Politics- Politics of the Late Republic Flashcards

Question

boni

Answer 1

optimates 'good men' considered to be ideal statesmen well-educated, tradition, patriotic and experienced

Answer 2

164-133 BC popularis- people over senate tribune of the plebs in 133 BC illustrious family killed by optimates sympathsiers

Answer 3

brother of Tiberius continued his brothers political reform

Answer 4

133 - redistribution of public land to those who lost their farms during military service - bypassed the senate and took to the assembly of the people - vetoed- TG suggested the vetoer be dismissed- success - proposal passed to senate - Tiberius and 300 supporters beaten to death and thrown in Tiber at night by senators and optimates - turning point in stability

Answer 5

a man of significant social standing offers resources to clients

Answer 6

citizen who were bound by loyalty supports him in all his public interests- elections

Answer 7

- Marius removed financial criteria for army in 107 - poor soldiers wanted land after conquest - fought for personal ambition, not state

Answer 8

horizontal relationships system of family alliances established to consolidate success - marriages, adoption of grown heirs, political, legal, financial - perpetuated oligarchy

Answer 9

300 in the republic around 600 during Sulla

Answer 10

opposite to amicitia individual agreements lead to family hostility

Answer 11

senatus populusque Romanus

Answer 12

roman moral code - fides - pietas, religio, cultus - disciplina - gravitas -virtus - dignitas- prestige

Answer 13

* novus homo- populares * consul * shifted loyalty from the Senate to individual generals through opening military to poor in 107 * 3x consul- popularity and the political instability * military leader- undermines senate * rivalry with Sulla

Answer 14

*optimate *distinguished in Jugurthine and Social wars- military prestige to get power * 88 marched on Rome- precedent ○ due to command over Mithridates being transferred to rival Marius- dignitas * 82-79 dictator- proscription and institutional reforms strengthening senate, against tribunes *abdicated 79

Answer 15

* Marched on Rome with an army- illegal, enemy of the state, sets a precedent - later followed by Julius Caesar * Terrified senate vote to make him dictator, Roman Forum proscriptions and took property * Proscriptions- terror in political classes, killed up to 9,000 people, 1,500 were equestrians

Answer 16

- increased senate to 600 - Stricter controls on provincial governments and fixed commands to - Gives control of courts to senate- makes it senators ONLY not equestrian - makes the tribunate less powerful- restricting their ability to propose legislation and barring them from holding further offices - slowed speed of rises to power -Reformed legislative procedures to require Senate approval for any laws proposed by the assemblies - very optimate

Answer 17

- elected as consul in 78 - restored tribunate, undoing Sullan reform - returned confiscated land to original owners - popularis- reducing power to the senate caused tensions

Answer 18

- fell out w other consul Catulus - marched on Rome in 77 - senate then passed the senatus consltum ultimum- imperium for consuls - giving the consuls the power to deal with the uprising- precedent for Pompey - military

Answer 19

- 76-73 BC Sertorius resisted Romans in Spain - knowledge of the terrain, small surprise attacks, Iberian tribes - Metellus and Pompey sent to suppress- fail -alliance with Mithridates - assassinated by his own commanders in 73 - vulnerability of Rome, dissent in provinces due to their distance from Rome- defeated POMPEY

Answer 20

- 74- 67, a special command to Marcus Antonius Med Pirates- fail - extensive command given to Pompey under the Lex Gabinia- success - increased his prestige and Rome's influence in the Med

Answer 21

granting Pompey imperium against Mithridates lex Manilia

Answer 22

granting Pompey imperium against the pirates lex Gabinia

Answer 23

75 * He began his campaign in 77 BC to be the first level of political power, quaestor * marriage to Terentia increased support due to her family, she was supportive and her dowry made him richer * He was elected at the youngest age possible- 30 - western Sicily - supportive of the farmers despite the shortage of grain in Rome- he supported the people and was popular- create a support base to provide for his lack of family ties - gained support and networking by the powerful men in Sicily: Marcelli family as patrons of Sicily, prominent figures like Pompey and Hortensius, businessmen and equestrians

Answer 24

75, Lilybaeum, Sicily

Answer 25

- king of Pontus from 120-63 - resisted Romans, 3 wars - Cotta and Lucullus, Pompey and Crassus consuls sent in 74 BC to handle - instability and doubt - importance of military

Answer 26

73-71 Sicily - extortion and corruption from governors - cancelled inheritances, robbed farmers, and left cities undefended

Answer 27

- defeated consul 72 - Crassus, praetor, killed him - senate had voted for his command to be shared with Pompey

