WOTH Iliad Quotes and Summaries all books 1-24 Flashcards
books 1-15, not book 10- needs adding (98 cards)
1
Q
Aspects of a Homeric Hero
A
attention of the gods
shows emotion
physically impressive
epithets
civilised
fights for and respects his family/ homeland
fights for glory- kleos
MORTAL
self-control
noble birth
2
Q
Kleos
A
glory earned through battle
immortality- generations know a fighters name
3
Q
Timé
A
honour
the good opinion of other men through achievements
4
Q
menos
A
might
the surge of anger they feel on the battlefield
5
Q
charma
A
joy in fighting
6
Q
thumos
A
enthusiasm for figthing
7
Q
aidos
A
shame
fear of disgrace
respect for gods, friends and enemies
8
Q
Geras
A
prizes
earned by war
timé is shown by this
9
Q
oral tradition define
A
hundreds of years of repetition by bards
in media res- the audience would understand the story
artistic, meant to memorised and sung
10
Q
oral tradition techniques
A
dactylic hexameter
epithets
repeated scenes
formulae- cataloguing
rhapsode
11
Q
book 1 Women
A
only seen as geras
‘help myself to your prize … And what an angry man I will leave” by Agamemnon
‘I like her better than my wife’- Ag on Chryseis
Thetis as a mother talking to Zeus in supplication- ‘sank to her knees… supplicated him’
12
Q
Book 1 the gods
A
Apollo bringing plague for the Greeks for Ach- ‘his descent was like nightfall’
Thetis begging Zeus- ‘sank to her knees… pay back my son’
13
Q
Book 1 heroism
A
Ach- ‘burst into tears’
‘thrust his way through the crowd and disembowel agamemnon’
Zeus nods, Achilles’s help with the plague
14
Q
book 1 menis
A
“anger- sing, goddess, the anger of Achilles’- first line- ‘brought the Greeks endless suffering”
‘thrust his way through the crowd and disembowel agamemnon’
15
Q
book 1 fate
A
’ evil destiny ‘- Thetis, Ach
‘no failure to fulfil it, no going back’ Zeus on his nod
16
Q
book 2 plot
A
Zeus sends Ag a dream that he will defeat Troy
tests troops by saying they should go home
Odysseus and Nestor berate them
sacrifices to Zeus
Trojans assemble
explain Trojan cycle and Paris and Helen
Zeus dream again- relayed to Ag’s troops
17
Q
book 3 Women
A
Helen’s guilt for the war
Helen weaving and observing- ‘great web of purple cloth… who had suffered for her sake’
Helen forced to have sex with Paris- ‘no, go and sit with him yourself’
18
Q
Book 3 the gods
A
Aphrodite forcing Helen to have sex with Paris- ‘Obstinate wretch!’
Aphrodite rescues Paris- ‘a dense mist whisked him away’
19
Q
Book 3 heroism
A
Paris stepping forwards- ‘stepped out from the ranks’ - ‘like a man who catches sight of a snake’
importance of appearance
battle of Mene.- ‘as delighted as a lion that comes upon a great carcass’,
‘children’s children will shudder’
Hector’s aidos- ‘Paris, you parody! you sex-crazed seducer!’
20
Q
book 3 menis
A
mene. battling- ‘as delighted as a lion that comes upon a great carcass’, ‘hurling himself at Paris’ ‘leapt from his chariot’
21
Q
book 3 fate
A
‘Paris’s lot immediately jumped out’- 1 v 1 combat with Menelaus
22
Q
book 3 xenia
A
Menelaus’s prayer to Zeus- ‘children’s children will shudder … host who has offered them friendship.’
23
Q
Book 4 the gods
A
debate over whether to end the fighting- ‘Athena and Hera muttered darkly to each other’
‘lady Hebe served them with nectar’- hierarchy
Athena and Pandarus- ‘she persuaded the fool’ ‘like a mother brushing a fly from a sleeping child’
24
Q
Book 4 heroism
mortality, menis
A
mortal- ‘as a woman… stains ivory with purple dye’- blood Mene.
