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Germany > Political Dissent and Nature of Support in FRG > Flashcards

Political Dissent and Nature of Support in FRG Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 4 issues in the FRG that was more important then political dissent?

A
  1. Rebuilding the goverment, working together in useful coalitions 2. Building a sense of identity whilst leaving room for reunification 3. EwEstablishing the economy and rebuilding the country 4. Establishing the FRG as a viable moderate member of Europe
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2
Q

What shows that people in the FRG wanted a moderate goverment?

A

They voted in the CDU and the most radical party, the SPD was not part of goverment.

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3
Q

What did the KDP organise in response after being banned?

A

They organised a protest in 1953 where 6000 communists clashed with police who used water cannons to disperse them.

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4
Q

Why did the opinions of young people differ then previous generations?

A

There had been a post war baby boom and there had been youth Protests all across the west

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5
Q

How did the wave of youth protest show itself in the FRG (3 ways.)?

A
  1. Young people objected to the year zero idea. 2. There was Protests against the FRGs military 3. Young people joined the discontent for the war in Vietnam
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6
Q

What slogan did young people adopt to show their opposition to the year zero?

A

“What did you do in the war daddy?” Young people especially opposed the appointment of ex Nazis

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7
Q

Why were there Protests against the FRGs military?

A

It’s involvement with the West through Nato and the possibility that it might build and store atomic weapons angered people

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8
Q

Why did many young people begin to dislike the USA?

A

The war and Vietnam, the USA became the face of money grabbing and repressive capitalism

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9
Q

What was the APO?

A

It was a party that partly cake out because of the distrust of young intellectuals for the established Conservative goverment and partly because there were no left winged parties to absorb them after the KPD was band.

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10
Q

What did the SPDs change in policies mean?

A

Although it got them more powerr in the goverment, many young people especially students and trade unionists felt under represented.

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11
Q

What was a large proportion of the APOs membership made up of?

A

University students many who saw action as important as argument.

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12
Q

What did the film Viva Maria show as an example of what inspired students?

A

It showed a radical revolutionary lifestyle with the use of bombs for social revolution.

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13
Q

What was the SDS?

A

The German Socalist Students Union. It had been part of the SPD but broke away in 1961 because it felt as if the party was becoming less radical and not representing its feelings on things like rearmament.

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14
Q

What was different about most of the radical protest and even violent terrorism then previous opposition at Germany?

A

It was not always directed at political issues in the FRG. It was directed at human rights and moral issues in the world as a whole

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15
Q

What are 3 things which the SDS protested?

A
  1. Vietnam and nuclear weapons 2. Former Nazis holding office in the government 3. The FRGs involvement with Nato
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16
Q

What happened to do with the SPDS in 1967?

A

At a protest against the human rights record of Iran during the visit from its Shah, conflict arose with the police and a student, Bennett Ohnesorg was shot.

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17
Q

What 2 things did the events with the SDS in 1967 result in?

A

A increasing membership of the SDS and a split regarding how violent demonstrations should be, some arguing that there could be no arguments with the “Auschwitz generation.”

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18
Q

What happened to do with the SDS in April 1968?

A

The leader, Rudi Dutschke was shot by a right winged fanatic who read the critisms of student Protests published by the Conservative newspaper owner Alex Springer.

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19
Q

What did the death of Rudi Dutschke result in?

A

The Easter riots

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20
Q

What were the easter riots?

A

A series of attacks on Springer press all over Germany.

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21
Q

What was the last major demonstration which the SDS took part in?

A

On the 11th of May 1968, about 80,000 people from many different groups protested on the emergency law which is what they saw as a a violation of the basic laws human rights principles, it was passed anyway.

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22
Q

What did the emergency powers result in?

A

Police control did manage to reduce the amount of Protests by many groups. However, it made some groups feel more marginalised and so increased the level of violence by resorting to terrorism

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23
Q

What were two ways that the government tried to deal with terrorism?

A

By putting up posters of wanted terrorists and appealing to the public to turn them in

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24
Q

Why was terrorism so difficult for the goverment to handle?

A

The terrorists were always splitting and changing, members would be arrested then there would sometimes be terror attacks to get them out.

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25
Q

What did terrorists trying to avoid arrest result in?

A

Regular gun battles with police, sometimes several times a month.

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26
Q

What was terrorism accompanied by?

A

Articles and pamphlets about what they wanted and why they were terrorists.

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27
Q

What was the Baader Meinhof Gang?

A

One of the most well known terrorist groups which had been set up in 1970, its first known bombing being in May 1970

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28
Q

What did the badder meinhof gang call themselves as the first was a name given to them by police?

A

The red army faction (RAF)

29
Q

Where had the RAF recieved training?

A

In Jordan by a Palestinian terrorist group

30
Q

Why the end of 1970 what had happened to most of the members of the baader meinhof gang?

A

They were in prison and they called for hunger strikes, one dieing in prison

31
Q

How did the RAF respond to one of their leaders dieing in prison?

A

They bombed the houses of several lawyers and judges involved in the trials that sent the gang members to prison?

32
Q

What had happened to the RAF by 1975?

A

All of the members of the gang were arrested and placed in solitary confinement. There were bombings in Paris, Stockholm and other cities to show support for them but terrorism died down as people realised it was not achieving anything and due to the increase in government activity.

33
Q

What did a public poll show in 1970?

A

That one in 5 Germans felt some sympathy for the Baardar Meinhof gang and five percent of them would allow a member of the group to stay in their house for the night if that person was on the run.

34
Q

What was the BfV and the BND?

A

Organisations which were entitled to investigate people which they suspected of working against the Basic Law. The BfV only worked in Germany and reported to the ministry of interior whilst the BND reported directly to the chancellor and worked aboard too.

