Politics parties Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Key Term:
What does a party system mean
A
A party system refers to the way that political parties are organised and compete in a particular country.
There are several party system models ranging from one party dominance, two party system, two-and-a-half party system and a multi-party sharing of influence.
2
Q
Key Term:
What does one party system mean
A
One party dominance is where a single political party wins elections consistently and holds power over an extended period.
This party often controls the government with little to no effective competition from other parties
3
Q
Key Term:
What does a two party system mean and give an example
A
A two party system (duopoly) means that power is shared between the two leading political parties
e.g. In the UK, the main two parties are Labour and Conservatives with each year its always one or the other who gets into power
4
Q
Key Term:
What does two-and-a-half party system mean and give an example
A
A two-and-a-half- party system means that a third smaller party can hold the balance of power between the two more dominant
e.g. Liberal Democrats - Conservative and Labour are the main two parties however sometimes Liberal Democrats challenge this e.g. 2010 coalition with Conservatives
5
Q
Key Term:
What does a multi-party system mean and give an example
A
A multi-party system is where several political parties have the capacity to gain control of government office separately or in coalition
e.g. Ireland (Fine Gael, Fianna, Sinn Fein)
6
Q
Key Term:
What does right wing mean and give examples
A
Right wing political beliefs come from the liberal and conservative ideology
These include the focus on the limiting excessive government, keeping taxation low and protecting individual liberty.
The right also emphasises conservative values such as law and order and the importance of national sovereignty (independence) and strong defence.
e.g. Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Reform
7
Q
Key Term:
What does left wing mean and give an example
A
The left wing emphasises the importance of creating a fair and equal society through positive state intervention.
This includes higher taxes on the wealthier, extensive welfare provision and greater state influence in the economy.
The left is also socially progressive and favours internationalist approach (global view) to solving global problems
e.g. Labour and Green Party
8
Q
Key Term:
What does mandate mean
A
if a political party wins a general election, it can claim the legitimate right or mandate from the electorate to try to implement their manifesto promises
9
Q
Key Term:
What does one-nation mean
A
According to one-nation principles, the Conservative Party should protect and advance the interests of the whole nation.
One nation is conservatism is more inclusive and progressive than traditional conservatism
10
Q
Key Term:
What does the New Right mean and give an example
A
New Right conservatism is rooted in classical liberalism because it seeks to reduce the influence of government in the economy and over people’s lives.
It also comes from traditional conservatism because of its emphasis on the importance of achieving security through law and order and strong defence.
e.g. Reform.
11
Q
Key Term:
What does Old Labour mean
A
Old Labour is associated with left wing principles of positive intervention to create a more equal society through higher taxes on the wealthy, nationalisation of public services and generous welfare provision
12
Q
Key Term:
What does New Labour mean
A
New Labour combines a left wing commitment to social justice with a right wing emphasis on the value of free markets in encouraging economic prosperity
13
Q
Key Term:
What are civil liberties
A
Civil liberties are a range of rights and freedoms that demand non-interference by government.
14
Q
Key Term:
What is a free-market
A
A free market is a system of buying and selling goods and services that is not under the control of the government
15
Q
Key Term:
What does limited government
A
government whose power is limited by the restrictions set by the constitution
16
Q
Key Term:
What does modern liberalism mean
A
In addition to accepting the importance of civil liberties, the free market and limited government, modern liberalism acknowledges that the government should play an important role in advancing social justice
17
Q
Key Term:
What does confidence and supply mean
A
Refers to a situation where a minority government retains power by arranging with another party that it will support it in a vote of confidence and on the budget (supply).
It is a less formal arrangement than a coalition since members of a smaller party do not sit in government and can vote against the government on their issues
18
Q
Key Term:
What is coalition
A
A coalition government is one which is formed by more than one political parties.
19
Q
Key Term:
What is a majority governemnt
A
When a political party has more than half of the seats in the House of Commons.
20
Q
Key Term:
What is a minority government
A
A minority government has fewer than half the seats and requires support from opposition MPs.
21
Q
Features of political parties:
Key features of left-wing political ideas e.g. economic policy
A
The Labour Party advocates for higher taxes on the wealthy to fund social programs.
It supports redistributing wealth through progressive taxation and emphasises government intervention in the economy to make society more equal.
The party also promotes social welfare programs like healthcare, education, and unemployment benefits.
22
Q
Features of political parties:
Key features of left-wing political ideas e.g. social policy
A
The Labour Party has a strong focus on reducing inequality through policies like affirmative action and wealth redistribution.
It advocates for universal healthcare, free or affordable education, and social safety nets.
The party also supports policies aimed at empowering marginalised communities, including those based on gender, race, and LGBTQ rights.
23
Q
Features of political parties:
Key features of left-wing political ideas e.g. foreign policy
A
The Labour Party is more internationalist, supporting cooperation with global institutions like the United Nations and the European Union.
It advocates for diplomacy, human rights, and multilateral agreements on issues such as climate change and international trade.
The party emphasises humanitarian aid and development assistance to poorer nations
24
Q
Features of political parties:
Key features of right-wing political ideas e.g. economic policy
A
The Conservative Party favours lower taxes, especially for businesses and high-income individuals, to encourage investment and economic growth.
It advocates for free-market capitalism and minimal government regulation.
The party believes in reducing state welfare programs in favour of personal responsibility and market-driven solutions.
25
Features of political parties:
Key features of right-wing political ideas e.g. social policy
The Conservative Party emphasises the importance of tradition, hierarchy, and personal responsibility.
It is concerned with maintaining societal order and is often skeptical of policies aimed at radical social change.
The party focuses on individual merit and self-reliance, sometimes being skeptical of extensive welfare or affirmative action policies.