Idomeneus’s Menis- ‘as he charged into action, the bronze rang terrifyingly’
Od.- ‘always looking out for number 1’
25
book 4 menis
Idomeneus's Menis- 'as he charged into action, the bronze rang terrifyingly'
'waves of an ocean... booming'
'sheep... rich mans yard'
26
book 4 fate
'Zeus may postpone the penalty'- Ag because the Trojans broke the oath
27
book 5 plot
* Athena inspires Diomedes Greek
* Pandarus shoots diomedes in shoulder, Aeneas and Pandarus go after him
* Athena guides spear to kill Pandarus and crushes Aeneas's hip with boulder
* Aphrodite tries to carry Aeneas away
* DIomedes slashes Aphro and drops A
* Athena helps diomedes spear Ares
28
book 6 Women
Hecabe- 'gentle, generous mother' 'you who must pray'
Helen- 'sulk by yourself (paris)'
'Paris's blind folly'
Andromache- 'you are father and mother to me'
Hector 'besieged by Trojan wives and mothers running up to ask'
29
Book 6 the gods
Hecabe- 'you who must pray' 'longest and most decorated'
30
Book 6 heroism
Hector- 'if i hid like a coward I would feel nothing but shame'
31
Book 6 xenia
Glaucus and Diomedes- 'leapt from chariot, took by the hand and exchanged a solemn vow of friendship'
32
book 6 menis
Agamemnon telling mene. to kill Adrestus 'must be wiped out of existence'
33
book 7 plot
* return of Hector and Paris reinvigorate
* Apollo proposes duel
* Athena tells seer to say Hector should challenge a duel with the Greeks
* Nestor gets volunteers- AJax by lots
* H intimidated- bold attack but blocked
* Ajax knocks Hector over with rock
agree to end duel with gifts
* dont want to fight again- Trojan advisor sugests returning Helen
* Paris offers treasure instead
* Greeks says no and says they should have a day to bury dead
* opportunity to build wall with trench around ships- Poseidon objects and
* Zeus says he can wash it away after they leave
34
book 8 plot
* Zeus makes god truce, no intervening
* Zeus favours Ts and they drive G to ships
* Hector shines as leader
* Hera and Athena help the Greeks regroup- divine conflict
35
Book 9 the gods
'Zeus has seriously deluded me'- Aga
'Zeus showers them with favourable omens'
36
Book 9 women
'taken the wife which I love', 'I only have to chose ... make her my own'- Ach
37
Book 9 heroism
Aga.- 'weeping tears like a dark spring'
Geras- '7 tripods untarnished by the flames'- cataloguing
od- 'old man ... advice which you have forgotten',
'you would cover yourself in glory in their eyes'
phoe.- 'come while gifts are still to be had'
38
Book 9 xenia
Achilles to the embassy- 'chairs with purple coverings'
'mix less water with the wine, Patroclus'
aj- 'we are under your roof, representing the whole Greek army'
39
book 9 menis
'love bitter taste of internal discord'- Nestor to Aga.
Od- 'Hector is running wild, elated and irresistible.'
40
book 9 fate
Aga- 'Trojan town will never fall to us'
'Zeus showers them with favourable omens'
'no home-coming for me, but eternal glory instead'
41
book 10 summary
- Greek leaders council at night, deciding to send a spy to gather intelligence on the Trojans.
- Diomedes volunteers, and Odysseus joins him to sneak into the Trojan camp under cover of darkness.
- They trick and kill the Trojan spy Dolon, who was sent to spy on the Greeks.
- Diomedes and Odysseus then attack the Thracian camp, killing King Rhesus and many of his men.
- They steal Rhesus’ prized horses before slipping away unseen.
The raid weakens the Trojans, disrupting their morale and supplies
The Greeks return safely, bringing valuable intelligence and spoils.
42
book 10 the gods
'sacrifice to Athene… poured libations to Athene'
'Athena gave Diomedes an extra turn of speed'
'Pallas Athene loves him too?'- Diomedes about Odysseus
43
book 10 heroism
'burst into tears and said: "take me alive, and I will pay my own ransom."'
'many volunteered to go'
44
book 10 xenia
Nestor poor xenia- 'who goes thee, wandering around the ships at the dead of night?'