Answer 28

- Pompey wrongly claimed half of the credit - amicitia w Crassus, pooling their wealth and armies - coerced senate to allow them to run for consulship in 70 BC - Pompey- triumph - Crassus- Ovation - Pompey was too young to be consul- undid Sulla's reform

Answer 29

- 70 - extortion court - pivotal for Cicero, enhancing his reputation as a formidable orator - advocate for justice - led Verres to go into voluntary exile, showcasing that the legal system could still address corruption

Answer 30

- 70 - * They restored the power of the tribunate after Sulla reduced it * They formed amicitia together, pooling their wealth and armies, coercing senate into allowing them to run for consulship in 70 BC They also undid Sulla's lex annalis because (Crassus was old enough) but Pompey was too young to be consul, and was not even a member of the senate * They took a final and clear step to undo Sulla's reforms by going against lex annalis and by restoring the tribunates * Their power despite breaking the constitution They proved the weakness of the senate and the optimates to resist them

Answer 31

70 Gaius Verres - Hortensius as the defense lawyer - alleged extortion of 400,000 sesterces from Sicily -during consulship 73-71 - extortion court - advised by Hortensius to flee- won by Cicero - nobile

Answer 32

- put the responsibility on the jury - show the perversion of justice attempted by Verres and his friends - detail the crimes he committed before governorship - how Cicero paints himself

Answer 33

- idea of crisis for senators - hatred of the senators - corruption and bribery

Answer 34

novus homo quaestor in Sicily Sicilian embassies to Rome to as for him as they respect him running for aedile

Answer 35

Manius Glabrio senator because Sulla made the judiciary just senators

Answer 36

- Roman permanent extortion court - Pompey's success festival in Rome - fame of Hortensius and Verres

Answer 37

- court was inhospitable to the defense - tried to place another similar prosecution on the docket - wanted to draw it out to festival season- new court with Metellus in charge

Answer 38

addressing someone not present

Answer 39

omission of conjunctions

Answer 40

- power vacuum- left room for new leaders to emerge, such as Pompey, Crassus - precedent for dictatorship as a tool for political control

Answer 41

69 - Legal Defense of Marcus Fonteius: During his aedileship, Cicero defended Marcus Fonteius, a senator accused of extortion during his governorship in Cisalpine Gaul helped Cicero build a network of support among both the equites and the senatorial class - Concordia Ordinum: Cicero's actions during his aedileship reflected his political ideal of concordia ordinum, the agreement between the senatorial and equestrian orders - pragmatic, calculated

Answer 42

69 Spain - Service in Spain: Caesar served as quaestor in Hispania Ulterior (Further Spain), where he gained valuable administrative and military experience. - his first step in the cursus honorum, the sequence of public offices held by aspiring politicians in Rome

Answer 43

- ran for office in 68 - military tribune in Macedon in 67 - famed for eating equal food, work and quarters with men - led from the front - loyal legion

Answer 44

67 - lex gabinia - piracy was a significant threat to Rome's grain supply and trade routes. - granted Pompey imperium infinitum over the entire Mediterranean and coastal areas up to 50 miles inland. This unprecedented level of authority allowed him to swiftly and effectively eliminate the pirate threat within three months. - The success of the Lex Gabinia bolstered Pompey's popularity and demonstrated the effectiveness of granting extraordinary powers to military leaders, setting a precedent for future expansions of power.

Answer 45

66 - transferred the command of the war against Mithridates VI of Pontus from Lucullus to Pompey - gave Pompey control over the Eastern campaigns, further extending his military and political influence. - By granting Pompey command in the East, the law cemented his position as Rome's foremost military leader - continued the trend of concentrating power in the hands of a single individual, contributing to the erosion of traditional Republican checks and balances

Answer 46

- Pro Lege Manilia speech for him in 66 - Cicero gained support of Pompey

Answer 47

65 - Lavish Games and Public Works. These events were not only a means of entertaining the Roman populace but also a way to gain popular support and increase his political influence. - Debt and Popularity: The lavish expenditure on games put Caesar into significant debt. However, this investment paid off politically, as it helped him gain favor with the people and increased his visibility and popularity in Rome. - Political Alliances and Influence: Caesar's aedileship was where he began forming crucial political alliances. His actions during this time helped solidify his position within the populares faction, setting the stage for his future political and military successes.

Answer 48

- Born in 95 BC into a noble plebeian family - He was known for his austere and principled lifestyle, reminiscent of his great-grandfather, Cato the Elder. - served as quaestor, tribune, and praetor - known for his unwavering commitment to the traditional Roman values and the preservation of the Republic. His stance often put him at odds with more populist figures like Julius Caesar. - Stoicism: He was known for his integrity and refusal to engage in bribery, a common practice in Roman elections. His Stoic beliefs also influenced his leadership style, as he lived modestly and shared hardships with his soldiers. - Conflict with Caesar: Cato was a staunch opponent of Julius Caesar, viewing him as a threat to the Republic. He opposed Caesar's policies and actions, including his quest for power and his role in the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus.

