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Elizabeth > Politics and Court > Flashcards

Politics and Court Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Elizabeth’s problems

A

1) female- people questioned her ability to rule
2) wanted to re-establish Protestantism
3) unmarried, no children
4) needed to decide who to appoint as her advisors
5) poverty- liable to rebellion
6) massive debts from Mary
7) questioned legitimacy
8) war with France- no allies
9) young and inexperienced

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2
Q

Describe the royal court

A
  • mobile operation
  • run by Lord Chamberlain
  • 500 nobles, advisors. Officials and servers -> courtiers
  • personal monarchy
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3
Q

Describe the royal residences

A

did not build any palaces- inherited and maintained a number of royal residences
• favourite Richmond- built by grandfather
• Whitehall - 20 acre gardens, orchards, tennis courts and tiltyard used for tournaments
• St. James’ Palace
• Hampton Court
• Greenwich
• Nonsuch (hunting)
• Tower of London - she disliked
• Windsor Castle - secure in times of crises (built terrace and gallery)

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4
Q

Describe progresses

A
  • in summers
  • visits homes of nobility
  • covered South East, Midlands and East Anglia
  • build relationship with people, flatter nobles
  • 400 wagons carried clothes, linens, documents, furnishings, the Queen’s bed
  • live in luxury at the expense of her subjects
  • removed from capital when plague was rife
  • royal palaces could be fumigated
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5
Q

Describe the function of the court politically

A
  • displayed queen’s magnificence to nobility and visiting foreign guests
  • lavish banquets, elaborate masques, musical performances, plays and tournaments as subtly propaganda
  • court ceremonies encouraged loyalty
  • on feast days queen dined in public, marching from chapel to dining hall begins her councillors who carried her sceptres and sword of state
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6
Q

Describe patronage

A
  • privy chamber staffed by females - reduced in size
  • gave particular men important jobs
  • gave Male courtiers political positions and important politicians places at court
  • brought wealth and prestige to the individual
  • caused intense competition and rivalries, making everyone loyal to Elizabeth
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7
Q

Describe the privy council

A
  • coordinated financial departments, law courts (e.g. star chamber), and regional bodies (e.g. council of the north)
  • issued instructions to local officials (Lord lieutenants, justices of the peace)
  • members from nobility, gentry and the church
  • met at court almost daily - Elizabeth did not always attend
  • advised and directed policy, guided parliamentary business on behalf of Elizabeth
  • could issue proclamations in the Queen’s name (had the force of the law)
  • could command the arrest an imprisonment of individuals
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8
Q

Describe the structure of church leadership

A

Elizabeth: head of church, appointed Archbishops and bishops

Archbishops and bishops: in charge of 900 parish priests and church wardens

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9
Q

Describe the structure of law court leadership

A

Elizabeth: in charge of the law courts, appointed judges
Judges: in charge of quarter sessions and local law courts

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10
Q

Describe the structure of government

A

Elizabeth: governed the country

The court

The privy council sends orders to the lords lieutenant and justices of the peace

Lord lieutenant made up the town councils, who were in charge of constables and overseers of the poor

Justices of the peace in charge of constables and overseers of the poor. Helped to control the rest of the population

The constables and overseers of the poor help to control the rest of the population

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11
Q

What was parliament

A
  • House of Lords
  • House of Commons
  • occasionally called by Elizabeth
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12
Q

Describe Elizabeth’s privy council

A
  • January 1559- 19 members (Mary had 40)
  • half drawn from marine council to maintain experience and avoid alienation of important people. Other half brand new. No strong catholics
  • nobility gradually moved out for a small. Highly efficient group of educated, professional, full-time politicians mostly from the gentry
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13
Q

Describe her relationship with Cecil

A
  • continual contact
  • loyal, knew how to manage the queen
  • threatened to resign to make her cooperate
  • used parliament to manipulate her
  • respected Jim for speaking his mind
  • he would carry out her wishes even if he disagreed
  • helped manage the political patronage system and Sir Michael Hicks (patronage secretary)
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14
Q

Describe divide and rule

A
  • deliberately appointed men who were hostile towards each other
  • rivalries for her affection
  • contrasting advice helped measured decisions
  • always have some support
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15
Q

Describe Sir William Cecil

A
  • 1571 - Lord Burghley
  • born 1520
  • a member of Lincolnshire gentry
  • studied law at Cambridge
  • moderate Protestant
  • enormously intelligent, very hard working
  • member of parliament and member of Edward VI’s Council
  • November 1558- Secretary of State
  • wanted to avoid war and unite the nation through moderate policies
  • naturally conservative
  • very skilfully parliamentary manager (regularly attended the House of Commons and the House of Lords)
  • 1598- died, replaced by his son Robert
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16
Q

Describe Sir Francis Walsingham

A
  • 1532- born
  • from Norfolk gentry
  • studied law at Cambridge
  • fervent Puritan (fled to Italy during Mary Is reign and studied at Padua university)
  • 1558- became an MPs
  • 1568- started working with the government because of his foreign contacts and skill with language
  • early 1570s- ambassador in Paris
  • 1573- appointed to the Privy Council (became Secretary of State with special responsibility for foreign affairs)
  • 1577- knighted
  • ally of Dudley- frequently clashed with Cecil
  • good organiser- in charge of ‘secret service’ which controlled a network of informers home and abroad to uncover plots
  • 1590- died
17
Q