45
book 10 menis
Diomedes- 'like a lion that found some unattended sheep or goats'
46
book 10 fate
'Zeus is not going to let Hector realize all the high hopes he is entertaining'- Nestor
47
Odysseus Epithet
resourceful Odysseus- said by Ach in scorn
48
Helen Epithet
lovely-haired Helen
49
Agamemnon Epithet
godlike Agamemnon
50
Hector Epithet
Great Hector of the flashing helmet
51
book 11 summary long
- morning after night raid
- Zeus encourages strife to get the Greeks to go and battle
- Agamemnon arms- luxury, Greeks arm
- Trojans prepare
- Zeus is against the Greeks today- many will die
- the gods are angry at Zeus and do not participate
- Agamemnon kills many Trojans
- Zeus then encourages Hector by Iris- promises if he remains, they will win
- Hector goes to meet Aga
- Koön faces aga- killed but slices aga on arm, Aga retreats
- Hector surges again
- Diomedes and Odysseus are targeted by H
- D hits H in head w spear
- Paris shoots D in foot
- Od goes to protect w shield while he pulls out arrow- goes back to camp
- Ajax and Mene help od
- Ajax goes to Ido and Nestor
- Paris hits greek healer
- nestor saves machaon
- Zeus panics big Ajax- driven to protect ships
- Nestor is with Macheon- Achilles sees and gets Pat to investigate
- Nestor condemns Achilles- Pat is the only person he will listen to- suggests pat could wear ach's armour to scare the Trojans
- Pat tends to Eurypylus and asks if the greeks can win
- Trojans ultimately come out on top
52
book 12 summary long
- Pat helping Eurypylus
- day will be bad for Greeks- no Posiedon offering when wall built
- Hector and Trojans slaying towards the wall and ditch
- horses scared of ditch- dismount- 5 groups
- Ascius gets his horses to go- defeated
- eagle with snake- bites eagle, drops
- Hector rejects Polydamus interpretting this as negative
- Greeks defend, heartened by Ajaxes
- Sarpedon helped by Zeus with Glaucus
- Menestheus gets big Ajax and Teucer to defend from
- Teucer shoots Glaucus- retreats
- Zeus defends S from Teucer
- gridlock between 2 sides- Hector pushes forward with rock- thrown at gates, breaks gates
- set fire to boats, Greeks flee
53
book 13 summary long
- zeus tells gods not to get involved- faith in Olympians, leaves
- Poseidon goes to fight for Greeks
- P arms himself, takes on guise of Calchas, inspires Ajaxes, hits with staff
- P rallies other Greeks
- Ajaxes organise battalions well
- trojans attack- Hector is stopped
- Poseidon rallies Idomeneus as Thoas
- Meriones gets a new spear, Ido helps- concern about what each other think
- Poseidon fights for G, Zeus fights for T
- greeks and mene have great success
- hector still holds position at gates, defended
- polydamas tells hector to regroup
- Paris tells H of Trojan losses, lambasted
- Ajax and Hector trash talk and fight
54
book 14 summary long
- nestor is in his hut, macheon tells him to help
- nestor goes to the injured heroes
- aga sees nestor and is annoyed because Hector is so intent on burning the ships
- Nestor tells Agamemnon that the walls are down, and they plan
- Aga guesses that Zeus wants them to go home
- Odys lambasts Aga
- Diom says he is youngest and says he is great, tells them they should go and encourage the army
- Pos tells Aga how happy Ach is about Greek suffering, Greek army is invigorated
- Hera is happy and sees how angry Z is- plans to seduce him
- Hera gets Aphro to help make her hot, lying about reasons- breast plate
- Hera gets Sleep to make Z sleep after seduction- Heph footstool- refuses due to fear- Hera promises a grace to marry him
- Hera sleeps with Zeus and he sleeps
- Sleep tells P about the plan and to rally the Greeks
- arming scene
- Hector and big Ajax- H fires spear, enfuriates, A hits H with rock, stunned
- H saved
- little Ajax kills most people
55
book 15 summary long
- Gs have pushed the Trojans back to the ditch, scared
- Zeus wakes up and sees P and Hector throwing up blood
- Zeus lambasts Hera
- Z tells H that he will help Ts and push Gs to kill Patroclus from killing Hector to get Achil to come out
- H goes to Olympus, Themis helps
- H warns the God about Zeus anger, says Ares's son is dead
- Athena tells him not to
- Hera gets Iris and Apollo to go and see Zeus
- tells Iris to tell Pos not to fight for the Greeks
- Pos tells iris to say- if Z spares Troy, no gods will ever like him
- Pos leaves
- Z tells Apollo to encourage and heal Hector to push Gs back
- Apollo heals Hector and encourages Ts
- Greeks are confused about H
- Apollo leads Ts into battle- many deaths
- Greeks flee to ships, Hec encourages to take ships, get into chariots, Apollo removes ditch
- Greeks start praying, Z sends thunder- encourages Ts
- Pat is still w Eurypylus- goes to Ach to get to fight
- Trojans on G ships- Ajax is slaying
- H kills friend, Teucer goes sicko mode and Z protects Hector
- Hector and Ajax rally their sides
- Trojans on ships- Z wont stop until 1 ship burns
- Z is trying to get Ach to come out
- Nestor goes to supplicate Greeks- Athena gets involved- lifts mist
- Ajax desperately defends ship from fire
- Hector calls for fire
56
book 16 plot
- P has his aristaia
-Pat begs Ach to let him rejoin as Greeks overwhelmed
- Achilles refuses but lets Patroclus wear his armor to rally the Greeks and intimidate the Trojans.
