Polity Flashcards

Question

326

Answer 1

universal adult suffrage

Answer 2

2nd Judges Case - collegium system introduced

Answer 3

1991, T.N Sheshan

Answer 4

1991, T.N Sheshan

Answer 5

new article 31 C inserted

Answer 6

oath of President - by CJI

Answer 7

single electoral roll

Answer 8

appointment of judges to subordinate courts

Answer 9

citizenship

Answer 10

Governor - discretionary power - deviation from CoM as provided in Constitution

Answer 11

Governor - discretionary power - deviation from CoM as provided in Constitution

Answer 12

1. [26 Jan 1950 - 1 July 1987) - irrespective parents 2. [1 July 1987 - 3 Dec 2004) - citizen - mother or father 3. {3 Dec 2004) - both citizen or at least one and other not illegal migrant

Answer 13

1. [26 Jan 1950 - 10 Dec 1992) - father citizen 2. [10 Dec 1992 - 3 Dec 2004) - citizen - mother or father 3. {3 Dec 2004) - either one citizen + Affidavit + Registered with consulate

Answer 14

disqualification MP - anti-defection

Answer 15

conviction sentence more than 2 yrs.; debarred contesting elections 6 yrs.

Answer 16

writ jurisdiction of HC - both FR and legal right

Answer 17

1. EVM introduced 2. Registration mandatory for political parties 3. Debarred from contesting elections - 4 cases - Foreign exchange Act, NSA, women, preventive detention law 4. punishment for electoral malpractices

Answer 18

Bhikaji Narayan Case, 1955; Deepchand Case, 1959; Ambika Mill Case, 1974

Answer 19

Panchayats - 243 G - 29 functional items

Answer 20

recruitment to the judicial services other than the district judges

Answer 21

Democratic Decentralization

Answer 22

appointed by President to fill the temporary vacancy

Answer 23

3rd Judges Case; expansion of collegium; JR applicable to the opinion of CJI only on the basis of procedural irregularities; binding on President

Answer 24

Panchayats - exempted areas

Answer 25

PMT dene se pehle you need to say I Love Education

Answer 26

regional benches of SC

Answer 27

CJI with the consent of President asks sitting HC judge eligible to become SC judge to fill a quorum for a particular case

Answer 28

17, 21, 23

Answer 29

control over subordinate courts

Answer 30

Governor; incase of Delhi to President

Answer 31

335, 350 A, 351

Answer 32

P.N Bhagwati - informal dispute settlement mechanism

Answer 33

P.N Bhagwati - informal dispute settlement mechanism

Answer 34

appointment SC judge

Answer 35

state legislature regulate election laws where the Parlia has not

Answer 36

bollywood ke preamble, KRK LIC karva le

Answer 37

Governor - discretionary power - the final say

Answer 38

application to UTs

Answer 39

Absolute Pocket Suspensive

Answer 40

single member territorial constituency

Answer 41

no interference of courts in elections except in accordance with election petitions

Answer 42

233 to 237

Answer 43

Shankari Prasad Case 15(4) added IX scheuled added

Answer 44

Shankari Prasad Case 15(4) added IX schedule added

Answer 45

Financial bill including money matters as listed in 110 (1) and general legislation

Answer 46

impeachment of President procedure: Resolution (supported by 1/4 of total) --> 14 days notice --> resolution taken up --> to e passed 2/3 of total --> investigating House --> Pres defend directly or lawyer --> if passed by 2/3 total --> impeached

Answer 47

Doctrine of Eclipse

Answer 48

1st Judges Case, President not bound by the advise

Answer 49

taxation power

Answer 50

1. 1/3 - elected by members of local bodies 2. 1/3 - elected by elected MLAs 3. 1/12 - elected by graduates of at least 3 years 4. 1/12 - elected by teachers of at least secondary grade 5. rest nominated by the Governor - Art, Science, Social Service, Literature & Cooperative Movement Note: min. LC membership = 40; max. = 1/3 of total MLAs

Answer 51

Financial Bill (II) - money matter only incidental

Answer 52

SC - the court of record

Answer 53

1. rulings admissible as evidence | 2. contempt of court jurisdiction

Answer 54

1. rulings admissible as evidence | 2. contempt of court jurisdiction

Answer 55

73rd AA, 1992

Answer 56

Part IX is not applicable, as it is, to the Schedule V areas. However, they are extended to these areas under Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act or PESA Act, 1996. PESA or Part IX not applicable to VI Scheduled Areas, as they have their own autonomous governing councils. Schedule V areas are: ``` Andhra Pradesh Telangana Chattisgarh Gujarat HP Jharkhand MP Maharashtra Odisha Rajasthan ``` VI Scheduled Areas: Assam (3) Meghalaya (3) Tripura (1) Mizoram (3)

Answer 57

1. Regular Elections 2. Basic planning unit - District - Zila Parishad point of democratic decentralization; 3. a post of District Development Commissioner - CEO of Zila Parishad 4. because of bureaucratization - "grass without roots"

Answer 58

1. 2 tier - Mandal panchayat & Zila Parishad 2. Zila Parishad - the executive body 3. official participation of political parties at all levels 4. Nyaya Panchayats 5. Minister of Panchayati Raj in State CoM 6. reservation - SC/ ST 7. Constitutional Recognition

Answer 59

5 yrs. | If dissolved - remaining term - only if term > 6 months - else optional

Answer 60

1. grants from Centre - CFC Recomm. 2. devolution from state - SFC Recomm. 3. loans/ grants from state 4. Centre Scheme - programme specific allocation 5. tax and non-tax revenue generation

Answer 61

as HC judge

Answer 62

Vth Scheduled areas: ``` Andhra Pradesh Telangana Chattisgarh Gujarat HP Jharkhand MP Maharashtra Odisha Rajasthan ```

Answer 63

self-rule - tribals; preserve tribal culture; admin in line with the traditional practices; preserve their autonomy

Answer 64

``` Andhra Pradesh Telangana Chattisgarh Gujarat HP Jharkhand MP Maharashtra Odisha Rajasthan ```

Answer 65

Assam (3) Meghalaya (3) Tripura (1) Mizoram (3)

Answer 66

intoxicant minor forest produce alienation of land money lending to STs

Answer 67

states to follow the framework provided by PESA

Answer 68

1. judicial tribunals - to adjudicate controversies related to elections, dissolution of PRIs, etc. 2. Constitutional Recognition 3. Nyaya Panchayats 4. Regular elections 5. Make gram panchayats more viable - village reorganization

Answer 69

1. constitutional recognition 2. 5 yr. fixed tenure 3. 3 tier system 4. direct elections at all 3 levels 5. reservation - SC/ ST/ women 6. levy collect and appropriate tax 7. establishment of SFC and SEC 8. list of subjects to be specified in the Consti

Answer 70

74th AA, 1992

Answer 71

Central Council of Local Government

Answer 72

243 P to 243 ZG

Answer 73

added XII Schedule

Answer 74

lord Mayo - financial decentralization - 1870 | lord Ripon - father of urban local government in India - 1882 resolution

Answer 75

1. municipal council 2. municipal committee 3. municipal board 4. borough municipality 5. city municipality

Answer 76

1. in big cities - Delhi, Mumbai, etc. 2. in states - by state law 3. in UTs - by Parliament Act 4. can be one common act or separate acts for each municipal corporation in a state

Answer 77

1. function based and not area based - to undertake activities in domain of other urban local govt. ``` - egs. Urban Development Authorities Water supply and sewerage boards Housing Boards Electricity Boards ``` 2. autonomous bodies independent of the local urban governments

Answer 78

2 types: 1. fast-developing town due to industrialization 2. the town does not fulfill necessary conditions for the municipality - but imp acc. to the state govt.

Answer 79

1. small town 2. semi-municipal authority 3. ltd. no. of civic functions - drainage - roads - street lighting - conservancy 4. created by separate act of state legislature 5. may be wholly elected/ nominated or partly elected/ nominated

Answer 80

1. for the civilian population in the cantonment area 2. cantonment area - the delimited area where the military forces are permanently settled 3. under the provisions of Cantonment Act, 2006 4. controlled by the Union Defence Ministry 5. total = 62 cantonment boards - categorized into 4 categories acc to the civilian population

Answer 81

1. estd. by large PSUs to provide civic amenities to its staff 2. enterprise appoints a town administrator 3. no elected members

Answer 82

1. in port areas 2. for 2 purposes - manage and protect ports - provide civic amenities 3. created by an act of Parliament 4. both elected and nominated members 5. Chairman is an official

Answer 83

1. added by 74th AA, 1992 2. 18 items deal with Article 243 W 3. Few items: regulation of land use planning for socio-economic development urban forestry, protection of the environment slum improvement regulation of slaughterhouse promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects roads and bridges

Answer 84

Nagar Panchayat Municipal Council Municipal Corporation

Answer 85

by Governor with regard to certain factors: 1. population of the area 2. density of population 3. revenue generated for local administration 4. percentage of employment in nonagricultural activities 5. economic importance or such other factors as governor may deem fit

Answer 86

1. must 2. for 1 or more wards 3. population of 3 lacs or more 4. as per state legislature - composition and territorial area of WC - manner in which seats will be filled - provision of new committees other than WC

Answer 87

consolidation of plans of panchayats and municipalities

Answer 88

consolidation of plans

Answer 89