Answer 49

- Zeno philosopher- 3rd century BC - advocation of knowledge, free-will and moral rectitude - Cato the Elder- austere

Answer 50

64 - increasingly powerful to voice the opinions of powerful optimates - Financial Oversight: responsible for overseeing financial matters, including the treasury and public finances. He was known for his meticulous and honest management, which further enhanced his reputation for integrity. - Conservative Values: Cato used his position to uphold traditional Roman values and the authority of the Senate. - Political Influence: Although Cato's quaestorship was just one step in his political career, it laid the groundwork for his future influence in Roman politics. His reputation for honesty and adherence to Stoic values helped him gain respect and credibility among his peers.

Answer 51

63 - Used his friend Atticus's connections with patricians, Used his brother Quintus pamphlet advice to not look populares - Main tactic to split Catiline from his traditional supporters in the senate: Uses a speech called in toga candida- makes him sound like a radical, pins the first Catiline conspiracy on him - Defends the optimate Piso, meaning he is elected consul in suo anno 63 BC - As consul in 63 BC, Cicero opposed the Lex Agraria.

Answer 52

63 - Caesar had intentions to get out of the shadow of Crassus and Pompey in this year - In massive debt to finance campaign- All or nothing attitude about this election - Highest elected religious official - Served for life - Watchdog of morality over Roman people and politicians- Unilateral power over fines if someone had violated a religious or cultural custom

Answer 53

63 - agrarian reform bill aimed at redistributing public land to Roman citizens -Land Distribution: The bill sought to address the issue of landlessness among Roman citizens by redistributing public lands, particularly in Italy. The aim was to provide land to the urban poor and veterans, addressing social and economic inequalities. - Decemviri: establishment of a commission of ten men (decemviri) who would have extensive powers to implement the land redistribution. commissioners were to be elected and would hold their positions for five years - Funding and Authority: decemviri would have the authority to sell other public lands and use the proceeds to fund the redistribution process. They were also empowered to negotiate treaties and manage colonies, giving them considerable political and economic power. - Opposition by Cicero: As consul in 63 BC, Cicero opposed the Lex Agraria. He criticized it in a series of speeches, arguing that it would concentrate too much power in the hands of the decemviri, undermine the authority of the Senate, and potentially lead to corruption and abuse. - Political Context: The bill was part of the populares agenda, aiming to gain support from the lower classes. However, it faced resistance from the optimates, who viewed it as a threat to their interests and the traditional power structures of the Republic.

Answer 54

63 - Trial of Rabirius - Trial dates back to 100 BC - tribune Saturninius made lots of laws attacking the senate - senate passes SCU Senatus Consultum Ultimum making it legal to kill Saturninius, - Rabirius decides to hunt him down and succeeds to kill him- Rabirius seen as a hero - Old senator Gaius Rabirius prosecuted from a crime 37 years earlier by Titus Labienus- questioned senate's powers as 'ultimate decree'- power for martial law - Wanted to show that Senatus Consultum Ultimum was illegal- Thus show that Pompey's warfare was illegal - Judged by Caesar and Caesar's cousin- before the people, on the Campus Martius- crucifixion awaited him - Case dropped before verdict passed Because praetor Metellus recalled ancient method of halting legal proceedings- red flag on Janiculum hill lowered so public order stopped -This was a populist attack on the idea of the ultimate decree - Cicero successfully defends Pompey

Answer 55

63 - Defenders: Murena was defended by prominent figures, including Cicero, who was the current consul, a Crassus. - Cicero delivered a speech, "Pro Murena," - Cicero's Argument: Cicero's defense of Murena was strategic. He argued that Murena's election should be upheld to maintain stability, especially in light of the ongoing Catilinarian Conspiracy. Cicero emphasized the need for experienced leadership to counteract the threat posed by Catiline and his followers. - Outcome: Murena was acquitted, allowing him to take up the consulship. This acquittal was seen as a pragmatic decision by the jury, influenced by Cicero's rhetoric and the desire to ensure continuity and stability in the Roman government during a period of crisis. - Political Context: The trial occurred against the backdrop of the Catilinarian Conspiracy to overthrow the Roman government.

