the greatness of the Fuhrer and German patriotism. Both also included physical training and marching practice.
In the boys organisations the emphasis was preparing them for a military life whilst with the girls this emphasis was put on domestic life and becoming mothers.
What was the reception to Nazi youth groups?
Those from poorer backgrounds enjoyed the activities such as camping and sporting activities.
However, it became less successful with increasing focus on military preparation and discipline at the expense of the ‘fun’ activities.
Compulsory membership led to resentment by some and meant that the organisations contained a lower percentage of committed youngsters.
In what ways did women’s treatment in Weimar Germany contrast that in Nazi Germany?
There was a shift in social attitudes and women had been freed of many old restrictions from the pre-war years.
Employment opportunities opened up and the birth rate fell.
What trends in regard to women did the Nazis want to reverse?
Increased female employment in the non-agricultural sector.
Declining birth rate, partly due to wider access to contraception.
What did the ideal German woman look like?
Aryan - Blue eyes and blonde hair
Broad hips for childbearing, yet athletic.
Wear no makeup, full skirts, and flat shoes.
How did the Nazis reduce the number of women in employment?
June 1933: Interest-free loans offered to women to marry and give up work
1933: Women in top civil service jobs and medical jobs dismissed
1936: Banned from being judges + lawyers
Married women forbidden from entering many of the professions between 1933 and 1936
Education opportunities for girls reduced.
How did the Nazis reduce availability of education for girls?
The number of girls allowed into higher education was limited in 1934 and further reduced in 1937.
Grammar school education was abolished for girls and they were forbidden to study Latin, which was a requirement for entering university.
How much did female employment decrease?
Percentage of women in employment:
1932: 37%
1937: 31%