26
Features of political parties:
Key features of right-wing political ideas e.g. foreign policy
The Conservative Party is more nationalist, focusing on national interests, sovereignty, and security.
It may be skeptical of global institutions and agreements, prioritising national independence.
The party often favours a strong military presence and prioritises national defence over international cooperation
27
Key word:
What does consensus politics mean?
Cooperation and compromise between parties to reach broad agreements.
28
Key word:
What does adversary politics mean?
Conflict and opposition, with parties focused on highlighting differences and opposing each other’s agendas.
29
Consensus and Adversary politics:
How can consensus politics been seen in UK politics? (use two examples)
Climate Change Commitments (2019–Present):
Both the Conservative government and opposition parties have agreed on the UK’s commitment to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Despite differing approaches, there has been general consensus on the need for action on climate change. While the parties may disagree on the specifics, there has been broad political agreement that tackling climate change is a priority for the country.
COVID-19 Response (2020–2021):
During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK government, led by the Conservative Party, received support from Labour and other political parties for measures like lockdowns, furlough schemes, and economic stimulus packages. Despite political differences, there was general consensus that urgent action was needed to address the health crisis and support the economy.
30
Consensus and Adversary politics:
How can adversary politics been seen in UK politics? (use two examples)
Brexit Negotiations (2016–2020):
The divisive Brexit negotiations were marked by sharp conflict between the Conservative Party, which supported Brexit, and Labour, which opposed it or called for a second referendum, as well as other political parties with differing views on how the UK should leave the EU. The Brexit process was a major example of adversary politics, with intense debate and division over how and whether the UK should leave the European Union.
General Election Campaigns (2019):
In the 2019 general election, the Conservative Party and Labour Party clashed intensely over issues like Brexit, public spending, and healthcare. The two parties had starkly different visions for the country’s future, leading to a highly adversarial election campaign. The 2019 election was defined by partisan conflict, with each party presenting a clear, opposing agenda, particularly around Brexit and public services.
31
Functions of parties:
What are the functions of parties e.g. representing the interests of the public (use two examples)
Labour's Focus on Workers' Rights (2019):
Labour has traditionally represented the working-class population, advocating for policies to protect workers' rights. In the 2019 general election, Labour promised to raise the minimum wage, improve workers' protections, and strengthen union rights to address income inequality and job insecurity, particularly among lower-income groups.
Conservative Party’s Stance on Immigration (2019):
Since the Brexit referendum, the Conservative Party has focused on limiting immigration by introducing a "points-based" system. This policy aims to address concerns about job competition and the strain on public services, aligning with the desires of Brexit supporters who want greater control over national borders.
32
Functions of parties:
What are the functions of parties e.g. promoting policy (use two examples)
Conservative Party’s "Get Brexit Done" Policy (2019):
In the 2019 general election, the Conservative Party under Boris Johnson campaigned with the slogan "Get Brexit Done," focusing on fulfilling the 2016 referendum result by leaving the EU. This policy resonated with voters frustrated by Brexit delays and seeking a clear resolution.
Labour’s Green New Deal (2019):
Labour’s 2019 manifesto included a "Green New Deal," which aimed to tackle climate change through public investment in green infrastructure, renewable energy, and job creation. The policy sought to address environmental concerns and economic inequality by transitioning to a sustainable economy while creating new jobs.
33
Functions of parties:
What are the functions of parties e.g. encouraging political participation (use two examples)
Labour’s Youth Engagement (2019):
Labour has actively worked to engage young people in politics, particularly through social media platforms and youth-oriented campaigns. The party’s focus on issues like climate change, free education, and student debt appeals to younger voters. This engagement encourages political participation by addressing issues that matter to younger generations and fostering a sense of ownership over political change.
Conservative Party’s Grassroots Campaigning (2019):
The Conservative Party has engaged its grassroots supporters through door-to-door canvassing, local campaigning, and digital outreach. In the 2019 election, the party focused on directly communicating its message to voters, particularly in marginal constituencies, encouraging greater political participation by involving local communities in campaigning efforts and voter mobilisation.
34
Functions of parties:
How do political parties not fulfil their function? e.g. not representing citizens (use two examples)
Labour's Failure to Address Working-Class Concerns (2019):
Labour struggled to represent working-class voters in the 2019 general election, particularly in former industrial areas, which led to significant losses in constituencies . Many voters felt that Labour’s focus on issues like climate change and identity politics did not address their immediate concerns about jobs, housing, and economic security.
Conservative Party’s Failure to Address Regional Inequality (2020–2021):
While the Conservatives won support in many parts of the UK, they failed to significantly address regional economic disparities, particularly in areas outside London and the South East. The government's policies, like austerity measures and limited local investment, left many citizens feeling underrepresented and ignored.
35
Functions of parties:
How do political parties not fulfil their function? e.g. not promoting policy
Conservative Party’s Handling of COVID-19 (2020):
The Conservative government's delayed response to the pandemic, including the late implementation of lockdowns and testing, was heavily criticised. This failure in policy-making led to unnecessary loss of life and economic damage, showing a lack of preparedness and effective leadership.
Labour’s Ineffective Response to Austerity (2010–2020):
Although Labour opposed austerity, they did not offer a clear, alternative economic strategy during the years of Conservative-led strictness. This left citizens feeling that Labour was not fulfilling its role as an opposition party that could present a viable alternative, leading to a loss of trust in its ability to shape effective policy.
36
Functions of parties:
How do political parties not fulfil their function? e.g. not encouraging political participation
Low Voter Turnout in 2019 General Election:
Despite both major parties pushing for increased participation, voter turnout in the 2019 election remained low, particularly among young people and working-class communities. Many citizens felt disillusioned with the political system and believed their vote wouldn’t make a difference, reducing overall political engagement.