``` Tax Non-tax Grant Devolution Loans ```

Answer 90

1. Vth Scheduled Area; if President directs | 2. 20 members - 3/4 ST MLAs

Answer 91

President - alter the territory | Governor with the assent of President - regulate laws applicable here

Answer 92

1. can appoint commission - examine & report 2. can dissolve any district or regional council - on the recommendation of the above commission 3. form regional council within an autonomous district - if different no. of tribes in one district 4. alter boundaries

Answer 93

1. the state has executive authority 2. governor 3. district council 4. district & regional council 5. Village Councils or Village courts

Answer 94

1. formed by ADC or ARC - to settle disputes b/w 2 or among diff tribes - under the jurisdiction of HC - jurisdiction of HC specified by the governor

Answer 95

1. administer the area under their jurisdiction - require the assent of the governor 2. functions - collect land revenue - impose certain specified taxes

Answer 96

1. 30 members 2. 4 nominated by governor pleasure of the governor 26 elected - adult franchise 3. holds office for 5 yrs. 4. functions - primary schools, market, etc - regulates - money lending and trading by non tribals but to exercise this it requires the assent of governor

Answer 97

1. First Past the Post Electoral System - largest no. of valid votes 2. Proportional Representation Electoral System - whole country single electoral constituency, only political parties can contest. Seats filled by the parties in the Parliament in proportion to the votes obtained by them. 3. List Electoral System - fixed %age of seats filled by FPPE; rest filled through PRES. 4. 2 Ballot System - the candidate has to secure more than 50% votes; if no majority obtained then 2nd round of voting b/w only the top 2 candidates. 5. Single Transferrable Vote System - each elector allowed to mark as many preferences as are on a single ballot papaer - distribution of excess votes and elimination of the candidate who secured the last. Followed in lower House of Australia, Indian President, and VP.

Answer 98

1. Returning Officer 2. Presiding Officer 3. Civil Servant in elections 4. Election Observer

Answer 99

1. RPA, 1951 2. should be eligible to cast his vote by post - authorize a family member 3. categories allowed to cast vote by post a. CS on election duty b. defense personnel posted in forward area c. Indian diplomat posted abroad

Answer 100

1. no legal sanction - SC approval 2. comes into force when the election schedule is announced by President or Governor: - normally 3 weeks in advance of the election notification 3. operational till the official results 4. Examples of conduct a. govt. - no welfare measure to be announced b. no officer transfer/ appoint linked with elections - prior approval of ECI c. the ruling party - cannot link official work and election work d. ban on the use of official vehicles - except CM and PM e. ECI - the power to de-recognize pol party

Answer 101

1. voter list 2. pol parties - registration - recognition 3. allots symbols 4. election schedule 5. 102 (1) - advises President & Governor - disqualification of MPs, MLAs & MLCs 6. expresses opinions in SC & HC - hearing of corrupt electoral practices

Answer 102

President Vice President LS & RS MLAs & MLCs

Answer 103

1. min. 6 % valid votes (LA) AND min. 2 seats in LA 2. min. 3 % seats in LA OR min 3 seats in LA; whichever is more 3. min. 6% valid votes from the state in LS AND 1 seat in LS from the state 4. 1 seat in LS for every 25 seats OR the fraction thereof allotted to the state in LS 5. 8% of valid votes polled in the state at a general election to the LS

Answer 104

1. min. 6 % valid votes in min. 4 states (LS or LA elections) AND min. 4 seats in LS from any state(s). 2. min. 2% seats in LS from at least 3 states 3. recognized as a State Party in at least four states

Answer 105

1. symbol 2. free airtime for election campaign - Doordarshan - All India Radio 3. subscription from voters not reqd for the nomination papers 4. chance to regain status - 10 yrs. - only symbol can be used

Answer 106

1. Background - 2007 - To examine center-state relations 2. Articles 355 & 356 - sought to localize the emergency provisions under Articles 355 and 356. - The Center should try to bring only the specific troubled area under its jurisdiction and that too for a brief period, not more than three months. 3. Concurrent List Subjects - The Centre should consult states before introducing bills on the concurrent subjects through the inter-state council. 4. President’s Pocket Veto - President’s decision to use his Pocket veto power is communicated to the State within six months. 5. Appointment and Removal of Governors - Recommendations regarding the appointment of Governors: a. The incumbent should have stayed away from active politics even at the local level for at least two years prior to his appointment. b. The state chief minister should have a say in the governor’s appointment. c. Committee to appoint Governors comprising of: i. Prime Minister, ii. the Home Minister, iii. Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and iv. the concerned state Chief Minister. v. Even the Vise President can be involved in the procedure. - Recommendations regarding the removal of Governors: a. The Doctrine of Pleasure should be deleted from the Constitution. b. Only a resolution by the state legislature should remove the governor. c. provision for the impeachment of the governor by the state legislature. - It supported the right of the governor to sanction the prosecution of ministers against the state government’s advice. 6. Article 253 - The states should be involved more in such treaties. 7. Amendment of the Communal Violence Bill - It said that the central forces be allowed to deploy forces in the state without the state’s consent for a short period in case of communal violence. - Such deployment should not exceed a week’s time and post-facto consent is to be sought from the state.

Answer 107

1. Article 370 suggested its not a transitory provision - in response to “one all-India political party” that demanded the deletion of Article 370 2. Matters of legislation A. Concurrent subject The union should occupy only that field of concurrent subjects which are in the larger interest of the nation - the States’ views must be ascertained through inter-Governmental Councils in such cases B. Article 252 parliamentary law should not be perpetual but for a specific period and not more than a period of 3 years C. On receipt of a resolution from a State recommending creation or abolition of a Legislative Council - the same will be presented before the Parliament within a reasonable time. D. Residuary powers regarding taxation should remain with Parliament - other subjects to be placed in the concurrent list 3. Inter-Governmental Councils - establishment of permanent Inter-State Council - the Inter-State council was established in 1990 4. Article 258 A. A258 says - the power of the Union to confer powers, etc on states in certain cases B. “Federalism is more a functional arrangement for cooperative action than a static institutional concept. C. a tool by the liberal use of which cooperative federalism can be substantially realized in the working of the system. 5. Article 356 - use very sparingly and as a matter of last resort - material grounds to be made an integral part of the proclamation: i. this would improve parliamentary control over the President' Rule ii. Governor’s report must be a ‘speaking document’ - Before that, a warning should be issued 6. The economic development of the backward regions in a planned manner - the separatist tendencies will be automatically controlled. 7. PRIs - enacting any law on the Panchayats is exclusive power vested in the states and rather than adding a new chapter in the Constitution, there should be a uniform law, applicable throughout India. - this is in contrast to L.M Singhvi Committee recommendation

Answer 108

1. can only be introduced in LA | 2. same way as LS money bill

Answer 109

1. can only be introduced in LA 2. intro by LA - passed and sent to LC - LC got 4 options: A. pass the Bill, sent for Governor approval B. reject C. does not act for 3 months after receiving the Bill D. suggest amendments - if LA accepts amendments - Bill is passed - if LA rejects amendments - has to be passed by LC within 1 month In the case of A), B) & C) - comes back to LA - if retransmits Bill - LC has to pass within 1 month

Answer 110

1. can be intro in either LA or LC 2. intro by LC - passed and sent to LA - if rejected the Bill lapses. 3. intro by LA - passed and sent to LC - LC got 4 options: A. pass the Bill, sent for Governor approval B. reject C. does not act for 3 months after receiving the Bill D. suggest amendments - if LA accepts amendments - Bill is passed - if LA rejects amendments - has to be passed by LC within 1 month In the case of A), B) & C) - comes back to LA - if retransmits Bill - LC has to pass within 1 month

Answer 111

can be acquired by a Foreigner who is ordinarily a resident in India for 12 years

Answer 112

The individual in the territory is given an option for opting for Indian citizenship.