Describe Robert Dudley

A
  • 1564- Earl of Leicester
  • 1533- younger son of the disgraced Duke of Northumberland (executes at the beginning of Mary I)
  • spent some of Mary’s reign locked in the tower
  • childhood friend, good looking
  • member of the Court, master of the horse
  • 1562- privy councillor
  • highly ambitious, conscientious worker
  • radical Puritan, argued with Cecil about succession, religion and foreign policy
  • 1588- died
18
Q

Describe Sir Christopher Hatton

A
  • 1540- born
  • Northamptonshire gentry
  • studied law at Oxford
  • danced at court, for promotors
  • gentleman of the privy chamber, captain of the Queen’s bodyguard
  • loyal, kind, clever, hardworking, helped organdie progresses
  • moderate Protestant- sympathised with catholics and hated puritans
  • elevates to parliament several times (helped secure their support
  • 1587- Lord Chancellor
  • 1591- died
19
Q

Describe the role of parliament

A
  • monarch decided when they should meet and for how long

* called if the monarch needed news laws to be passed or wanted to introduce new taxes

20
Q

Describe Elizabeth’s parliament initially

A
  • 1559- first parliament created new Protestant church by restoring royal supremacy over the Church of England
  • had to rely heavily on parliamentary subsidies which were asked for 11/13 sessions
21
Q

Describe the main business enacted by parliament

A

1563: approval of taxes to fund wars against France and Scotland
1566: taxes agreed to pay for an army sent to France
1571: graces agreed to help defeat a rebellion in the north. Laws against Pope and traitors
1572: MPs met to discuss Queen’s safety after discovery of a Catholic plot
1576: MPs agreed to taxes despite peace
1581: graves approved to pay for an army sent to Ireland. Anti-Catholic laws passed
1584-85: laws against catholic priests passed. More taxes granted
1586-87: MPs granted faces for a war against Spain
1589: MPs approved faces to pay the costs of defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588
1593: faces granted for war against Spain. More anti-Catholic laws
1597-98: more taxes granted and poor laws
1601: taxes granted to pay for war against Spain and pay for the army in Ireland

22
Q

Describe the structure of Elizabeth’s parliament

A
  • House of Lords: upper house, more powerful, 90 peers, nobility and bishops. End of her reign only 55
  • House of Commons: 450 elected MPs- educated gentry, lawyers, merchants, two knights from each county and two burgesses from each borough. Gained power.
  • no formal political parties
  • only landowners and wealthy citizens could vote for MPs (tiny minority). MPs usually nominated by the crown or a prominent nobleman.
  • bills had to be passed as an act of parliament
  • bills would be read out 3 times (content, amendments, final copy)
  • royal veto
23
Q

Describe the statistics of Elizabeth’s parliament

A

Total number of weeks in session over 45 years: 140

Average number of weeks it met per year: 3

Number of years it did not meet: 29

Percentage of MPs who spoke in debates: 10%

Average percentage of MPs who voted: 49%

Total number of Acts passed: 434

1/2 had uni education

24
Q

Describe Elizabeth’s control over parliament

A
  • parliament became more confident because of its greater education, voicing concerns in succession, monopolies and religion
  • Elizabeth occasionally visited in person to charm and bully MPs
  • had the right to appoint the Speaker, to manipulate course of debate
  • 1576- imprisoned Peter Wentworth for arguing for freedom of speech
  • could dissolve parliament whenever
  • MPs thoroughly vetted- many were from court
25
Q

Describe the years of decline

A
  • 1590s- country damaged by war, plague, increased poverty and repeated harvest failures
  • patronage system broke down
  • with the deaths of her advisers she became more angry, depressed and bad tempered. She lost popularity and faced sharp criticism
26
Q

Describe the rivalry between Cecil and Essex

A
  • Robert Cecil and the Earl of Essex (Dudley’s step-son) had a rivalry
  • Robert Cecil sickly but hardworking. Appointed to privy council in 1591. Made Secretary of State (trained by walsingham in the art of spy craft)
  • Essex- dashing young courtier- unpredictable, often angered Bess
27
Q

Describe the beginnings of the Essex rebellion

A

Essex banished from court because he married without her permission, she refused to promote one of his supporters so he said ‘her conditions are as crooked as her carcass’. She punched him and he was going to draw his sword but he stormed out
• 1598- asked to defeat a rebellion in Ireland led by Earl of Tyrone. He made peace against her orders
• Elisabeth promoted Cecil and Essex burst into her bedchamber before she was wigged and gowned. He had to stand before the privy council while he was interrogated for 5 hours- had to listen to charges on his knees. Banned from court and house arrested- lost all jobs and monopoly on sweet wines

28
Q

Describe the Essex rebellion proper

A
  • 1601
  • 300 supporters (unsuccessful courtiers, unemployed soldiers)
  • fortified Essex House (the Strand)
  • refused demand to appear before the privy council
  • locked 4 privy councillors who went to question him as hostages
  • marched with men to centre of London to capture the queen
  • most supporters quickly deserted him when offered a pardon
  • route blocked - when he returned home his house was surrounded by her forces- he surrender (12 hours)
  • 25th February 1601- executed for treason
29
Q

Hampton Court Palace

A
  • Henry VIII’s fav - great hall
  • 1568- a bay window
  • 1592 - Duke of Württemburg

Elizabeth (10 decks)

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