Lack of Engagement with Marginalised Groups (2017–2021):
Both major parties were criticised for not engaging enough with underrepresented groups, such as ethnic minorities and lower-income citizens, in their campaigns. This lack of engagement left many communities feeling excluded from the political process, discouraging participation in elections and political debates.
37
Party funding:
How can parties get funding? e.g. membership fees (use two examples)
Labour Party (2019–2020):
Following Jeremy Corbyn's leadership from 2015, Labour saw a rise in membership, reaching around 500,000 members by 2019–2020. Membership fees played a key role in funding the party's activities during the 2019 general election. The membership boost helped Labour finance its campaigns, including voter mobilisation and campaign materials, despite their eventual defeat in the election.
Conservative Party (2019–2021):
The Conservative Party has a large membership base that supports its funding through annual membership fees, contributing to its financial stability. With around 180,000 members by 2021, these fees helped fund local campaigns and party activities, including promoting Brexit and national security initiatives.
38
Party funding:
How can parties get funding? e.g. donations (use two examples)
Conservative Party – Lord Ashcroft (2020):
Lord Ashcroft, a billionaire businessman, has been a major donor to the Conservative Party. In 2020, his donations were crucial in funding Conservative campaigns and political activities. His contributions were particularly important in supporting campaigns in swing constituencies during the 2019 general election.
Labour Party – Unite Union Donation (2020):
The Unite trade union has been a significant donor to the Labour Party. In 2020, Unite donated over £1 million to support Labour’s campaigns. Unite’s financial backing is vital for Labour’s ability to run campaigns, especially in industrial areas where the union has substantial influence.
39
Party funding:
How can parties get funding? e.g. fundraising events (use two examples)
Conservative Party – Annual Fundraising Dinners (2020):
The Conservative Party held high-profile fundraising events, including annual dinners, where wealthy donors paid for tickets to meet senior party figures like Boris Johnson.
These events raised millions of pounds for the Conservative Party’s 2019 general election campaign and other activities, securing resources for key constituencies.
Labour Party – Virtual Fundraising Events (2020):
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Labour Party hosted virtual fundraising events where supporters paid to participate and hear from prominent figures on issues like social justice and healthcare. These online events raised significant funds, enabling the party to maintain its operations and outreach during the pandemic.
40
Party funding:
Should the state fund political parties? e.g. Yes (it would promote a level playing field) (use two examples)
Green Party (2024 Local Elections):
In 2024, the Green Party received state funding to support its local election campaigns, particularly in areas like Brighton and Hove, where they traditionally hold seats. This funding enabled the Green Party to run a more visible campaign, increasing their presence in local councils and ensuring smaller parties had a voice despite being outspent by larger parties.
Liberal Democrats (2019 General Election):
The Liberal Democrats received state funding through the Short Money system, helping them compete against larger parties during the 2019 General Election. This funding was crucial in contested areas like Richmond Park and Twickenham, where the Liberal Democrats challenged the Conservatives and Labour for seats, making them more competitive.
41
Party funding:
Should the state fund political parties? e.g. Yes (reduce the influence of wealthy donors (use two examples)
Labour Party (2023):
The Labour Party in 2023 received state funding through the Short Money system, which helped them reduce their reliance on large donations, especially after public scrutiny of the trade unions and individual wealthy donors in previous years. This allowed Labour to focus more on grassroots campaigning and policy development for the 2024 General Election, making them less dependent on potentially influential donors.
Conservative Party (2020-2021):
The Conservative Party faced scrutiny for receiving large donations from wealthy individuals in the years following the 2019 General Election. As part of their funding model, the Conservatives also benefit from state funding, which helped balance out their reliance on private donations. This public funding allowed the party to maintain its campaign activities, reducing the impact of private financial interests.
42
Party funding:
Should the state fund political parties? e.g. No (waste of tax payers money) (use two examples)
UKIP (2015):
UKIP received state funding in 2015 after securing one seat in Parliament during the 2015 General Election, despite only receiving 12.6% of the national vote. Critics argued that the level of state funding provided to UKIP was excessive compared to its parliamentary representation, leading to claims that it was a waste of taxpayer money, particularly since UKIP had no significant influence on the government.
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (2022):
In 2022, the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland received state funding as part of the political system in Northern Ireland. Critics questioned whether the state funding was justified, given that the Alliance Party, although growing in popularity, still had a relatively small voter base compared to other larger Northern Irish parties like the DUP or Sinn Féin. This raised concerns about the fairness of public funds being distributed to smaller, less influential parties.
43
Party funding:
Should the state fund political parties? e.g. No (lack of accountability)
Labour Party (2020-2021):
After their loss in the 2019 General Election, the Labour Party under Keir Starmer increasingly relied on state funding and union donations. Critics argued that this reliance on institutional funds made Labour less accountable to ordinary voters and less responsive to their concerns, with the Short Money system helping to sustain the party's infrastructure but reducing voter engagement.
Conservative Party (2021):
The Conservative Party received substantial state funding during the 2021 local elections, in addition to private donations. Some critics claimed this combination of state and private funding reduced the party’s accountability to voters, as they could rely on financial support without engaging fully with their grassroots base.
44
Established political parties:
How does traditional conservatism link to conservative policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
TC (Traditional Conservatism): Focuses on stability, respect for institutions, and gradual change.
CP (Conservative Party): Reflects support for national institutions like the monarchy and a commitment to social cohesion.
Armed Forces Act 2021: Strengthens the UK's military defence and ensures the independence of the armed forces, emphasizing national security and institutional stability.