Answer 113

1. Renunciation - voluntarily surrender - but GoI may not accept 2. Termination - by an act of law 3. Deprivation - if obtained by fraud, concealing of facts, illegally communicated or traded with the enemy during war - residing out of India continuously for the last 7 yrs. then can be deprived

Answer 114

law of soil

Answer 115

law of blood

Answer 116

NRIs OCIs PIOs

Answer 117

1. meaning - the action of discontinuing a session of parliament w/o dissolving it. 2. Procedure: - Presiding Officer - declares adjournment sine die - President issues a notification 3. President can prorogue the House while in session. 4. All pending notices lapse, other than those for the introduction of Bills.

Answer 118

1. Minimum no. of members to transact any business - required for each House - includes presiding officer 2. minimum - 1/10th 3. if no quourum - presiding officer adjourns or suspends the House until quorum

Answer 119

1. 1st hour of every sitting - mentioned in Rules of Procedure 2. questions are usually addressed to ministers but can also be addressed to the private members

Answer 120

1. informal device - questions can be raised w/o any prior notice 2. Indian innovation - since 1962 3. It's the time gap b/w Question Hour and the Agenda

Answer 121

Substantive Substitute Subsidiary - Ancilliary, Superseding, Amendment

Answer 122

1. raised by a member when proceedings not following normal Rules of the House 2. the question should be within the cognizance of the Speaker 3. It only related to the interpretation and enforcement of the Rules of the House or such Articles of the Constitution that regulates the business of the House 4. the parliamentary proceedings are suspended 5. No debate is allowed on the point of order

Answer 123

1. the issue should be of sufficient public importance 2. Speaker can take it up in the House 3 days in a week 3. No formal motion or voting on it.

Answer 124

1. 2-hour discussion 2. 2 days in a week - by Speaker 3. No formal motion or voting 4. Indian innovation, since 1953 5. Urgent public importance

Answer 125

the debate is cut short and the matter is put to vote.

Answer 126

1. for breach of parliamentary privileges | 2. purpose is to censure the minister

Answer 127

1. calling the attention of the Minister 2. mentioned in the Rules of Procedure 3. since 1954 4. seeks an authoritative statement - urgent public importance

Answer 128

1. to draw the attention of the House on a matter of urgent public importance 2. needs support of 50 members to be admitted 3. Discussion: minimum of 2.5 hours 4. involves an element of censure - thus only LS, not RS can introduce

Answer 129

1. Article 75 - CoM collectively responsible to the LS | 2. need the support of 50 members to be admitted

Answer 130

Unlike No-Confidence Motion, it needs to: 1. state the reason for its adoption 2. can be moved against the individual minister or CoM 3. aim: to censure CoM for specific policies and actions 4. CoM need not resign if motion is passed (passed by which majority?)

Answer 131

1. The first session after each general election, and first session of every fiscal year. 2. President outlines the programmes and achievements of the preceding year and the ensuing year. 3. Must be passed, else government stands censured. 4. Questions and debates can be raised by the members.

Answer 132

The motion admitted by the Speaker but no date fixed for the discussion.

Answer 133

Refer handmade flashcards

Answer 134

1. Budget Session - President is the presiding officer - Vote of Thanks 2. Monsoon Session 3. Winter Session 4. Special Session - convened by the President on the advice of CoM - transact one or more specified business.

Answer 135

- means small break or recess within an ongoing session of the Parlia - the session does not end - by presiding officer

Answer 136

adjourned for an indefinite period - no date specified for reconvening

Answer 137

1. Passed by both the Houses but returned by the President for the recommendation 2. Passed by both the Houses however President's assent is pending 3. Bill was notified for a joint sitting before the dissolution of the LS 4. Bills pending in RS, which were not put into LS

Answer 138

1. funds contributed by the general public - used to rehabilitate the victims of natural calamities 2. subject to the audit by CAG

Answer 139

3 years - 1. preceding (exact receipts and expenditure), 2. ongoing (estimated receipts and expenditure), 3. upcoming (proposed receipts and expenditure)

Answer 140

Finance Bill Contains - demand for grants charged expenditure

Answer 141

1. grant in advance 2. 1/6th of the total proposed expenditure 3. for 2 months can be for more 4. passed by LS w/o discussion after the general discussion on Budget is over

Answer 142

1. amount of demand reduced to Rs. 1 2. if passed the government stands censured 3. cannot be brought by the ruling party

Answer 143

1. to bring economy in expenditure 2. to reduce the amount of demand by a specified amount 3. can be moved by any member of LS 4. does not amount to the defeat of the government

Answer 144

1. to bring attention to a specific grievance in the area of governance 2. if passed the amount can be reduced by Rs. 100

Answer 145

80% of the demand in grants, in the budget, clubbed together and w/o discussion it's voted upon.

Answer 146

Blank cheque

Answer 147

1. statutory recognition by an Act of 1977, 2. min 10% seats in LS 3. provides constructive criticism/ alternative government

Answer 148

1. Assistant floor leader 2. For each party 3. ensures attendance/ discipline/ securing support on an issue (for or against) - Whip - just a convention.

Answer 149

1. mentioned in the Rules of House/ not in Constitution - same for L.O.O 2. PM or nominated by the PM 3. can nominate deputy leader

Answer 150

52nd CAA, 1985; and Xth Schedule

Answer 151

Distribution of seats to RS in different states

Answer 152

MP, MLA, MLC

Answer 153

independent member - if joins a party after elections nominated member - joins a party after the expiry of 6 months from becoming an MP. legislative member - resigns party legislative party member - disobeys whip and is not condoned by the party within 15 days.

Answer 154

Binding only in: 1. confidence/ no-confidence motion 2. vote of thanks 3. money bill

Answer 155

1. If a member goes out of the party as a result of a merger with another party. A merger takes place when 2/3 rd of the members of the party have agreed to such a merger. 2. A member after being elected as a presiding officer of the House gives up his membership of the party or rejoins it after he ceases to hold that office.

Answer 156

the decision of presiding officer regarding anti-defection is subject to JR.

Answer 157

disqualification powers shall be vested with President/ Governor, who acts in consultation with ECI.

Answer 158

1. - requires written recommendation of CABINET - needs to be approved by a special majority by the Parliament within 1 month - if LS is dissolved during this 1 month period but the RS has approved the NE within 1 month; then the newly constituted LS has to approve the NE within 30 days of its first sitting. 2. 6 months; extension requires the approval of the Parliament in the same manner.

Answer 159

1. automatic revocation - if any House does not approve further continuation within 1 month or thereafter 2. proclamation of revocation - issued by the President on the advice of CoM - can be done anytime 3. special powers to LS - at least 10% members of LS give notice to President (if LS is not in session), or the Speaker (if the LS is in session), with an intention to revoke the NE, then special sitting convened within 14 days by the President to vote. Requires a simple majority.

Answer 160

can be increased one year at a time

Answer 161

distribution of finances between Center-state cease to be in operation

Answer 162

358 - 19 - war/ external aggression | 359 - 20, 21 - internal rebellion

Answer 163

44th AA, 1978

Answer 164

8 cases: 1. Armed Rebellion instead of internal disturbance 2. written recommendation of the Cabinet to the President 3. to be approved within 1 month after the proclamation by a special majority (earlier it was 2 months and simple majority) 4. Once approved remains in operation for 6 months and requires further approval to extend (earlier NE applicable till revoked by the President) 5. LS - special powers in the matter of removal of NE 6. FR u/A 19 can only be suspended when NE on the grounds of war & external aggression 7. FRs u/A 20 & 21 can never be suspended 8. Continuation of President Rule u/A 356 has been restricted to max. 3 years.