Answer 56

63 - To overthrow the consulship of Cicero and Hybrida - information came from Fulvia, Curios' mistress - Curios was a friend of Catiline - Catiline failed to be elected consul in 64 when Cicero was successful - fellow conspirators lentulus and cethegus - Cicero Used intelligence and informants to uncover the plot and Delivered four Catilinarian Orations - Cat killed in 62 at Roman troops at Pistoria - Cicero- Catulus hailed him pater patriae- father of the country

Answer 57

- Envoys from the Gallic tribe of the Allobroges were in Rome - Originally in the city to complain about provincial oppression - The conspirators approached them to seek military support - The Allobroges betrayed the plot and gave evidence to Cicero

Answer 58

After Cicero’s oration, Catiline fled Rome Traveled to Etruria to join his armed supporters Left behind key conspirators to carry out urban violence and arson

Answer 59

3 December 63 BC - Five conspirators were taken to Cicero’s house - Then led to the Senate, which met in the Temple of Concord - The temple was surrounded by armed guards to prevent rebellion - Cicero led Lentulus by the hand, showing respect for his office as praetor - Other conspirators placed under armed guard - 4 December 63 BC - News arrived that supporters tried to free Lentulus and Cethegus from prison - Created panic in Rome and increased calls for swift justice - Cemented the Senate's resolve to take extreme action 5 December 63 BC - Senate met to decide the fate of the arrested conspirators - Held in the Temple of Concord, still under armed protection - Julius Caesar: advocated for life imprisonment - Cato the Younger: pushed for execution - Cicero sided with Cato, arguing urgent action was needed - The Senate voted for execution without trial

Answer 60

62 - religious festival held annually in December, dedicated to the goddess Bona Dea, and was exclusively attended by women- men were strictly prohibited from participating or even being present - held at Caesar's wife - Clodius, in love with Caesar’s wife or curious about the rites, disguised himself as a lute girl to attend. - discovered by Caesar’s mother, caught hiding in a maid’s room- sacrilege.

Answer 61

A special investigative board was formed; Clodius and his allies lobbied the Senate. Cato and Consul Marcus Valerius Messalla supported punitive action; Clodius and Piso opposed it using intimidation. At trial, Cicero destroyed Clodius’s alibi with Cato’s support. Clodius avoided conviction through bribery, angering Cato, who called for a bribery investigation. This alienated the equestrians and cost Cato support. - Political Rivalries: The incident intensified the animosity between Clodius and Cicero, as Cicero had provided evidence against Clodius. This enmity would later have significant political consequences, including Cicero's exile in 58 BC, orchestrated by Clodius during his tribunate.

Answer 62

- damaged the reputations of several key individuals, most notably Julius Caesar, whose wife Pompeia was implicated. - Caesar's subsequent divorce of Pompeia underlined the seriousness of the breach of protocol, as he famously stated, "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion." - Increased Tensions: The trial and acquittal of Clodius, despite clear evidence against him, highlighted the corruption and susceptibility to bribery within the Roman legal system. This event increased tensions between different political factions, particularly between Clodius and Cicero. - Rise of Clodius: Despite the scandal, Clodius managed to enhance his political career. By being adopted into a plebeian family, with support from Caesar, he was able to become a tribune of the plebs. This position allowed him to pass popular legislation and wield significant influence in Rome.

Answer 63

62 - Motivation for Holding Office: Cato’s decision to run for the tribunate, despite being a leader of the optimates who were typically conservative, was driven by family tradition, the desire to gain popular favor, and the power the office carried. - The tribunate had been restored to a position of influence by Pompey and Crassus in 70 BC, making it a powerful tool for political influence. - Political Actions: During his time as tribune, Cato worked to improve the economic situation for Romans. - He introduced a law to reduce the price of grain and expanded the corn dole to double the eligible group. This action demonstrated his ability to balance his optimate ideals with addressing the needs of the urban poor. - Approach to Governance: Cato took care to propose his grain law to the Senate before the popular assemblies, showcasing the proper functioning of the office and highlighting the Senate's concern for the hardships faced by the urban poor. This approach aligned with his belief in the traditional structures of Roman governance. - Influence in the Senate: Cato's influence in the Senate was significant. He was known for his uncompromising principles, which he adhered to even when it meant opposing popular measures or individuals like Julius Caesar. His stoic beliefs and commitment to the preservation of the Republic were central to his political stance. - Legacy and Impact: Cato's tribuneship is remembered for its demonstration of principled leadership and its efforts to maintain the traditional values of the Roman Republic. His actions as tribune, particularly his ability to use the position to strengthen the status quo, solidified his standing as a key figure among the optimates.

Answer 64

62 - step up on cursus honorum - Bona Dea scandal- managed to distance himself from the controversy despite being pontifex maximus.