Royal Family Support: Ongoing government policies, including funding for royal engagements and state visits, highlight the Conservative Party's respect for the monarchy and national unity.
45
Established political parties:
How does one-nation conservatism link to conservative policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
ONC: Advocate for social responsibility, welfare, and unity within society.
CP: The party supports policies that reduce inequality, promote welfare, and foster a more unified society.
Recent Examples:
Universal Credit (2013): Aims to simplify the welfare system and provide support to low-income individuals, reflecting the One Nation commitment to a safety net for the vulnerable while encouraging work.
Affordable Homes Bill (2019): Focuses on increasing affordable housing to tackle the housing crisis and promote social cohesion by ensuring access to basic housing needs.
46
Established political parties:
How does New Right conservatism link to conservative policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
NR: Prioritize free-market capitalism, privatization, individual responsibility, and a strong stance on law and order.
CP: The party’s policies reflect the New Right’s focus on economic liberalism, privatization, and law and order.
Recent Examples:
Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022: Introduces stricter sentencing and police powers to tackle crime and public disorder, reflecting the New Right's emphasis on law and order.
Telecommunications Act 1984 (privatization influence): Although passed earlier, its influence remains as the Conservative government continues policies of privatization (e.g., Royal Mail privatization) to reduce state control and boost market competition.
47
Established political parties:
How does the conservative ideology link to their economic policy? (use two examples)
National Insurance Cuts (2022): Under Rishi Sunak, the Conservative government reduced National Insurance contributions for employees and employers to provide relief to workers and businesses affected by rising living costs and the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Mini-Budget (2022): Under Liz Truss, the government unveiled a tax-cutting agenda, reducing corporation tax and income tax for high earners, and introduced energy subsidies to help with rising bills. However, the mini-budget led to market volatility and was later reversed.
These policies align with the New Right’s emphasis on lower taxes and market-driven growth, aiming to limit the state's role in economic affairs.
48
Established political parties:
How does the conservative ideology link to their welfare policy? (use two examples)
Universal Credit Rollout and Reforms: The Conservative government, under Theresa May and Boris Johnson, introduced Universal Credit to simplify and consolidate multiple welfare benefits. It has been reformed to reduce fraud and streamline the claims process, though it has faced criticism for delays and its impact on poverty levels.
£20 Universal Credit Increase (COVID-19 Response): The government temporarily increased Universal Credit payments by £20 per week during the pandemic to support families facing financial insecurity. Although a temporary measure, it showed a pragmatic approach to welfare during crises.
The New Right’s influence is seen in Universal Credit’s focus on reducing welfare dependency, while the £20 increase reflects a more paternalistic approach, aligning with Traditional Conservative values of social responsibility.
49
Established political parties:
How does the conservative ideology link to their foreign policy? (use two examples)
Russian Sanctions (2022): In response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the UK Conservative government imposed strict sanctions on Russian businesses, individuals, and oligarchs, freezing assets and banning trade in various sectors. The UK also provided military aid and humanitarian support to Ukraine.
AUKUS Agreement (2021): Under Boris Johnson, the UK strengthened defense ties with the United States and Australia through the AUKUS defense pact, providing Australia with nuclear-powered submarines and enhancing military cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
These policies reflect the New Right’s focus on national security and global influence, with the AUKUS deal emphasizing alliances and the sanctions on Russia.
50
Established political parties:
How does the conservative ideology link to their law, order and social policy? (use two examples)
Police Recruitment Drive (2019-2023): The Conservative government committed to recruiting 20,000 new police officers over three years to tackle rising crime and improve public safety, aiming to increase police presence in local communities.
Online Safety Bill (2021): The bill was introduced to regulate harmful content on social media platforms, aiming to protect users from issues like hate speech, cyberbullying, and child exploitation, while holding tech companies accountable for content moderation.
These reflect New Right values of strong government action and Traditional Conservatism’s focus on societal stability.
51
Established political parties:
How does traditional left wing link to socialist policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
TLW: Advocates for public ownership, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution, with a focus on equality and state intervention.
LP: Supports public services and worker protection.
The National Health Service Act 2022: Labour’s push for long-term NHS funding reflects its commitment to public ownership and universal healthcare.
Trade Union Act 2016: Although under a Conservative government, Labour has long advocated for protecting workers' rights and unions, aligning with socialist values.
52
Established political parties:
How does New Labour link to socialist policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
NL: Supports a mixed economy, progressive taxation, and welfare state to reduce inequality alongside economic growth.
LP: Advocates for economic growth and social safety nets.
National Insurance (Health and Social Care) Act 2022: Labour supported the increase in National Insurance to fund NHS and social care, reflecting its commitment to public services and a welfare state.
The Equality Act 2010: This law promotes equal opportunities and addresses workplace discrimination, ensuring all citizens can benefit from economic growth, aligned with social democratic values.
53
Established political parties:
How does Third Way (Blairite Labour) link to socialist policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
TW is a centrist ideology combining market economy with social policies, focusing on economic modernization, individual empowerment, and social inclusion.
LP promotes market-based solutions alongside social equality.
The Welfare Reform Act 2012: Labour critiqued and proposed amendments to the act, reflecting a Third Way approach that combines market-oriented welfare reforms with social safety nets.
The Apprenticeship Levy (2017): Labour supports the Apprenticeship Levy, encouraging businesses to invest in training, promoting individual empowerment and addressing social inequality through market-driven solutions
54
Established political parties:
How does the socialist ideology link to their economic policy? (use two examples)
National Insurance Increase (Health and Social Care Levy - 2022):
Traditional Socialism. The National Insurance increase to fund the NHS and social care reflects traditional socialism by using progressive taxation to support public services and strengthen the welfare state.