Answer 165

Grounds of Imposition of President's Rule

Answer 166

1. there is a NE operational through India or in a part of that state. 2. ECI certifies that conditions in the state are not conducive for holding free & fair elections.

Answer 167

1. President (can) assumes all executive functions 2. President (can) authorize the Parliament with the power of legislation. 3. President cannot assume the powers of the HC within the state. 4. Parliament can authorize the President to spend money out of the Consolidated Fund of the State.

Answer 168

1. Pres decision = CoM satisfaction 2. President's Rule subject to JR - Report can be declared ultra vires 3. The report of the Governor should be a speaking document. 4. Support to CM to be tested on the floor of the House 5. If the report found ultra vires - Court can revive CoM and restore LA 6. The dismissal of the CoM & Dissolution of LA should not be done simultaneously.

Answer 169

Financial Emergency

Answer 170

1. Revenue distribution b/w the Centre and the state ceases to be in operation. 2. Union can give directions to the state w.r.t maintenance of their finances. 3. The union government can direct the state to reduce the salary & allowances. 4. Salary & allowances of all or any union government functionaries can be reduced, including the charged expenditures.

Answer 171

Performance evaluation system

Answer 172

1. 38 promote the welfare, by securing social order spread by justice (S, E & P) - minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities & opp. 2. 39 a) Means of livelihood b) Equitable distri. of material for common good c) Prevention of conc. Of wealth & MoP d) Equal pay for equal work – men & women e) Prevention of health of workers and children from abuse f) Healthy development of children 3. 39 A equal access to justice and free legal aide to poor 4. 40 Organisation of village panchayats 5. 41 secure the right to work & edu.; public assistance in unempl., old age, sick & disable 6. 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief 7. 43 secure living wage, etc. for workers 8. 43 A promote participation of workers in the management of industries 9. 43 B promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies 10. 44 UCC 11. 45 free and comp. edu for children 12. 46 promotion of edu. & eco. Interests of SCs, STs & ors. Weaker sections 13. 47 raise the level of nutrition, the standard of living, improve public health, the prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs except for medicinal purposes 14. 48 Organisation of agriculture & animal husbandry, the prohibition of slaughtering of cows, calves, milch and draught animals 15. 48 A protection & improvement of enviro., safeguarding forests & wildlife 16. 49 protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance 17. 50 separation of judiciary from the executive in the public services 18. 51 a) Promote intn’l peace and security b) Just and honorable relations c) Foster respect for intn’l law and treaty obligations d) Encourage settlement of intn’l disputes by arbitration

Answer 173

check mind palace

Answer 174

1. Agar hum social order or justice ko secure karenge toh welfare promote hogi & inequalities kam hogi. 2. Aisa karne ke liye hume: a. Livelihood ke means dene honge b. Resources ka equal distribution karna hoga c. Conc. of wealth & MoP ko prevent karna hoga d. Bohot imp hai ki men & women ko equal kaam ke liye equal pay mile. e. Hum women & children ki health prevent karni hai from any kind of abuse. f. Tahi bacho ki healthy development hogi. 3. Ab socho just in case, ye unhe nahi milta hai toh unke paas equal justice & free legal aide hona chaiye hai so that who apne right ke liye fight kar sakein. 4. Poor aur hi zyada strengthenb honge agar woH village panchayats organize karenge. 5. Ab Panchayat ki responsibility ban jayegi unke liye equal work & edu secure karna. Sirf itna hi nahi balki kuch certain cases mai public assistance provide karna. 6. But zaroori hai ki jahan who kaam karein wahan just & humane conditions honi chaiye aur unhe maternity relief milna chaiye. 7. Kaam toh woh cottage industries mai karenge na. 8. Ab hume workers ka participation bhi increase karna hai industries management mai. 9. Iske liye hum promote karenge cooperative socities ka voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management. 10. Ab hume sab logo ka at large sochte hue UCC lana hai. 11. Aur who tab tak nahi aayega jab tak log uski importance na samjhe, jo who sirf education se samjh payenge. Isliye State ne free & compulsory education provide kardi. 12. Jab bhi edu ki baat hoti hai toh hume realize hota hai ki hume SC/ ST & other weaker sections ko educationally & socially promote karna hai. 13. Unka nutrition, standard of living and health improve karni hai, toh intoxicants prohibit karna hoga. 14. Ye possible hai agar hum organize karvate hai agriculture & animal husbandry. Hmari duty ye bhi banti hai ki hum slaughter prohibit karein. 15. Ab since slaughter prohibit karein hai toh environment ko bhi improve karna hai and forest & wildlife ko safeguard karna hai. 16. Protection ki baat chal rhi hai toh hmari responsibility hai monuments & objects of national importance ko protect karna. 17. Hum dhang se protect kar rhe hai ya nahi iske liye executive & judiciary ka separate hona imp hai tabhi pata lagega. 18. India ki international policy hmesha ye rahiye ki a. International peace & security ko promote karna b. Just & honorable relations maintain karna c. Foster respect for international laws & treaty obligations ke liye d. Aur iske liye international disputes ko arbitration se settle karna important hai.

Answer 175

Protection against arrest and detention. 2 Parts - 1. Arrest under ordinary law 2. Arrest under preventive detention law 22 confers 4 rights on a person who is arrested or detained under ordinary law: 1. Right to information of grounds of arrest 2. entitlement to consult a lawyer 3. Person to be produced before the judicial magistrate within 24 hours, excluding the time of journey. 4. To be released after 24 hours unless the judicial magistrate authorizes further detention

Answer 176

definition of law

Answer 177

doctrine of severability

Answer 178

Right to Equality Article 14: Equality before the law and equal protection of laws * Equality before law (British origin) >> No man is above law irrespective of his rank or position * Equal protection of the law (US origin) >> Among equals, the law should be equal & equally administered * Exception: President, Governor, Foreign diplomats Article 15: Right against Discrimination 1. No discrimination on the basis of caste, race, religion, sex or place of birth only 2. No discrimination w.r.t access of shops, hotels & public places including bathing Ghats 3. Empowers state to make special provisions for the advancement of SC & ST (including their admission in educational institutions >>> Public & private both) 4. Empowers state to make special provisions for women & children 5. added by 93rd AA, 2005. Reservation to backward classes in educational institutions both private (aided or unaided) and public. Only minority educational institutions listed in Schedule V and VI are exempted from this provision. Article 16: Equality of opportunity 1. Equality of opportunity to all citizens for employment under state office 2. No discrimination against citizens only on the grounds of religion, sex, caste, descent, place of birth, or residence in the matter of public employment. 3. parliament may by law regulates the extent by which it would be possible to depart from article 16. Example providing residence as a ground or qualification in certain categories. 4. Special provisions for reservation of employment for backward classes if the class is not adequately represented in the public service. However, need to satisfy two conditions for this: - the class should be socially and educationally backward. - the class shall not be adequately represented in the public service. --> Mandal Commission was formed in response to it, which was challenged in Indira Sawhney Case, 1992 popularly known as Mandal Judgement. --> 16(4A) added in response to it through 77th AA, 1995, which provided reservation to SC and ST even in the promotion. 5. The state can prescribe religion as a qualification of getting employed in certain categories of public employment. Article 17: Abolition of untouchability - Untouchability offense act, 1955 was amended and renamed as civil rights protection act in 1976 Article 18: Abolition of titles 1. Prohibits the state to confer titles to anyone citizen or non-citizen >> Exception: Military; Academic distinction 2. Prohibits a citizen of India from accepting any titles from any foreign states 3. A foreigner holding any office of profit or trust under the state is not to accept any titles from foreign states without the consent of the president

Answer 179

Right to Freedom ``` (Article 19): Right to Freedom The Right to Freedom guarantees to the citizens of India six Fundamental Freedoms: 1) Freedom of Speech and Expression, 2) Freedom of Assembly, 3) Freedom to form associations, 4) Freedom of Movement, 5) Freedom to reside and to settle, and 6) Freedom of the profession, occupation, trade, or business. ``` Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses Article 21: Protection of Life & Personal Liberty Article 21 – A: Right to education (Added by 86th amendment) – Absolute right - The state shall pass free & compulsory education to all children of age 6 to 14 years - Only elementary education, not higher education Article 22: Protection against arrest & detention

Answer 180

Right against Exploitation Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings, women, children, beggars or other forced labor militate against human dignity. Article 24 prohibits employing children below the age of 14 years in any hazardous profession. This right followed the human rights concepts and United Nations norms.