Answer 65

62 - wanted to consolidate power- secure land for his veterans and have the treaties he negotiated in the East ratified by the Senate. These requests were opposed by the optimates, particularly Cato, highlighting the political tensions of the period. - His need for Senate approval and the opposition he faced from the optimates set the stage for future alliances, including the formation of the First Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus in 60 BC. - Cicero, who admired Pompey, sought to form an alliance with him. This desire was reflected in his letters, where he flattered Pompey and expressed a wish to work closely with him, indicating the strategic importance of Pompey’s support.

Answer 66

61 - Bona Dea scandal of 62 BC, where Clodius was accused of sacrilege. - Despite strong evidence against him, including testimony from Cicero, Clodius was acquitted, largely due to bribery, reportedly financed by Crassus. - This trial highlighted the corruption in the Roman legal system and intensified the rivalry between Clodius and Cicero.

Answer 67

61, Further Spain - After completing his praetorship, Caesar was appointed as governor of Further Spain. - allowed him to gain military experience and wealth. - Caesar notably cleared the region of bandits and initiated several reforms, earning military distinction and the loyalty of his troops. - The wealth he accumulated in Spain helped him pay off debts and bolster his political standing upon his return to Rome.

Answer 68

60 - allowed to form The Triumvirate was an agreement to support each other's interests: Caesar wanted the consulship, Pompey sought land for his veterans, and Crassus aimed for financial relief for tax farmers in Asia.

Answer 69

60 - informal political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. This alliance was established to counter the hostility they faced from the optimates in the Senate. - Each member had specific political goals: Caesar sought the consulship, Pompey wanted land for his veterans and ratification of his eastern settlements, and Crassus aimed to secure a rebate for tax farmers in Asia.

Answer 70

59 - shared position with Bibulus, son in law of Cato- optimate - took land for veterans to senate- Cato rejected -> took to assembly- ratified - Pompey's army threatened anyone who opposed the bill - Bibulus fled to watch the skies as augur - introduced the Campanian law - benefitted Crassus by adjusting an agreement to collect tax in Asia- rebate of 1/3 agreed

Answer 71

59 - by Caesar - split Campania into 20,000 pieces - uprooting rural peasantry- symbolic gesture of the power of army and importance of urban populace

Answer 72

- legislation restricts the exploitation by Roman governors - strict accounting and gifts restricted - bitterness from optimates

Answer 73

59 - loyalty and reduce tensions between Caesar and Pompey - valuable connection to Pompey's military prestige and influence

Answer 74

59 - Eligibility for the Tribunate: By being adopted into the plebeian class, Clodius became eligible to run for the office of tribune of the plebs, a powerful position that allowed him to introduce and veto legislation, representing the interests of the common people. - Support for the Triumvirate: Caesar, in his role as pontifex maximus, facilitated Clodius' adoption to secure Clodius' support for the First Triumvirate. This was strategically beneficial - Clodius could help protect the triumvirs' interests and deflect criticism, especially in Caesar's absence while he was in Gaul. - Political Maneuvering against Opponents: Clodius used his position to exile Cicero and send Cato away from Rome, removing two significant opponents of the Triumvirate. This strengthened the Triumvirate's hold on Roman politics by eliminating immediate threats to their power. - caesar was pontifex maximus and Pompey was augur- allowed this as Caesar was in Gaul and wanted someone to protect his legacy

Answer 75

58 - transalpine Gaul - 3 legions - left Pompey in Rome to protect the triumvirate - Clodius to reinforce the legacy of his consulship as tribune - made anxious due to Clodius's personal ambition bein

Answer 76

58 - meant by Pompey and Caesar to deflect allegations of the illegality of Caesar's consulship due to the lack of involvement of Bibulus - removed Cicero and Cato- 2 most hostile people to the establishment of triumvirate power - lots of populist legislation

Answer 77

- free corn dole- grain shortage - repeal of Cicero's law forbidding trade guilds and other associations - allowed him to mastermind the creation of gangs of supporters which he used to intimidate potential critics

Answer 78

- personal ambition - Pompey had already heard rumours of an assassination in 58 and was then attacked by Clodius's gangs- retired from public life in 58 - Pompey had to rally his own gangs to be safe- gang-warfare on the streets of Rome

Answer 79

58 - action of Clodius as tribune - Clodius introduced a law that retroactively declared anyone who had executed Roman citizens without trial to be a criminal - This law was aimed directly at Cicero because of his role in the execution of the Catilinarian conspirators in 63 BC without a trial

Answer 80

58 - achieved by Clodius - able to send Cato away under the pretense of the official tate duty of annexing Cyprus

Answer 81

57 - returned from exile due to the efforts of Pompey and his supporters - In 57 BC, after Clodius' tribuneship ended, the political climate shifted in Cicero's favor - Eight of the ten new tribunes were supporters of Pompey, as was one of the new consuls. - Pompey actively campaigned for Cicero's recall, despite Rome being plagued by violence orchestrated by Clodius. - Pompey used his influence, along with supportive tribunes Publius Sestius and Titus Annius Milo, to secure a senate meeting protected by guards to vote on Cicero's recall. - The vote passed almost unanimously, with only Clodius opposing it. - Subsequently, the centuriate assembly, under Pompey's protection, ratified the decision. Cicero's exile was thus revoked, and he returned to Rome to a grand welcome.