35
Q

What were both organisations prevented from doing?

A

Opening mail, searching homes or monitoring phone calls until the emergency law was passed.

36
Q

When was the emergency law passed?

A

1968

37
Q

What was the emergency law more successful after?

A

The introduction of BEFA

38
Q

What was BEFA?

A

A system which gave the BND centralised access to all police information in the FRG

39
Q

What was set up after the shooting of the Israeli athletes in the Munich Olympics 1972?

A

The GSG-9

40
Q

When was the GSG-9 successfully used against terrorists?

A

On the 17th of October 1977 when a team successfully rescued hostages on a plane that had been hjacked on its way to Frankfurt and ended up in Somalia. It also took part in some arrests of RAF members.

41
Q

How often was the employment ban on people with extremist political beliefs between 1950 and 1972?

A

Fewer then 100 people lost their job

42
Q

What Decree was passed in January 1972?

A

The Anti Radical decree

43
Q

What was the anti radical Decree?

A

It allowed for the political betting of everyone applying for a state job, from teachers to postmen to civil servants.

44
Q

Who did the allies aim to denazify?

A

All people including people who hadn’t take part in atrocities such as the Holocaust.

45
Q

When did the first Nuremburg trial start?

A

18 October 1945

46
Q

What happened to the 22 defendenta during the Nuremburg Trials?

A

12 were sentenced to death, 3 to life imprisonment, 3 acquitted and the rest went to prison

47
Q

What did surveys at the time of the nuremburg trials show?

A

The trials were accepted by most Germans as a necessary part of losing the war, although there was a feeling that there should be an end to the pursuit of the Nazis

48
Q

What did the Fuhrer myth change to for many people?

A

Hitler became a person to blame everything on

49
Q

By the end of 1946 how many people I’m allied zones were arrested in denazification attempts?

A

250,000

50
Q

Why was it hard to identify who was a Nazi and who was not?

A

Many people joined the party just to keep their jobs and it was possible for more involved Nazis to just remove themselves from the record. There was also such a large amount of people to denazify

51
Q

What was one of the reasons that the failure of denazification was a problem?

A

It made the process look bungled and corrupt and this did not encourage people to welcome the democratic process set up by the same allies.

52
Q

Why was the young people of Germany most likely to have been indoctrinated?

A

They had been influenced by the Hitler youth movement, and Nazi school teachings

53
Q

What did the allies ban in May 1946?

A

Nazi school books, films and slides that taught Nazi race theory. They also banned books that used theories as examples such as one that asked how many marriage loans could be paid for keeping one disabled person alive over a year.

54
Q

How did the allies denazify teachers and libarians/libraries?

A

They were vetted out to stop Nazi s at universities and teacher training institutes.

55
Q

What did the allies have to adapt too during denazification?

A

The nazification process had been so thorough that there was not enough people to do key jobs that hadn’t been Nazis, not just in education but also in goverment.

56
Q

What zone was the harshest towards the Nazis?

A

The USSRs

57
Q

What zone was the most pragmatic towards the denazification process?

A

The British as they accepted that they would have to employ some former Nazis into goverment posistions for it to wrok

58
Q

Between 1945 and 1949 what percentage according to US polls of German people believed that denazificarion process was necessary?

A

Between a half and two thirds

59
Q

After 1949 how many German people thought that denazification process was necessary?

A

Under a quater

60
Q

Why did some Germans not accept the denazificarion process?

A

The allies had also commited war crimes such as the bombs in Japan and had wiped out German villages near Berkin so they felt it was unfair that they would be the only ones being punished

61
Q

What showed that the allies weren’t really being fair with the denazification process?

A

All of the allies allowed ex nazis with useful skills to leave Germany and start a new life in the country so avoided prosecution. For example around 1600 ex Nazis did this by moving to the US

62
Q

By 1947 what percentage of teachers who had lost their jobs due to denazification was back in work un Bavaria?

A

85%

63
Q

What fact showed that the denazification process was so different in different zones?

A

A teacher banned to work in one zond could just move to another and begin work witj no questions asked.

64
Q

What shows that the education process was not fast at spreading pro democracy ideas?

A

In 1961 only a third of all students in the university of Frankfurt believed in the future of democracy

65
Q

What fact shows that in 1949 support for democracy was at a low?

A

In the turnout figures for elections it was the only time that it was less then 84% in Germans history

66
Q

What did surveys bybthe 1960s show about the belief in democracy?

A

The majority of people felt the FRG represented the best time in German history and most people fear that democracy was the best style of goverment.

67
Q

Why was the judiciary process such a hard thing to denazify?

A

Most people who had to be reappointed were former Nazis as noone else had the training. This meant that there was a lack of remorse or desire to look back on events of the past as these were the people who would have been prosecuting the anti Nazis. This is shown by the fact that the law which led to the sterilisation of 350,000 people was not repealed until 1974

68
Q

What is an example of backwards law that was upheld from the Nazi era and what did this do?

A

The Federal Law on the defence of the state. This sought to punish intentions to endanger the state, it encompassed strikes, Protests and any affiliation with the communist party. A conviction from it could prevent an individual from the right to drive a car, recieve a highschool diploma or be admitted to college exams.

69
Q

What were 3 ways that Germans in the FRG showed that they supported democracy?

A
  1. They demonstrated against the changes the goverment made which would restrict democracy such as the emergency law. 2 They marched in support of democracy and against repressive regimes in other countries such as against their goverment having diplomatic relations with South Africa during arpartide 3. They protested against ostpolitik as the GDR had such a repressive goverment system.

Germany (10 decks)

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