Answer 181

The right to property to minority EI though the state can take the property in the public interest by giving due compensation.

Answer 182

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar - Article 32

Answer 183

denial of admission - religion, race, caste or language

Answer 184

The right to move SC for the enforcement of rights conferred by this part.

Answer 185

Writ jurisdiction of SC - a concept taken from the UK

Answer 186

Parliament has the power to confer the writ jurisdiction to any other body too. under this Administrative Tribunal Act, 1985 was passed.

Answer 187

A32 cannot be suspended as otherwise provided by the Constitution

Answer 188

means to have the body. principle of locus standi does not apply here.

Answer 189

means a command to do or not to do. - to a public authority. - cannot be issued against a public authority having discretionary powers - cannot be used against the Governor or the President

Answer 190

means quash - used to kill/ quash a judgment, direction, or order issued by a judicial or quasi-judicial body.

Answer 191

- against a judicial or quasi-judicial body | - to prevent from performing a certain task/ action.

Answer 192

- by what authority | - to ensure that a person holding a public office is authorized or qualified to do so.

Answer 193

Cases: • C – Champaran Dorairajan Case, 1954: - FRs > DPSPs - but FRs can be amended • G – Golaknath Case, 1967 - FRs cannot be amended for the implementation of DPSPs • Parliament enacted : o 24th CAA, 1971 – power & procedure to amend the Constitution o 25th CAA, 1971 – inserted a new Article 31C [DPSPs 39(b) & 39(c) > FRs (14, 19, 31)] –such laws cannot be challenged • K – Keshavananda Bharati Case, 1973 - upheld 31C - unconstitutional provision - such laws cannot be challenged • 42nd AA, 1976 extended the scope of Article 31C to all FRs • M - Minerva Mills Case, 1980 - held the extended provision - unconstitutional - gave the Theory of Harmonization and balance b/w FRs & DPSPs, which is considered to be a part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution

Answer 194

if Parliament enacts a law to give effect to two DPSPs, u/A 39(b) & 39(c), and in the process violate FRs u/A 14, 19 & 31, then it cannot be held unconstitutional merely on this ground

Answer 195

1. Article 44 Secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country 2. Article 45 Provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years 3. Article 48 Organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines 4. Article 49 Protect monuments, places, and objects of artistic or historic interest which are declared to be of national importance 5. Article 50 Separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State 6. Article 51 - a. Promote international peace and security and maintain just and honorable relations between nations - b. Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations - c. Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration

Answer 196

1. Article 40 Organise village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government 2. Article 43 Promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operation basis in rural areas 3. Article 43B Promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies 4. Article 46 Promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections of the society and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation 5. Article 47 Prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health 6. Article 48 Prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds

Answer 197

1. Article 38 - Promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order through justice—social, economic and political—and to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities 2. Article 39 - Secure citizens: 2a. Right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens 2b. Equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good 2c. Prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production 2d. Equal pay for equal work for men and women 2e. Preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse 2f. Opportunities for the healthy development of children 3. Article 39A Promote equal justice and free legal aid to the poor 4. Article 41 In cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, secure citizens: Right to work Right to education Right to public assistance, 5. Article 42 Make provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief 6. Article 43 Secure a living wage, a decent standard of living and social and cultural opportunities for all workers 7. Article 43A Take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries 8. Article 47 Raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health

Answer 198

Part IV and 36 to 51

Answer 199

Part IVA and 51(a) to 51(k)

Answer 200

* Inclusion of a separate chapter on FDs in the Constitution. * It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.

Answer 201

249 - RS resolution passed by the special majority - in the national interest - 1-year validity - can be renewed by RS resolution 250 - under NE 252 - 2 or more states request - such a law can repeal-only by the Parlia 253 - under international treaty obligation 356 - President's Rule

Answer 202

352 - NE 3 - change of territorial extent of states - not a CAA Schedule VII - does not cover residuary list 248 - residuary powers 256 & 257 - railways & communications 155 - Governor 312 - AIS 324 - ECI 148 - CAG seat distribution to states in RS - Schedule IV - Asymmetrical & Nominated seats

Answer 203

54 and 55 - election of President - whip is not issued 73 and 162 - Union & state executive powers 228 - HCs in UTs Chapter IV Part AV - SC Chapter V Part VI - HCs Chapter I Part XI - legislative relations between Centre & state Schedule VII Representation of states in RS 368

Answer 204

1. Reservation of 27% for government jobs & promotions at all levels for OBCs in public service. 2. Mandal Case (1992) or Indira Sawhney Case a. rejected the additional 10% reservations for poorer sections of higher castes b. OBC creamy layer to be excluded c. no reservation in promotions d. total reserved quota limit 50% e. carry forward rule in case of backlog vacancies is valid. But it should not violate the 50% rule. f. a permanent statutory body should be established to examine complaints of over and under inclusion in the list of OBCs. 3. 86th AA, 2000 - empowers the State to consider the unfilled reserved vacancies of a year to be filled up in any succeeding year or years. - Thus. ending the 50% ceiling on the reservation in backlog vacancies.

Answer 205

Mandal Case/ Indira Sawhney Case, 1992 SC observations - reservations in jobs - upheld on few conditions 16 (4A) - reservation in promotions - 77th AA, 1995 Nagaraj Case, 2002

Answer 206

``` Champakam Dorairajan Case, 1951 Golaknath Case, 1967 24th CAA, 1971 and 25th AA, 1971 Keshavananda Bharati Case, 1973 Minerva Mills Case, 1980 ```

Answer 207

intro 16 (4A)

Answer 208

inferred by the SC/ court of law

Answer 209

an exception to 19 (1)(c) | restrictions to form associations - security forces, civil servants associated with security forces

Answer 210

security public order interest of STs

Answer 211

- kind of visa for some parts of Arunachal Pradesh and Kashmir

Answer 212

97th AA, 2007

Answer 213

361 - immunities to President/ Governor 361 A - publication of a substantially true report 105 - immunities to MP 194 - immunities to MLA 31 C -to implement 39 (b) and 39(c) - where 31 C comes in Article 14 goes out, acc to SC

Answer 214

86 AA, 2002

Answer 215

1. Reasonable Restrictions a. Sovereignity and integrity of India b. Security c. Friendly relations with foreign states d. Public order e. Decency f. Contempt of court g. Incitement to an offense 2. a. 144 CrPC – health/ safety/ public order b. 141 IPC - of more than 5 people 3. a. Right to strike not an FR b. Right to obtain recognition of an association, not an FR c. Article 33 – security forces/ civil servants associated with the security forces 4. a. Public order b. Security c. Interest of STs

Answer 216

Ex post facto Double Jeopardy, not applicable in 1. departmental proceedings - because they are not of judicial nature Self Incrimination not applicable in 1. pieces of evidence - material objects, thumb impression, specimen signature, a blood sample 2. civil proceedings, or ones not of criminal nature

Answer 217

86th AA, 2002

Answer 218

According to SC, Article 22 not applicable when arrested under: 1. court order 2. civil arrest 3. failure to pay the income tax 4. Deportation of an alien According to SC, Article 22 is applicable only on criminal and quasi-criminal proceedings or some activity prejudicial to the public interest 2:2 :: P:P (prohibition - preventive detention)

Answer 219

265 - tax to be collected only as per law 300 A - no deprivation of the right to property 301 - trade, commerce, and intercourse - free 326 - universal adult suffrage

Answer 220

expression State includes Delhi and Puducherry

Answer 221

Yes, eg. in 1967 - Rajasthan MLAs

Answer 222

Rotation - LS and RS Secretary-General

Answer 223

1. 5 years 2. any no. of times 3. - Vacancy - election to be held within 6 months. Meanwhile, VP holds office. - Absence - VP holds office until he resumes.

Answer 224

42nd AA, 1976 - aid and advice binding on President | 44th AA, 1978 - can request to reconsider advice - ut still binding

Answer 225

``` 74 78 78 (c) 85 Right to warn and encourage the CoM ``` invite the leader of any party to form the government when no clear majority (individually or in coalition) dissolution of LS - bound y CoM advice - only if CoM enjoys majority caretaker government

Answer 226

123 - President 213 - Governor An ordinance has a retrospective effect. subject to JR. Needs to be approved by both the Houses within 6 weeks of reassembly.