Answer 82

57 - In 57 BC, Pompey was granted a five-year imperium to stabilize the corn supply to Rome - This was an important measure as Rome faced significant issues with food shortages due to disruptions in the grain supply and Clodius's free corn - The Senate's decision to grant this imperium to Pompey reflected their trust in his capabilities, given his past successes, such as his campaign against the pirates in 67 BC, which had also secured grain supplies. - underscored the reliance on strong military leaders like Pompey to manage crucial economic and logistical issues, highlighting the political power they wielded - further solidified Pompey's position and influence in Roman politics, as managing the grain supply was critical to maintaining public order and support. This was a significant factor in the Late Republic, where control over resources often translated into political leverage.

Answer 83

57 - Clodius used gangs to intimidate critics - Pompey was intimidated due to an attack so had his own gangs - Milo decided he needed to fight fire with fire- rallied supporters * armed mercenaries * whenever Clodius started, he shot back at him

Answer 84

- antagonistic voices were worried about his success in Gaul - therefore, people were talking more about the illegality of his actions as consul - street violence from Pompey and Clodius - Pompey's intimidation - Clodius's rise to power

Answer 85

April 56 - Arranged by Caesar to re establish their alliance, and creating an arrangement that demonstrated to all the position their renewed strength - Caesar was allocated imperium for a further five years in goal, Crassus the consulship for 55, and Pompey was granted the right to hold military command over Spain in abstentia, ruling through his legates- he was to stay in Rome looking after the interests of the triumvirate - The triumvirate was in a very strong position at this point

Answer 86

56 - returned after completing his mission in Cyprus, where he was sent to annex the territory as part of Rome's province of Cilicia - His absence from Rome was initially a strategy to diminish his influence, as he was a staunch opponent of the First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus). - Cato's return signified the re-emergence of conservative opposition to the Triumvirate's power. - As a leading figure among the optimates, Cato's presence in Rome provided a rallying point for those who opposed the increasing dominance of the Triumvirate and their populist policies. - His return also coincided with the Conference at Luca, where the Triumvirate renewed their alliance, highlighting the ongoing political tensions and the struggle for power within the Republic.

Answer 87

55 - This consulship was a result of the renewed alliance following the Conference at Luca in 56 BC. During this conference, they agreed to support each other's political and military ambitions. - solidified the power of the Triumvirate, allowing them to advance their agendas. - Caesar was given a further five-year command in Gaul, Crassus received a five-year command in Syria, and Pompey was granted command over Spain, which he could govern in absentia through his legates while remaining in Rome to manage the Triumvirate's interests. - arrangement demonstrated their consolidated power and influence over Roman political affairs, sidelining opposition from the Senate and the optimates.

Answer 88

55 - By remaining in command in Gaul, Caesar was able to evade his political rivals in Rome who might have sought to prosecute him for actions taken during his consulship in 59 BC. - The imperium granted him legal immunity, as it was difficult to prosecute a commander actively engaged in a military campaign.

Answer 89

55 - By staying in Rome, Pompey could oversee the interests of the Triumvirate and maintain his influence over Roman politics

Answer 90

55 - Crassus sought military glory to match the achievements of his fellow triumvirs, Pompey and Caesar. A command in Syria provided him the opportunity to pursue a campaign against the Parthian Empire, which promised both prestige and wealth. - Control over Syria, a wealthy province, offered potential for further economic gain

Answer 91

54 - Caesar's daughter, Pompey's beloved wife - Died in childbirth along with her baby - Weakened formal ties between the two men

Answer 92

54 - demonstrated Rome's reach and ambition, enhancing Caesar's reputation as a military leader. - Political Power: The success in Gaul strengthened Caesar's political position. The wealth and spoils from these campaigns allowed him to reward his soldiers and supporters, solidifying their loyalty and increasing his influence in Roman politics. - Prelude to Civil War: The campaigns set the stage for future conflicts. Caesar's growing power and military successes made him a threat to the Senate and to Pompey, contributing to the tensions that eventually led to the Civil War in 49 BC.