The Equality Act 2010:
Traditional Socialism. The Equality Act promotes social justice and reduces inequality, aligning with traditional socialism's focus on addressing social and economic disparities.
55
Established political parties:
How does the socialist ideology link to their welfare policy? (use two examples)
Welfare Reform Act 2012:
New Labour. The introduction of Universal Credit represents the New Labour approach, which sought to modernize welfare by focusing on reducing dependency while still offering a safety net. New Labour advocated for welfare-to-work policies, aiming for a more efficient and streamlined system.
Equality Act 2010:
New Labour. The Equality Act 2010 reflects New Labour’s focus on social justice and equality through legislation. New Labour was committed to reducing discrimination and promoting equality of opportunity through legal reforms.
56
Established political parties:
How does the socialist ideology link to their law and order policy? (use two examples)
Human Rights Act 1998:
The Human Rights Act 1998 reflects New Labour’s commitment to protecting individual rights while integrating the UK’s legal system with European human rights standards, supporting a rights-based approach within a regulated society.
Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill 2021:
Labour’s opposition to this bill reflects the Third Way’s balance between social justice and law and order. While Third Way socialism seeks to empower individuals, it also emphasizes pragmatic policing and civil rights protections, opposing overreach and authoritarian policies.
57
Established political parties:
How does the socialist ideology link to their foreign policy? (use two examples)
Iraq War (2003):
New Labour’s involvement in the Iraq War aligns with its liberal internationalist stance, believing in military intervention to promote democracy and human rights, even if controversial. This reflects New Labour’s readiness to engage in global politics with a progressive agenda.
International Development Act 2002:
The International Development Act 2002 is in line with New Labour’s focus on global justice and international aid. The act highlights New Labour’s commitment to reducing global inequality through aid, which is a central part of its social democratic vision of justice.
58
Established political parties:
How does classical liberalism link to liberal policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
CL: Focuses on individual liberty, free markets, minimal state intervention, and personal responsibility. Advocates for individual rights, economic freedom, and limited government.
LDP: Reflects the party’s commitment to civil liberties, free markets, and reducing state control.
Investigatory Powers Act 2016: The Liberal Democrats opposed broad data collection powers, advocating for civil liberties and protections against excessive state surveillance.
Equality Act 2010: Supported by the Liberal Democrats, the Act provides comprehensive protection against discrimination, reflecting their commitment to individual rights and social justice.
59
Established political parties:
How does social liberalism link to liberal policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
Social liberalism: Advocates for social justice, a welfare state, economic equality, and equal opportunities. Promotes progressive taxation and policies to reduce inequality and improve public services.
Lib Dem Party: Focuses on supporting vulnerable people and creating a more equitable society.
Childcare Act 2016: The Liberal Democrats ensured the expansion of free childcare for working parents, reflecting their commitment to family support and reducing inequality.
Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013: Legalized same-sex marriage, with the Liberal Democrats as key proponents, reflecting their commitment to equal rights for the LGBTQ+ community.
60
Established political parties:
How does green liberalism link to liberal policies and where can it be seen? (use two examples)
Green liberalism: Combines liberalism with a strong focus on environmental sustainability and climate action. Advocates for policies that support green growth and environmental protection.
Lib Dem party: Integrates environmental concerns with economic and social policies, promoting green energy and sustainability.
Climate Change Act 2008 (and amendments): The Liberal Democrats supported the Act, advocating for ambitious targets to reduce carbon emissions and achieve net-zero emissions.
Environment Act 2021: The party pushed for stronger environmental protections, including air quality, biodiversity, and water management improvements, with stricter sustainability standards.
61
Established political parties:
How does liberal ideology link to their policies on the economy? (use two examples)
Ideology & Reasoning: Classical Liberalism emphasizes individual freedom, economic liberty, and minimal state intervention, with the state stepping in during crises to maintain social stability.
Examples:
Finance Act 2020: The Liberal Democrats supported fiscal measures like the furlough scheme during the COVID-19 crisis to protect individual freedoms and prevent economic collapse while maintaining the principle of minimal intervention.
Green Finance Institute: Supporting market-driven solutions like private investment in green technology reflects their belief in sustainable free markets that address environmental issues without relying solely on state intervention.
62
Established political parties:
How does liberal ideology link to their policies on the welfare? (use two examples)
Ideology & Reasoning: Social Liberalism advocates for a strong welfare state to ensure social justice, equality of opportunity, and protection for vulnerable populations.
Examples:
Universal Credit (Universal Support) 2020: The Liberal Democrats pushed for a permanent £20 increase to Universal Credit, reducing inequality and providing financial support to those struggling economically.
Childcare (Free Provision) Act 2016: Expanding free childcare for working parents promotes equal opportunities and social mobility, key tenets of social liberalism, while reducing the financial burden on families.
63
Established political parties:
How does liberal ideology link to their policies on law and order? (use two examples)
Ideology & Reasoning: Progressive Liberalism focuses on reforming the justice system to promote rehabilitation, reduce inequality, and protect individual rights, opposing overreach by law enforcement.
Examples:
Policing, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022: The Liberal Democrats opposed this law because it expanded police powers and restricted protest rights, prioritizing civil liberties and rehabilitation over excessive punitive measures.
Justice and Security Act 2013: The Liberal Democrats ensured that safeguards were included to protect civil liberties in national security matters, balancing national security with the protection of individual rights.
64
Established political parties:
How does liberal ideology link to their policies on foreign policy? (use two examples)
Ideology & Reasoning: Liberal Internationalism promotes global cooperation, human rights, and the rule of law, advocating for multilateral solutions to global challenges.