Answer 227

not issued

Answer 228

35 yrs, eligible to become a member of RS, no office of profit

Answer 229

``` President VP Governor Minister of Union MoS ```

Answer 230

supported by 20 seconded by another 20

Answer 231

14 days notice to VP before a resolution is passed by RS (the then majority, i.e. effective) - then to be agreed by the LS (simple majority). No grounds mentioned. The investigation is done in accordance to rules of RS, and not Constitution.

Answer 232

emoluments, allowances, privileges

Answer 233

Include 3 types of Ministers: 1. Cabinet Ministers 2. Minister of State 3. Deputy Minister

Answer 234

They have the right to attend the meetings - not invited but informed

Answer 235

Second Rank ministers Can also be given an independent charge attend the meetings of the CoM only if invited

Answer 236

Junior most ministers No independent charge Invited for meetings assist Cabinet Ministers & MoS

Answer 237

``` members of the ruling or coalition party appointed by the PM NOT the members of CoM assist the members of CoM in the Parliament and the Committees oath is conducted by the PM ```

Answer 238

ministers individual responsibility to President

Answer 239

collective responsibility of CoM to LS

Answer 240

Inner Cabinet

Answer 241

notional form of the cabinet formed by the opposition party

Answer 242

formed during the transitional phase of the country's political system it is a full-fledged government

Answer 243

• Concept from Germany • Opposition Party introduces 2 motions simultaneously • First motion expresses a lack of confidence of the House in the present CoM • And the second motion expresses the confidence of the House in the leader of the opposition

Answer 244

1. first law officer/ lawyer of UoI 2. qualification - SC judge 3. can take Pvt. practice 4. not a government servant - nor a full-time counsel 5. appointed by President 6. right to have an audience 7. same immunities as MP 8. retainer not salary 9. AG Office - office of profit 10. convention - resigns when government changes 11. constitutional post 12. SG/ ASG - statutory post

Answer 245

max. seats - 250; 12 nominated; 4 are elected from the UTs - Delhi & Puducherry every 2 years 1/3rd of the members retire. Open Ballot system by the system of Proportional Representation Single Transferrable Vote System

Answer 246

elected by the elected MLAs of the respective state

Answer 247

1. citizen 2. not less than 30 yrs. 3. must be registered voter in any of the LS constituency 4. make and subscribe to oath or affirmation before the person as prescribed by the election commission

Answer 248

1. citizen 2. not less than 30 yrs. 3. must be registered voter in any of the LS constituency 4. make and subscribe to oath or affirmation before the person as prescribed by the election commission

Answer 249

Same for Speaker and Deputy Speaker: - removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the members of LS - but such resolution can be moved only after 14-days notice - he cannot preside when such removal is under consideration, however, he can speak and take part in the proceedings of the House.

Answer 250

takes charge of Office from previous Speaker immediately before the first meeting administers oath from President conducts oath of newly elected MPs preside over the election to the office of Speaker

Answer 251

Vice President

Answer 252

Speaker takes oath only as an MP in front of protem Speaker, he is later elected to the post of Speaker - no oath as a Speaker

Answer 253

nominated by Speaker; max - 10 for when the speaker or deputy speaker absent only - not vacancy; if vacancy - then the President appoints; under Rules of Lok Sabha

Answer 254

nominated by Chairman for when the chairman or deputy chairman absent only - not vacancy; if vacancy - then the President appoints; under Rules of Rajya Sabha

Answer 255

1. Chairman 2. President (Chairman can only be removed from his office in his capacity as the Vice President) 3. Deputy Speaker 4. Speaker

Answer 256

1. Money Bill 2. Joint Sitting 3. Require a resolution and 14 days notice before the removal procedure begins 4. Parliamentary Committees

Answer 257

1. Speaker - can vote in the first instance but cannot vote to break a tie 2. Deputy Speaker - can vote in the first instance but cannot vote to break a tie 3. Chairman - cannot vote at all 4. Deputy Chairman - can vote in the first instance but cannot vote to break a tie

Answer 258

1. Constitutional 2. Rules of the House 3. 4 conditions: a. Appointed/ Elected by the House, OR, nominated by the presiding officer b. Works under the direction of the presiding officer c. Presents a report to the presiding officer d. Has a secretariat provided by the LS or RS 4. Committees that do not fulfill the above 4 conditions

Answer 259

1. appointed/ elected y the House OR nominated y the presiding officer 2. works under the direction of p.o 3. presents reports to the p.o 4. personal secretariat provided by the LS/ RS

Answer 260

Parliamentary and Consultative

Answer 261

1. Standing - permanent and continuous | 2. Ad-hoc - temporary/ cease to exist when work is done

Answer 262

1. Financial Committee 1. 1 Public Accounts Committee 1. 2 Estimates Committee 1. 3 Public Undertakings 2. Departmental Standing Committee 3. Committee to Inquire 3. 1 Petitions 3. 2 Privileges 3. 3 Ethics

Answer 263

1. 22 members - 15 (LS); 7 (RS) 2. proportional representation by means of single transferrable vote system 3. term - 1 yr. 4. the minister cannot be a member 5. Chairman - appointed by Speaker; under convention since 1967 - Chairman from Opposition

Answer 264

1. examines public expenditure - examines the annual audit report of the CAG 2. Yes

Answer 265

Examines the CAG report from 2 dimensions: 1. Legal & Formal - to discover technical irregularities 2. Economy, Prudence, Wisdom & Propriety - to bring out the cases of waste, loss, corruption, extravagance, inefficiency, and nugatory expenses.

Answer 266

1. Limits: a. questions of policy b. advisory, not binding c. cannot interfere into day to day administration d. not an executive body e. no power of disallowance of expenditure 2. According to Ashok Chanda (former CAG) - the committee has lived up to the expectation and has been a powerful force in the control of public expenditure

Answer 267

not assisted by CAG

Answer 268

Limits: 1. areas allotted to the Committee on Public Undertakings 2. Examines only after budget estimates have been voted upon by the Parliament. 3. Cannot question the policy 4. Advisory, not binding

Answer 269

1. Examines the estimates included in the budget and suggest alternative policies to bring efficiency & economy in administration 2. Thus also known as the Continuous Economy Committee.

Answer 270

1. 30 members from LS only 2. proportional representation by means of the single transferrable vote system 3. 1 year 4, from the ruling party

Answer 271

1. Max. 12-15 PSUs in a year 2. Doesn't look into the technical matters 3. Advisory, not binding 4. Consideration of matters of PSUs particularly referred to separate machinery by any special statute. 5. Matters of major government policy as distinct from the business or commercial functions of the public undertakings.

Answer 272

Examines the CAG report and accounts of the public undertakings

Answer 273

1. 22 members - 15 (LS) & 7 (RS) 2. Chairman - Speaker appoints - from LS only 3. Tenure 1 year 4. Election system - proportional representation by the means of a single transferrable vote system 5. Minister cannot be a member

Answer 274

to secure more financial accountability of the executive to the Parliament.

Answer 275

1. 31 members - 21 from LS nominated by the Speaker; and 10 from the RS nominated by the Chairman 2. Minister cannot be a member 3. 24

Answer 276

considers the demand for grants and bills pertaining to the ministries - need to make their report within a fixed period, i.e. for the period the House is adjourned after the general discussion.

Answer 277

1. 15 members in LS Committee 10 members in RS Committee 2. to examine petitions on bills and on matters of general public importance

Answer 278

1. 15 members in LS Committee 10 members in RS Committee 2. semi-judicial in nature to investigate cases of breach of privileges

Answer 279

1. code of conduct of MPs | 2. maintains discipline and decorum in Parliament

Answer 280

Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs

Answer 281

to provide a forum for informal discussion between the ministers and the MPs on policies and programmes of the government and the manner of their implementation

Answer 282

1. voluntary 2. 10 to 30 members 3. ministries/ departments 4. Minister/ MoS 5. during the session only.