Answer 93

54 - Stoic Principles: integrity and refusal to engage in bribery or corruption, practices that were common in Roman politics. set him apart and bolstered his reputation as a moral and principled politician. - further solidified his standing as a leading figure among the optimates, who sought to preserve the traditional power structures of the Republic. - Resistance to Popularis Measures: During his praetorship, Cato was involved in resisting the initiatives of populares like Julius Caesar, who sought reforms that threatened the power of the Senate and the optimates. Cato's actions during this period were part of his broader effort to counterbalance the rising influence of figures like Caesar.

Answer 94

53- no offices filled in 52 - reflected the deep political divisions and chaos within Rome - This instability was exacerbated by the death of Crassus at Carrhae, which weakened the First Triumvirate and left a power vacuum. - gangs destabilised res publica - Milo killed (working for Pompey)

Answer 95

53 bc - married daughter of conservative metellus- bond with senatorial elite- amicitia - senate, led by cato, looked to elect Pompey for 52 - pompey chose new father in law for the consulship - development in the relationship between Pompey and the Optimates

Answer 96

53 - End of the First Triumvirate - With Crassus gone, the balance of power shifted, and the personal and political ties that held the triumvirs together weakened. - Without Crassus as a moderating force, tensions between Caesar and Pompey increased, ultimately leading to the Civil War. - Parthian Threat: The defeat at Carrhae was a significant military disaster for Rome and emboldened the Parthian Empire. It highlighted the vulnerabilities of Roman expansion and the challenges posed by Rome's eastern neighbors. - Impact on Roman Politics: The loss of Crassus, who had significant wealth and influence, altered the dynamics of Roman politics. His absence allowed the optimates, to gain more influence and push back against the populares and Caesar.

Answer 97

- As a show of support Pompey had backed a law passed by all 10 tribunes to enable Caesar to be able to stand as a candidate for the console ship in abstentia - This would allow him to stay under the protection of his proconsular imperium in goal until a smooth and instant transfer to another office - When then posing a new law demanding the old candidates for office must canvas in person Pompey added a clause exempting Caesar - However, when he secured the command of Spain for a further five years for himself, he did no such thing for Caesar in Gaul - the triumvirate had clearly deteriorated, Pompey security and relationship with the elite in Rome was being consolidated with Caesar in Gaul

Answer 98

51 - From a Roman perspective it had been a triumph, extending the territory of the state and increasing revenue significantly But in Rome in 51, one of the consoles Metellus, proposed that since Caesar's campaigns when how effectively complete he should give up his imperium and a successor to the provincial command be chosen - This was a clear threat designed to remove state protection from Caesar and have him returned to Rome, allowing his enemies the opportunity to put him on trial for his laws in 59 Caesars response was defined to the support of a bankrupt tribune of 50 curio to defend his interests in absence Curio promptly vetoed the proposal of a debate about Caesars removal - At the same time, news came from the east that Syria was being threatened by the Parthians and the Senate moved that both Pompey and Caesar should each send a legion out to the east too Pompey agreed but offered a legion he had lent to Caesar, with the result that Caesar would lose 2 legions beginning his position further

Answer 99

52 - Political Instability: The year 52 BC was marked by significant political turmoil and violence in Rome. The murder of Clodius by Milo and the consequent riots highlighted the breakdown of order. The Senate's decision to appoint Pompey as sole consul was a response to this crisis, aimed at restoring stability. - Extraordinary Measure: Appointing a sole consul was an unprecedented and unconstitutional step, reflecting the severity of the situation. It demonstrated the Senate's willingness to bypass traditional Republican norms in times of emergency. - This appointment strengthened Pompey's position in Roman politics, giving him both military and political authority. It marked a shift in his alliances, as he moved closer to the optimates, who viewed him as a counterbalance to Caesar's growing power. - set the stage for further tensions between Pompey and Caesar. The rivalry between these two leading figures would eventually lead to the outbreak of civil war in 49 BC.

Answer 100

51 - Cato's staunch refusal to engage in the common practice of bribery during elections was a key factor in his failure. His commitment to Stoic principles and moral integrity often clashed with the political realities of the time, where bribery was commonplace and expected. - Political Isolation: His uncompromising nature led to a lack of popular support. While his moral stance was respected, it did not translate into votes, as many were frustrated by his perceived aloofness and rigidity. - Impact on the Optimates: Cato's failure to secure the consulship weakened the optimates, the conservative faction in the Senate opposed to the populares. As a leading figure of the optimates, his inability to gain a key political position limited their influence in a period of significant political upheaval. - Wider Political Context: This event occurred during a time of great instability in Rome, with increasing tensions between key political figures like Caesar and Pompey. Cato's failure highlighted the challenges faced by traditionalists in adapting to the rapidly changing political environment of the Late Republic.