- Achilles warns Patroclus only to drive the Trojans from the ships, not to pursue them to the walls of Troy.
- Achilles prays to Zeus for his success and safe return, but Zeus grants only partial success.
- Pat: kills Sarpedon, son of Zeus, battle over Sarpedon’s body.
- Ignoring Achilles’ warning, Patroclus pushes on toward Troy and becomes overconfident.
- Apollo intervenes, striking Patroclus, weakening him.
- Euphorbus wounds him, and then Hector kills Patroclus
- With his dying breath, Patroclus prophesies Hector’s death at the hands of Achilles.
57
book 16 women
'I want you to bring me great honour in the eyes of all the Greeks so they give me my lovely woman back'- Achilles
58
book 16 heroism
'weeping tears like a hot spring'- Patroclus about his fallen comrades
Pat to Achilles- 'what will future generations have to thank you for if you do nothing to prevent the Greeks humiliating destruction?'
Sarpedon 'crashed down as an oak crashes down or a poplar or a towering pine'
59
book 16 the gods
'Peleus was not your father, nor Thetis your mother'- Patroclus
'in the heat of the battle, Phoebus encountered you, Phoebus most terrible.'
'this is unhappy business! My son Sarpedon, dearest of men, is destined to be killed'
60
book 16 menos
'like flesh eating wolves, hearts filled with boundless courage'- Myrmidons
61
book 16 fate
'Hector knew Zeus had tipped the sacred scales against him'
'So Patroclus spoke in supplication, the great fool'
62
book 17 plot
- Menelaus defends Pat’s body, kills Euphorbus.
- Hector arrives, forcing Menelaus to retreat.
- Ajax joins Menelaus, and they both protect the body.
- battle for Patroclus' corpse
- Hector dons Achilles' armor, stripped from Patroclus, gaining temporary glory
- Zeus grants Hector temporary strength, but the tide starts to turn
- Greeks recover Pat’s body, helped by Ajax and Menelaus.
- Antilochus sent to tell Ach of Pat’s death.
63
book 17 heroism
Menelaus 'advanced, bronze armour glittering, and stood over Patroclus’ body as a mother cow stands protectively over the first calf'
Glaucus- 'your heroic reputation hides a coward after all'- to Hector
64
book 17 the gods
Athena 'implanted in his chest the daring of a fly which is so fond of human blood' for Menelaus
' only wish Athene would give me strength' to Athena. 'delighted' Athena- Menelaus
65
book 17 menos
'such were awe inspiring Ajax that the earth was soaked in blood'
'Euphorbus lying on the ground, the blood pouring from the stab wound'
66
book 17 fate
Hector- 'Unhappy man! Little knowing how close you are to death'- Zeus
67
book 18 plot
- Ach learns of Patroclus’ death, is devastated, and vows revenge.
- Thetis comforts him, promises Hephaestus will forge new armor.
- Ach publicly grieves; his cries cause Thetis and the sea-nymphs to rise from the ocean.
- Athena gets Ach to roar at Trojans and they retreat
- Hephaestus makes Achilles’ new armor, including a detailed shield with images of the cosmos and mortal life
68
book 18 heroism
Ach- 'begrimed his handsome features' 'a giant of a man, clawing at his hair with his hands'
hector 'Polydamas, the man who tells me to retreat .... is no longer speaking my language'
69
book 18 the gods
Hera, Iris- 'up, son of Peleus, most impetuous of men!'
