politics, ritual, and religion in the past

Question 1

social organization

Answer 1

the rules and structures that govern relations within a group of interacting people.

societies are divided into social units (groups) within which are recognized social positions (statuses), with appropriate behavior patterns prescribed for these positions (roles).

Question 2

political organization

Answer 2

A society’s formal and informal institutions that regulate a population’s collective acts. enforces social laws

Question 3

symbols

Answer 3

An object or act (verbal or nonverbal) that, by cultural convention, stands for something else with which it has no necessary connection.

Question 4

ritual

Answer 4

A succession of discrete behaviors that must be performed in a particular order under particular circumstances.

Question 5

power

Answer 5

the ability to do something or act a certain way to make others act a certain way

Question 6

egalitarianism

Answer 6

everyone is on a level playing field and everyone has equal access to power

Question 7

chauvet cave

Question 8

achieved status

Answer 8

rights, duties, and obligations that accrue to individuals by virtue of what they have accomplished in their lives.

Question 9

ascribed status

Answer 9

rights, duties, and obligations that accrue to individuals by virtue of their parentage; inherited

Question 10

gender roles

Answer 10

culturally prescribes values assigned to the task and status of men and women; values can vary from society to society

Question 11

ranked societies

Answer 11

social systems in which a hierarchy of social status has been established, with a restricted number of valued positions available; in ranked societies, not everyone has the same access to the critical resources of life

Question 12

grave goods

Question 13

social stratification

Question 14

cognitive archaeology

Answer 14

considers aspects of past cultures that are the product of the mind

the study of all those aspects of ancient culture that are the product of the human mind: the perception, description, and classification of the universe; the nature of the supernatural; the principles, philosophies, ethics, and values by which human societies are governed; and the ways in which aspects of the world, the supernatural, or human values are conveyed in art.

Question 15

religion

Answer 15

A social institution containing a set of beliefs about supernatural beings and forces and one’s relation to them

Question 16

marriage

Answer 16

cross-cultural ritual, like coming of age, bringing someone new into the community

Question 17

horticulture

Answer 17

cultivation, using hand tools only, in which plots of land are used for a few years and then allowed to lie fallow

Question 18

pastoralism

Answer 18

extensive use of domesticated animals

Question 19

agriculture

Answer 19

growth of domesticated foods

Question 20

eastern agricultural complex

Question 21

sedentism

Answer 21

decrease in mobility

Question 22

foragers

Answer 22

go out and find it

Question 23

hunter-gatherers

Question 24

demand sharing

Question 25

chiefdom

Answer 25

thousands of people living a sedentary lifestyle with some social stratification A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief (who is the head of a ranked social hierarchy0. Unlike autonomous bands and villages, chiefdoms consist of several more or less permanently aligned communities or settlements.

Question 26

domestication

Answer 26

artificial selection, a form of genetic modification, changing wild organisms to better suit human cultivation

Question 27

neolithic revolution

Answer 27

domestication of plants and animals around 10-12k years ago that led to radical transformations in cultural systems

Question 28

hilly flanks theory

Answer 28

claims that agriculture arose in the areas where wild ancestors of domesticated wheat and barley grow. it attributes agriculture's appearance to people's efforts to continue to increase the productivity and stability of their food base, coupled with a culture that was ready to accept an agricultural life way.

Question 29

oasis theory

Answer 29

argues that animal domestication arose as people, plants, and animals congregated around water sources during the arid years that followed the ice age. in this scenario, agriculture arose because of some genius and preceded animal domestication

Question 30

density-equilibrium model

Answer 30

attributes the origins o agriculture to population pressure in favorable environments that resulted in emigration to marginal lands, where agriculture was needed to increase productivity

Question 31

ecological niche construction

Question 32

cities

Answer 32

urban center where lots of people live

Question 33

state

Answer 33

centralized political system with control over a city or region

Question 34

irrigation hypothesis

Answer 34

attributes the origin of the state to the administrative demands of irrigation

Question 35

circumscription hypothesis

Answer 35

arable land is limited

Question 36

great agents

Answer 36

people who get the system going

Question 37

ideology

Answer 37

a set of beliefs - often political, religious, or cosmological in nature - that rationalizes exploitive relations between classes or social groups

Question 38

historical archaeology

Answer 38

the study of human behavior through material remains, in which written history in some way affects its interpretation

Question 39

collapse

Answer 39

smaller, simpler, more egalitarian - decentralization, depopulation

Question 40

pseudoscience

Answer 40

sensationalism, selective use of facts, evidence out of context

Question 41

direct acquisition

Answer 41

travel to source of item or material

Question 42

down the line

Answer 42

groups that controls resource gives some to the neighbor and it continues on and on