Answer 101

Cilicia, 51-50 - Demonstration of Principles: Cicero's governorship was an opportunity for him to put his ideals into practice. He governed with fairness and diplomacy, addressing debts and financial issues left by his predecessor. His approach was consistent with his beliefs in justice and the proper conduct of a Roman official. - Military Success: Surprisingly, Cicero achieved military success during his governorship, pushing back hostile tribes and being hailed as imperator by his troops. This military accomplishment enhanced his reputation and demonstrated his capability in a role beyond the courtroom and Senate. - Political Context: Cicero's time as governor coincided with a period of instability in Rome. The breakdown of the First Triumvirate and the increasing tension between Caesar and Pompey made his absence from Rome significant, as he could not influence events directly. - Personal Ambivalence: Despite his achievements, Cicero was somewhat reluctant to leave Rome during such a politically tumultuous time. He felt he could be more useful in Rome, reflecting the tension between his duty as a provincial governor and his desire to influence politics at the heart of the Republic.

Answer 102

50 - The matter that two of Caesar's armies had gone because of Pompey's trickery came to a head on the 1st of December 50 when curio put it to the Senate that both Pompey and Caesar should give up their imperium and armies - A resounding move in favour of this 370 votes to 22 was vetoed Elite group of optimates led by Cato refused to allow Caesar to walk free - They asked Pompey to defend Rome and take a command of the Roman state armies not led by Caesar and he agreed Caesar tried to negotiate with Rome

Answer 103

From: Rome Tone: Formal Date: 62BC - Summary: Cicero appeals to Pompey to strengthen their friendship

Answer 104

- year following Cicero's consulship and Catiline Conspiracy - Cicero is flattering Pompey who has acquired Asia Minor, Syria and Crete. - Cicero wishes that he had received more congratulations from Pompey after Catilinarian conspiracy and rejecting the Rullan land reform (which would have been good for Pompey). - Pompey has aquired huge swathes of teritory for Rome- Asia Minor, Syria and Crete - cicero-pompey relationship - appeal to shared love of Rome

Answer 105

Quotes: 'I did expect some congratulation in your letter on my achievements', 'what I did for the salvation of the country is approved by the judgement and testimony of the whole world'(hyperbole, justifying actions).

Answer 106

Date: 59 BC Tone: Informal, personal From: Rome To: Atticus on his way to Epirus - Cicero explains how, at the time of the establishment of the 1st triumvirate, Caesar Pompey and Crassus, he had been approached by Caesar to join them but turned them down

Answer 107

- Themes: 1)Disempowerment of the Senate and the people. 2) Libertas (freedom). 3)Struggle for Cicero to match his political ideals to practice. 4) Cicero-Atticus relationship. - Cicero is stating how at this time it is worse to live in this society than it is to die. - Mention of Caesar's Campanian Law (20,000 Roman citizens would get public land). Cicero seems quite vulnerable. - Repetition of 'I' verbs make it more personal.

Answer 108

Quotes: 'I don't like running away; I am longing to fight.' 'citizens allowed to express their feelings, yet debarred from carrying them out with any vigour.' 'we are held down on all sides.'

Answer 109

Tone: Informal From: Cicero in Rome - Meta letter (letter about writing letters). - Cicero mentions three types of letter. 1) Inform those absent, 2) familiar and funny 3)serious and grave. - Cicero is afraid that the content of letters could be found, limit of freedom of speech. However, he wants to be true to himself. - writes about having nothing to write about - political situation makes freedom of speech impossible

Answer 110

Themes: 1)Art of letter writing. 2) Libertas (Freedom of speech)- stifled due to political situation - Seems as though he is begging Curio not join Pompey or Caesar.

Answer 111

Quotes: 'I do not dare to write what I feel, and I do not wish to write what I don't feel.' 'it is not to inflame your ambitions, but to demonstrate my love for you.'

Answer 112

Date: 50 BC From: Cicero in Laodicea, Cicilia Tone: Informal - Cicero, in Cilicia as governor, writes in friendly terms to Caelius, refusing to send Caelius some free exotic beasts for his spectacles to boost his political profile with the electorate in his campaign for aedileship

Answer 113

- Cicero was in Laodicea, Cilicia in 50 BC because he was serving as the governor of the province of Cilicia. - Significance: 1) Desperate to hear from Rome. 2) State of his province. - Cicero talks about how his province bores him using a tricolon. - He mentions a great war referring to the war against the Parthians. - He tells Caelius how he might not be able to get him Panthers but will try. Seems as though he doesn't really want to give them to him.

Answer 114

Quotes: 'I am told, complain that in my province they are the only living creatures for whom traps are set.' - personification of panthers (sarcasm?).

Politics- Politics of the Late Republic Flashcards

background TLR, Cato, Caesar, Cicero 70-50 BC, first 4 Cicero letters (140 cards)