Examples:
Global Anti-Corruption Sanctions Regulations 2020: The Liberal Democrats supported these sanctions as part of their commitment to global justice, holding individuals and regimes accountable for corruption and human rights abuses.
Nationality and Borders Act 2022: The Liberal Democrats opposed this Act, which they believe violates international refugee protections, emphasizing the need for global cooperation and respect for refugee rights under international
65
The two-party system:
How is the UK dominated by a two party system e.g. the electoral system (use two examples)
2019 General Election:
The Conservative Party won 365 out of 650 seats with 43.6% of the national vote, while Labour secured 202 seats with 32.1%. FPTP disproportionately rewards larger parties because a candidate only needs to win a plurality (not a majority) in each constituency. In 2019, the Conservatives were able to win a significant number of seats with a relatively small portion of the vote, while Labour received a much larger share of the vote but fewer seats. This shows how FPTP enables a two-party system by making it difficult for smaller parties to convert votes into seats, especially in a competitive political landscape.
2015 General Election:
The Liberal Democrats received 7.9% of the national vote but only secured 8 seats, while the Conservatives with 36.9% of the vote gained 331 seats. In 2015, the disparity between vote share and seat share became clear with the Liberal Democrats. Despite getting a substantial percentage of the vote, they won very few seats, demonstrating that smaller parties find it harder to win under FPTP. Larger parties such as the Conservatives have a distinct advantage in converting votes into parliamentary seats, reinforcing the dominance of the two largest parties.
66
The two-party system:
How is the UK dominated by a two party system e.g. party organisation and resources (use two examples)
Conservative Party’s 2019 General Election Campaign:
The Conservative Party raised a record £18.4 million in donations for the 2019 campaign, which helped fund a nationwide advertising and campaign effort. Political donations are critical for running effective campaigns, particularly in a general election. The Conservative Party’s massive fundraising in 2019 allowed them to outspend most other parties, ensuring that they could flood key constituencies with targeted ads, staff, and media resources. This financial advantage allowed the Conservatives to dominate the election, further entrenching the two-party system by enabling them to run a more efficient and far-reaching campaign than smaller parties.
Labour Party's Campaign in 2017:
The Labour Party, under Jeremy Corbyn, raised over £40 million in donations during the 2017 election, largely through small donations from supporters. Labour’s 2017 fundraising demonstrated that the party could mobilize a large grassroots funding base to compete effectively with the Conservatives. While this was a success, it also highlights how the two largest parties are able to generate significant financial resources, allowing them to run competitive, professional campaigns. Smaller parties often lack this level of funding, making it much more difficult for them to compete on an equal footing.
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The two-party system:
How is the UK dominated by a two party system e.g. public perception (use two examples)
2019 General Election Media Coverage:
Both the BBC and other media outlets gave extensive coverage to the policies and leaders of the Conservative and Labour parties, often overshadowing smaller parties. Media coverage is crucial in shaping public opinion and influencing voting behaviour. During the 2019 election, the media’s focus on the two main parties kept them in the public eye, reinforcing the idea that the election was a choice between the Conservatives and Labour. Smaller parties like the Liberal Democrats, Greens, or others struggled to secure similar media coverage, making it harder for them to expand their voter base or challenge the dominance of the two largest parties.
2017 Election Media Bias:
"Tabloid newspapers like The Sun were heavily biased towards the Conservative Party, while the BBC’s coverage of Labour was often framed with skepticism. The media’s political bias plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions and electoral outcomes. During the 2017 election, the press's favorable coverage of the Conservatives, coupled with critical or less favorable coverage of Labour, created a narrative that reinforced the viability of the two main parties. This bias encourages voters to see the election as a contest between just two parties, further entrenching the two-party system in the UK."
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The multi-party system:
How is the UK not dominated by the two-party system? e.g. shifting voter preferences (use two examples)
Voter division fuels support for alternatives.
The Liberal Democrats and Brexit:
During the Brexit crisis, the Liberal Democrats became the main party advocating for staying in the EU. In the 2019 election, they gained 11 seats and increased their vote share to 11.6%. Many Remain voters turned to them because they were unhappy with the Labour and Conservative positions on Brexit. The Brexit divide made UK politics more polarized, and because Labour and Conservatives couldn’t agree on a clear Brexit position, the Liberal Democrats gained support from voters who wanted to stay in the EU. This shift shows how polarization can help smaller parties.
The Scottish National Party (SNP):
The SNP focuses on Scottish independence and became the dominant party in Scotland. In the 2019 election, they won 48 out of 59 seats in Scotland, replacing Labour as the main party there. As more people in Scotland support independence, the SNP has grown, while Labour has struggled to address Scotland's needs. This shift shows how regional issues can weaken the two main parties.
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The multi-party system:
How is the UK not dominated by the two-party system? e.g. rising for single issue parties? (use two examples)
As issues like regional identity and climate change become more important, smaller parties focused on these issues are gaining support.
The Green Party and Environmental Politics:
The Green Party has gained support, especially from younger voters concerned about climate change. In the 2019 general election, they won 1 seat and increased their vote share to 2.7%. As climate change becomes a bigger issue, the Green Party is gaining traction, especially among younger voters who care about the environment. This shows that smaller, issue-focused parties can challenge the two main parties.
Plaid Cymru and Welsh Nationalism:
Plaid Cymru is the party for Welsh independence. In the 2019 election, they won 4 seats and have grown in influence in Wales. As Welsh identity becomes more important, Plaid Cymru is gaining support. They challenge Labour’s traditional dominance in Wales by focusing on Welsh independence, showing how regional issues weaken the two-party system.