Thetis-'I nursed him as one tends to a little plant in a garden bed'
Athena- 'crowned him with a golden cloud.... raised the war cry too'
'great, heavy shield... bright as fire'- Heph to ach
70
book 18 menos
'how I wish rivalry could be banished from the world of men, and with it anger'
71
book 18 fate
'As for my death, I will welcome it'- Ach
Thetis- 'you are doomed to die immediately after Hector'
72
book 18 shield
constellation, marriage, 2 cities at war, court case, grape harvest, reaping, feat, sheep and cattle, dancing women and youths, ocean
73
book 19 plot
- Thetis gives armor to Ach
- Ach reconciles with Agamemnon
- Agamemnon blames Delusion (Ate) for their quarrel- receives geras Briseis in front of leaders
- Briseis mourns Patroclus, showing his kindness to her.
- Achilles refuses to eat, eager to fight, but Athena feeds him divine nectar.
- Odysseus ensures the troops rest before battle.
- Achilles arms for battle, his armor shines like fire.
- Xanthus, his horse, prophesies his death, but Achilles brushes it off—accepting fate.
74
book 19 women
75
book 19 heroism
'could not endure to look at it'
'no mortal has worn anything like it'- Thetis
76
book 19 the gods
77
book 19 menos
'I wish Artemis had killed her ... now I must renounce my anger'- Ach
'I was blinded and Zeus robbed me of my wits, I am willing to make amends'- Aga
78
book 19 fate
79
book 20 plot
- Zeus releases the gods to freely intervene in the battle
- Ach rejoins the fight with renewed fury
- Ares fights on the Trojan side
- Athena supports the Greeks, helping Diomedes
- Apollo shields the Trojans, aiding Hector and others.
- duel Ares and Athena leads to Ares wounded and retreating
- Poseidon secretly aids the Greeks, despite Zeus’ orders.
- Ach kills Trojans, including Lycaon, who supplicated him
80
book 21 plot
- Ach slaughters Trojans, traps many in the River Scamander
- Ach fights Scamander, rises in anger over the corpses clogging his waters.
- Hephaestus (at Hera’s command) burns the riverbanks to save Achilles.
- Agenor, half-brother of Hector, duels Ach; Agenor is rescued by Apollo
- Trojans retreat inside Troy’s walls at the end of the book, but Achilles remains a terrifying threat.
81
book 22 plot
- Trojans retreat but Hector remains outside, ready to face Ach
- Priam and Hecuba beg Hector not to fight, but he refuses, seeking glory.
-Ach chases Hector 3x around Troy.
- Athena tricks Hector by disguising herself as his brother Deiphobus, giving him courage to stand and fight.
- Achilles kills Hector with a spear to the neck.
- Hector begs for proper burial; Achilles refuses.
- Achilles ties Hector’s body to his chariot and drags it around Troy.
- Grief in Troy: Priam, Hecuba, and Andromache (Hector’s wife) mourn.
82
book 22 women
83
book 22 heroism
84
book 22 the gods
85
book 22 menos
86
book 22 fate
87
book 23 plot
- Ghost of Patroclus appears after feast and dirge in dream, asking for burial and a shared tomb.
- 12 Trojans sacrificed on pyre, Boreas and Zephyrus, are summoned by Iris, they blow upon the pyre
- Apollo and Aphrodite protect Hector from stray dogs and heat
- Funeral games held in Patroclus’ honor: chariot race, boxing, wrestling, running, spear-throwing, etc.
- Diomedes wins the chariot race, despite Apollo sabotaging him.
- Ajax and Odysseus wrestle, but it's a draw.
- gives Agamemnon geras chariot race
88
book 23 women
89
book 23 heroism
90
book 23 the gods
91
book 23 menos
92
book 23 fate
93
book 24 plot
- Gods angry at Ach’s abuse of Hector- Zeus orders Thetis to tell Achilles to return the body.
- Hermes guides Priam to Achilles’ camp.
- Priam begs Achilles, invoking the memory of Achilles’ own father, Peleus.
- Achilles is moved to tears, finally shows compassion, Achilles hosts Priam, gives him food and rest, gives body and geras
- Hector’s body is returned; Achilles orders a truce for the funeral.
- Trojans mourn Hector: Andromache, Hecuba, and Priam lead three powerful laments.
- Hector's burial
94
book 24 women
95
book 24 heroism
96
book 24 the gods
97
book 24 menos
98
book 24 fate