Answer 283

1. Forum on Water Conservation & Management, 2005 2. platform to have interactions with ministers and experts for meaningful discussion on critical issues. 3. Speaker - ex officio President for all Forums except: a. Forum on Population & Public Health - Chairman is the ex-officio President, and the Speaker is the ex-officio co-president 4. 8 5. max. 31 = max. 21 from LS and max. 10 from RS - President, co-president and vice presidents excluded

Answer 284

1. link b/w the parliament of India and the various parliaments of the world. 2. a. delegations b. goodwill missions c. correspondence 3. Speaker - ex-officio President 4. a. National Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) b. India branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) 5. a. autonomous body b. former MPs can also be associate members 6. Secretary-General LS - ex-officio secretary-general

Answer 285

1. Extra-constitutional - provided by the Rules of Business 2. Standing and Ad-hoc 3. PM 4. usually 3 to 8 cabinet ministers; non- cabinet ministers can also be a part. No fixed no., nomenclature, etc. 5. set out issues & formulate proposals and take decisions.

Answer 286

1. Ad- hoc | 2. formed to give recommendations to the cabinet

Answer 287

1. such provisions are left to the discretion of President: a. Strength b. Conditions of service 2. half of the members should have an experience of at least 10 years in: a. GoI b. Government of state

Answer 288

315 to 323 PArt XIV

Answer 289

1. 9 to 11 including the Chairman 2. 6 years or 65 years, whichever earlier 3. a. Insolvent b. Paid employment outside RPSC c. President's opinion d. Misbehaviour - in this case, the matter has to be referred to the SC, SC decision shall be binding on the President - such grounds are mentioned in the Constitution

Answer 290

1. Chairman - not eligible for further employment in government 2. Members - only eligible for Chairman 3. Chairman & members not eligible for the second term

Answer 291

1. - Annual Report - Examinations for central government 2. Individual ministries/ departments have no power to reject the advice of the UPSC - can be done only by the Parliament 3. President can exclude matters from the purview of UPSC (mentioned in the Constitution) - however, such regulations must be placed before the Parliament for at least 14 days - Parliament can amend or repeal such regulations. 4. Advisory

Answer 292

1. 6 years or 62 years, whichever earlier 2. even though the appointment is done by the Governor, removal can be done only by the President in the same manner as the UPSC members

Answer 293

1. 4+1 (members + Chairman) 2. Retired CJI 3. a. serving/ retired SC judge b. Serving/ retired CJ (HC) judge c. 2 members - who have knowledge or practical experience w.r.t Human rights issue 4. 4 ex-officio members: a. Chairman - NC for minorities b. Chairman - NCSC c. Chairman - NCST d. Chairman - NC for women 5. by the President on the recommendation of a 6 member committee: a. PM b. Speaker c. Deputy Chairman d. L.O.O e. Union Home Minister

Answer 294

1. 2+1 (members + Chairman) 2. Retired CJ of HC 3. a. serving/ retired HC/ district court judge b. 1 member - who have knowledge or practical experience w.r.t Human rights issue 4. None 5. by the Governor on the recommendation of a 3 member committee (incase LC is there then 4 member committee): a. CM b. Home Minister (state) c. L.O.O (LA) d. L.O.O (LC)

Answer 295

Ex post facto not applicable in 1. civil/ tax laws 2. trials (applicable only in conviction) 3. under preventive detention 4. demanding security from a person

Answer 296

departmental proceedings - because they are not of judicial nature

Answer 297

pieces of evidence - thumb impression, material objects, specimen signature, a blood sample civil proceedings, or proceedings not of criminal nature

Answer 298

control over the functioning of all the tribunals and subordinate courts

Answer 299

1. 263 2. advisory body 3. formed by order of President 4. composition - Minister of Urban Development (GoI) + Ministers for local self-government in states

Answer 300

for transitional area

Answer 301

smaller urban area

Answer 302

for a large urban area

Answer 303

1. population of the area 2. density of population 3. revenue generated for local administration 4. percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities 5. economic importance or such other factors as governor may deem fit

Answer 304

3 authorities: 1. The Council - deliberative and legislative wing - Councillors directly elected few nominated members - reservation - SC/ ST/ Women - headed by Mayor elected 1 yr renewable term formal head - just presides over the meetings assisted by D. Mayor 2. The Standing Committee facilitate the working of the council, which is too large in size ``` 3. The Commissioner implement the decisions taken chief executive authority appointed by the state government usually an IAS ```

Answer 305

3 authorities: ``` 1. the council head - President/ Chairman presides over meetings unlike Mayor - enjoys executive powers assisted by Vice President/ VC ``` 2. the standing committee same as for municipal corporation 3. the chief executive officer day to day general administration of the municipality

Answer 306

for towns and smaller areas

Answer 307

1. by notification in govt. gazette 2. entirely nominated 3. neither elected nor statutory

Answer 308

1. same as Municipality Act | 2. however, only those provisions apply which are notified in the gazette