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Factors that lead to the success to party success:
What factors lead to the success of a party? e.g. campaign strategy and media influence (use two examples)
2019 General Election :
The Conservative Party’s use of targeted social media ads and strategic messaging around “Get Brexit Done” played a crucial role in their electoral success. The Conservative Party effectively utilized digital platforms to communicate a clear and simple message to voters, particularly in constituencies that were undecided or leaning towards Labour. The focus on delivering Brexit resonated strongly with Leave voters and swayed undecided voters, particularly in areas like the North of England, contributing to their overwhelming victory.
2017 General Election:
Labour's successful use of social media to engage young voters and promote their manifesto. During the 2017 election, Labour’s campaign, spearheaded by Jeremy Corbyn, made extensive use of social media to engage with younger voters, promote policies on education and healthcare, and bypass traditional media channels. This helped Labour significantly increase their share of the vote, particularly among younger generations, despite traditional media outlets often being critical of Corbyn’s leadership.
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Factors that lead to the success to party success:
What factors lead to the success of a party? e.g. party leadership (use two examples)
2019 General Election:
Boris Johnson's leadership helped the Conservative Party win a commanding 365 seats. Boris Johnson’s leadership and clear commitment to delivering Brexit resonated with a majority of voters, especially those who voted Leave in 2016. His unifying message of "Get Brexit Done" effectively appealed to both traditional Conservative voters and new supporters, leading to a strong electoral victory.
2015 General Election:
Ed Miliband's leadership contributed to Labour’s underperformance, securing only 232 seats. Ed Miliband's leadership was seen as ineffective, with weak communication of Labour’s policies and struggles with party unity. Miliband's inability to present a strong vision for the country, combined with challenges in tackling the narrative around Labour's economic competence, led to a loss of trust among voters.
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Factors that lead to the success to party failure:
What factors lead to the failure of a party? e.g. party's internal unity/political context can outweigh media influence (use two examples)
2015 General Election: Labour's Social Media Campaign:
Despite Labour’s extensive social media presence, they suffered a significant defeat, securing only 232 seats.
Labour's social media efforts were strong, but the message failed to resonate with key voter segments, particularly the older electorate and traditional Labour strongholds. The media's portrayal of Ed Miliband as weak and unelectable overshadowed Labour’s campaign, demonstrating that media influence alone does not guarantee electoral success.
2017 General Election: Conservative Party’s Media Strategy Backfire:
"The Conservative Party's media strategy during the 2017 election, including their campaign materials, faced criticism for being too negative and divisive, particularly the focus on Labour's 'chaotic' leadership. While media plays a role, negative campaigning can backfire. Labour gained significantly, particularly in urban constituencies, where younger, more media-savvy voters were less receptive to negative messaging. This suggests that positive, policy-driven campaigns can be more effective than media influence."
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Factors that lead to the success to party failure:
Factors that lead to a party's failure? e.g. party leadership is not the most important factor party policies are. (use two examples)
2010 General Election – David Cameron’s Leadership:
Despite David Cameron’s leadership, the Conservative Party failed to secure an outright majority in 2010, securing only 306 seats, leading to a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. Cameron’s leadership was solid, but the party’s failure to connect with key groups, particularly in the North and among working-class voters, prevented them from achieving a majority. This shows that leadership, while important, doesn’t guarantee electoral success if there are other factors, such as regional disparities in support.
The Green Party and Lack of Representation in 2015:
In the 2015 general election, the Green Party had a strong focus on environmental issues and policies like fighting climate change. However, their policies were not broad enough to appeal to a wider range of voters. As a result, they only won 1 seat despite having a relatively high national vote share. The Green Party's limited policy focus and inability to broaden their appeal beyond their core supporters contributed to their failure to make significant gains. This shows how a narrow policy platform can limit a party's success, even if they have strong support on a specific issue."
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Minority parties:
What are the factions of the SNP's and give examples of what policies link to them? (use 3 factions and 3 examples)
Independence Faction: Focuses on full Scottish independence from the UK. e.g. Scotland’s Future (2019) and push for a second independence referendum (2021) reflect the faction’s goal of secession from the UK (IF)
Social Democratic Faction: Emphasises social justice, public services, and equality. e.g. NHS funding (2021) and free prescriptions (2021) showcase their commitment to public welfare and services for all. (SDP)
Progressive Nationalism Faction: Combines independence with progressive policies like environmentalism. e.g. Climate Change Bill (2021) and green energy investments (2021) demonstrate their focus on both independence and sustainability. (PNF)
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Minority parties:
What are the factions of Reform and give examples of what policies link to them? (give two factions and policies that link to them)
Anti-Immigration Faction: This group advocates for stricter immigration controls. In 2019, they supported the Immigration Control Proposal, which aimed to reduce immigration through a points-based system. They also opposed EU freedom of movement in 2020 Brexit negotiations, arguing that ending free movement would protect UK jobs and services.
Hard Brexit Faction: This faction pushed for a No-Deal Brexit in 2020, seeking a clean break from the EU without any trade agreement. They opposed any deal, like the Withdrawal Agreement, that would keep the UK aligned with EU regulations, aiming for full sovereignty and independence from EU rules.
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Minority parties:
What are the factions of DUP and give examples of what policies link to them? (give two factions and policies that link to them)
Unionist Faction:
Strong support for Northern Ireland remaining part of the UK and opposition to Irish unification. This is reflected in their active support for Brexit through the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020, where they pushed for a Brexit deal that would ensure Northern Ireland stayed within the UK’s customs territory and not in the EU’s Single Market, preventing a hard border with the Republic of Ireland.
Religious-Conservative Faction:
Opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion. The DUP opposed the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and fought against abortion reforms in Northern Ireland. In 2019, the Abortion (Northern Ireland) Regulations allowed abortion to be decriminalised in Northern Ireland, a move the DUP opposed, seeking to limit the expansion of abortion rights in the region.
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Minority parties:
What are the factions of Plaid Cymru and give examples of what policies link to them? (give two factions and policies that link to them)
Welsh Nationalist Faction:
Support for Welsh independence or greater devolution.
This is demonstrated by their continued support for the Wales Act 2017, which expanded devolved powers to Wales in areas like justice and policing. Plaid Cymru advocates for a Welsh independence referendum, similar to Scotland's, reflecting their long-standing desire for full autonomy.
Environmentalist Faction:
Commitment to carbon neutrality by 2030 and renewable energy. Plaid Cymru’s environmental stance aligns with the Climate Change (Wales) Act 2008, which set legally binding carbon reduction targets for Wales. Plaid Cymru calls for more ambitious climate action, aiming for net-zero emissions by 2030 and supporting laws that promote renewable energy investment in Wales, such as the Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin (REGO) system.
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Political parties in context:
How are there barriers to entry for smaller parties in the UK? e.g. The electoral system (use two examples)
2019 General Election – Brexit Party’s Struggles:
In the 2019 General Election, the Brexit Party, led by Nigel Farage, secured 2% of the national vote but won no seats. Under First-Past-The-Post (FPTP), votes are counted by constituency, not nationally. While the Brexit Party had broad support across the UK, their votes were dispersed, lacking concentrated regional backing. This made it difficult to win seats, as FPTP rewards parties with concentrated support in specific constituencies, like Labour and the Conservatives. Their widespread support did not translate into parliamentary seats, illustrating how FPTP locks out smaller parties with national support but no regional concentration.
2017 General Election: The Green Party’s Limited Success:
In the 2017 General Election, the Green Party gained 1.6% of the national vote but only won 1 seat in Brighton Pavilion, despite having significant urban support. The party's backing, particularly among younger, urban voters, was spread out and not concentrated in key constituencies. FPTP tends to favor parties like Labour and the Conservatives, who have more concentrated support in specific areas. As a result, the Green Party struggled to win more seats, highlighting how FPTP benefits larger parties with geographically concentrated support and makes it difficult for smaller parties to gain representation.
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Political parties in context:
How are there barriers to entry for smaller parties in the UK? e.g. funding and financial resources (use two examples)
Labour and Conservative Financial Advantage (2019 General Election):
In the 2019 General Election, the Conservative Party raised £18.5 million, and Labour raised £5.7 million. These substantial funds enabled them to run extensive campaigns with advertising, field operations, and digital strategies. The Conservatives received significant corporate donations, while Labour benefitted from trade union support. Smaller parties, like the Green Party, lacked such funding and struggled to compete on the same level. This financial advantage gave the major parties a clear edge in campaign visibility and voter outreach, making it difficult for smaller parties to challenge their dominance.
Liberal Democrats’ Struggle for Funding (2019 General Election):
The Liberal Democrats ran on a strong "Stop Brexit" platform in the 2019 General Election but faced financial challenges. Unlike the Conservatives and Labour, who had substantial financial backing, the Lib Dems lacked the resources to conduct a nationwide campaign. Despite gaining momentum, particularly from anti-Brexit voters, their limited funding hindered their ability to compete with the major parties in terms of advertising, staff, and outreach. This financial disparity reinforces the struggle of smaller parties to break through against the dominant larger parties.
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Political parties in context:
How are there not barriers to entry for smaller parties in the UK? e.g. smaller parties on the rise due to smaller issues
The Green Party’s Rise (2019):
In the 2019 General Election, the Green Party gained significant support, especially among younger voters concerned about climate change. However, they only secured 1 seat in Brighton Pavilion. Despite their issue-driven platform on environmental concerns, their support was too geographically dispersed to win more seats under the FPTP system, which favors concentrated local support. This shows that while smaller parties like the Green Party can mobilize substantial issue-based support, their success remains limited by FPTP.
The Brexit Party’s Success in the 2019 European Elections:
In the 2019 European Elections, the Brexit Party won 29 seats, becoming the largest UK party in the European Parliament. Unlike in the General Election, where FPTP hindered their success, the proportional voting system in the European Parliament allowed the Brexit Party to convert a significant national vote share into representation. Their focus on delivering Brexit resonated with disillusioned voters, demonstrating that smaller parties can thrive in electoral systems like proportional representation.
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Political parties in context:
How are there not barriers to entry for smaller parties in the UK? e.g. smaller parties gaining funding
The Green Party’s Access to Public Funding:
The Green Party has access to public funding, such as Short Money and Cranborne Money, which support opposition parties with significant public backing in Parliament. In the 2017 General Election, the Green Party received £243,000 in Short Money, allowing them to fund outreach programs and national campaigns. While this amount is much smaller compared to major parties, it helps them remain competitive and amplify issue-driven campaigns, particularly around climate change and environmental sustainability. Public funding helps offset financial disparities, allowing smaller parties like the Greens to better compete.
The Scottish National Party (SNP) and the Scottish Parliament System:
The SNP benefited from the Additional Member System (AMS) in Scottish Parliamentary elections, which provides proportional representation. In the 2016 and 2021 Scottish elections, the SNP secured seats through the regional list vote, gaining representation in areas where they didn't have concentrated constituency support. For example, in 2021, the SNP won 64 out of 129 seats, many through proportional representation. The AMS system enables smaller parties, like the SNP, to gain seats even without a majority in constituencies, allowing regional or issue-focused parties to thrive.