Answer 309

``` 1. partly elected for 5 yrs. 2. partly nominated - ex-officio members - hold office as long as they hold office in that station 3. President - the military officer commanding the station - ex- officio president 4. Vice President - elected by the elected members from amongst themselves 5. Functions - similar to municipality 6. sources of income - tax revenue - non - tax revenue 7. Executive Officer - appointed by the President of India ```

Answer 310

1. wards - territorial constituencies 2. direct election of members 3. as per state legislature - manner of election of the chairperson - representation of the following persons ~special knowledge in municipal administration - w/o right to vote ~MPs (LS)/ MLAs representing municipal area wholly or partly ~MPs (RS)/ MLC - registered as voters within a municipal area ~Chairperson of committees (other than ward committees)

Answer 311

review petition - review of orders or judgments of the SC by the SC

Answer 312

1. Starred - marked by asterisk - oral answer - a supplementary question can follow 2. Unstarred - written answer - No supplementary question 3. Short Notice - Oral Answer - Notice < 10 days

Answer 313

1. Simple closure motion - matter sufficiently discussed 2. Closure by compartment - matter is grouped into parts - then debating and voting 3. Kangaroo Closure - only imp. clauses - debating & voting - intervening clauses - taken as passed 4. Guillotine Closure - Undiscussed clauses are also put to vote due to want of time

Answer 314

1. Matter - factual/ definite 2. Only 1 matter 3. of recent occurrence 4. matter - should not be under the adjudication by the Court

Answer 315

1. matters that cannot be raised by any other device in Parliament 2. this name is for RS 3. similar device in LS is called 'Notice (Mention)' under Rule 377

Answer 316

they are in the general public interest 1. Private Member's Resolution - discussed on alternative Fridays and in the afternoon sitting 2. Government Resolution - moved by a minister, - any day from Monday to Thursday 3. Statutory Resolution - moved either by a private member or a minister - tabled in pursuance of provision in the Constitution or an Act of Parliament * All resolutions are substantive motions and voting on resolutions is necessary; however, voting on motions is not necessary

Answer 317

1. requires consent of the presiding officer 2. - Substantive Motion - Substitute Motion - Subsidiary Motion 3. discussion on matters of general public importance 4. either a minister or private member

Answer 318

1. self-contained independent proposal 2. very important matter 3. eg. Impeachment of President

Answer 319

if adopted suprsedes the original motion

Answer 320

1. no meaning by itslef w/o reference to the original motion or proceedings. 2. 3 sub categories: - Ancilliary Motion - regular way of proceeding - Superseding Motion - moved in course of debate on another issue & seeks to supersede that issue. 3. Amendment - modify/ substitute only a part of that motion

Answer 321

started on the recommendation of the Fourth All India Whips Conference

Answer 322

1. head - in a constituency 2. in LS - DM 3. in assembly elections - SDM 4. under ECI & not under Chief Electoral Officer 5. responsible for a. nomination papers - can reject - give a chance to put point - give the reason for rejection: QUASI JUDICIAL b. counting of votes c. declaration of official results

Answer 323

1. CS - head of the polling booth | 2. under RO

Answer 324

1. definition in RPA, 1951 - employees - local self govt - employees PSUs - employees of nationalized - Central & state university

Answer 325

1. CS - Nominated by ECI - to observe conduct of elections - power - direct returning officer , if finds anamoly can: a. stop counting b. stop declaration of results

Answer 326

1. Thought 2. Expression 3. Belief 4. Faith 5. Worship

Answer 327

1. Social 2. Economical 3. Political Social and Economical Justices together are called as Distributive Justice

Answer 328

Punitive and Preventive 1. Punitive - punishment for an offense committed 2. Preventive - detention w/o trial and conviction

Answer 329

1. max. detention 3 months unless an advisory board (comprised of HC judges) extends it. 2. Grounds of detention to be communicated to the detenu - facts considered against the public interest need not be disclosed. 3. Detenu to be provided an opportunity to make a representation against the detention order.

Answer 330

1. circumstances of extension of arrest under preventive detention law beyond 3 months, to be decided by the Parliament without the opinion of the advisory board 2. maximum period of detention under preventive detention law. 3. Procedure to be followed by the advisory board in an inquiry. 44th AA, 1978 - brought the period of such detention down to 2 months from 3 months, however, this provision has still not been brought to force. Thus, 3 months continues.

Answer 331

Both Parliament and state legislature - concurrent power. Reasons under which such law is made: 1. Security of the state 2. Maintenance of public order 3. Maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community Example: 1. National Security Act (NASA), 1980

Answer 332

1. 32 2. 226 3. 13(1) 4. 13(2)

Answer 333

1. Statutory | 2. by Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993

Answer 334

group of people organized actively for promoting and defending their common interests. also known as interest groups or vested groups.

Answer 335

influence the policymaking and policy implementation in the government through legal and legitimate methods - to protect and promote their interests.

Answer 336

1. Electioneering - try to place in public office persons who are favorably disposed towards the interests they seek to promote 2. Lobbying - try to persuade public officers, to adopt and enforce the policies that they think will prove most beneficial to their interests. 3. Propogandizing - try to influence public opinion and try to gain an indirect influence over the democratic government.

Answer 337

1. Business Groups - FICCI, ASSOCHAM, AIMO 2. Trade Unions - AITUC, INTUC, BMS 3. Agrarian Groups - All India Kisan Sabha, Revolutionary Peasants Convention 4. Professional Associations - IMA, BCI, IFWJ 5. Student Organisations - ABVP, AISF 6. Religious Organisations - RSS, VHP, Jamaat-e-Islami 7. Caste Groups - Marwari Association, Kayastha Sabha 8. Tribal Organisations - NSCN, TNU, United Mizo Federal Organization 9. Linguistic Groups - Hindi Sahitya Sammelan 10. Ideology Based Groups - Democratic Rights Organizations, environmental protection groups like Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko Movement. 11. Anomic Groups

Answer 338

AITUC - founded in 1920 - Lala Lajpat Rai, became the first president

Answer 339

more or less a spontaneous break-through into the political system from the society such as riots, assassinations, demonstrations, etc. Naxalite Groups, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), All Assam Student's Union, United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA)

Answer 340

1. 42nd AA, 1976 - added a new part XIV A - consists of only two Articles - 323 A and 323 B

Answer 341

empowers the Parliament to provide for the establishment of administrative tribunals for the adjudication of disputes relating to: 1. recruitment and 2. conditions of service of persons appointed to public services of the Centre, the states, local bodies and public corporations, and other public authorities. --> Parliament passed Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 to establish Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)

Answer 342

1. CAT 2. SAT on the specific request of the state 3. JAT on the specific request of the concerned states

Answer 343

1. principal bench - Delhi + 17 regular benches (15 - operate at the principal seats of the HC, 2 at Jaipur and Lucknow) 2. Original Jurisdiction; Exceptions: - defense forces - officers and servants of SC - the secretarial staff of the Parliament 3. 1 + 65; 5 years and up to the age of Chairman - 65, members - 62 4. drawn from judicial and administrative streams 5. - recommendations of high powered selection committee chaired by a sitting SC judge who is nominated by the CJI. - obtaining the concurrence of CJI - approval from the Appointments Committee of Cabinet (ACC)

Answer 344

Chandra Kumar Case, 1997 - provisions in 323 A and 323 B which keeps the tribunal's decisions out of the jurisdiction of HCs is unconstitutional. - thus, now appeals against CAT rulings can also be made in HCs.

Answer 345

1. Original 2. Writ 3. Appellate 4. Advisory

Answer 346

- not bound by the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 | - guided by the principles of natural justice

Answer 347

1. Original | 2. President after consultation with the Governor of the state

Answer 348

1. The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 | 2. President after consultation with the Governor of the state with the concerned state

Answer 349

1. Unlike in 323 A, this Article empowers both the Parliament and the state legislature 2. Tribunals for other matters: - Taxation - Foreign Exchange - Import - Export - Land reforms - Industrial - Labor - Elections to Parliament and state legislature - a ceiling on urban property - Rent and tenancy rights - Foodstuff

Answer 350

A Circuit Bench is for territories that are far-flung but do not have too many matters to justify a full-fledged permanent bench. As a result, once or twice a year, some judges travel to these areas and dispose of all the HC appeals that have accumulated here.

Answer 351

death of a person intestate without any heir

Answer 352

termination of rights through disuse or failure to follow appropriate procedures

Answer 353

property found without any owner

Answer 354

up to 12 nautical mines

Answer 355

up to 200 nautical miles

Answer 356

1. Kasturi Lal Case, 1965 - upheld the doctrine 2. Nagendra Rao, 1994 - criticized the doctrine 3. Common Cause Case, 1999 - rejected the doctrine

Answer 357

the immunity of the EIC in respect of its sovereign functions was based on the English Common Law maxim that the 'King can do no wrong', which means that the King was not liable for wrongs of his servants.

Answer 358

It provides the aggrieved party special permission to be heard in Apex court in an appeal against any judgment or order of any Court/tribunal in the territory of India (except military tribunal and court-martial)`

Answer 359

1. Discretionary power not a right 2. can be granted in any judgment - final or interlocutory 3. related to any matter - constitutional, civil, criminal, income tax, labor, etc. 4. against any court or tribunal

Answer 360

military tribunal and court-martial

Answer 361

exclusive - no other court can decide such disputes | original - the power to hear such disputes in the first instance and not by the way of appeal

Answer 362

1. Centre vs. state(s) 2. Centre + state(s) vs. state(s) 3. state(s) vs. state(s)

Answer 363

1. dispute must involve a question on which existence a legal right depends, i.e. no question of political nature. 2. any suit brought by a private citizen against the Centre or a state can not be entertained under this.

Answer 364

1. pre-Constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, sanad. 2. dispute arising out of any treaty, agreement, covenant, sanad. 3. Interstate water disputes 4. Matters referred to the Finance Commission 5. Ordinary disputes of commercial nature 6. Recovery of damages by a state against the Centre 7. Adjustment of certain expenses and pensions between the Centre and the state.

Answer 365

1. non-exclusive original jurisdiction. | 2. Parliament can confer on the SC, the power to issue writs for other purposes also.

Answer 366

1. Appeals in Constitutional matters 2. Appeals in civil matters. 3. Appeals in criminal matters 4. Appeals by special leave

Answer 367

Appellate Jurisdiction of SC - Appeal by Special Leave

Answer 368

if the HC certifies: 1. the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance 2. question made to be decided by the SC

Answer 369

SC hears appeal against the HC judgment in criminal matters if the HC - 1. on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death/ imprisonment for life/ 10 years. 2. has taken before itself any case from any subordinate court and convicted the accused person and sentenced him to death/ imprisonment for life/ 10 years. 3. certifies that case is a fit one for an appeal to the SC 4. all civil and criminal matters in which the Federal Court of India had jurisdiction to hear appeals from the HC.

Answer 370

If the HC has reversed an order of conviction and has ordered the acquittal of the accused, there is no right to appeal to the SC

Answer 371

1. Article 143 2. President can seek the opinion of the SC in the 2 categories: - any question of law or fact of public importance - SC not bound to tender its opinion in this case - dispute arising out of any pre-constitution treaty, covenant. - SC not bound to tender its opinion in this case

Answer 372

From Sweden, the institution of Ombudsman spread to other Scandinavian countries - Finland, Denmark and Norway.

Answer 373

bulwark of democratic government against the tyranny of officialdom

Answer 374

India - Lokpal and Lokayukta | Socialist countries - The Procurator System

Answer 375

1. The ARC (1966-70) recommended setting up of 2 special authorities for the redressal of citizens' grievances - Lokpal and Lokayukta 2. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 came into force w.e.f 16th January 2014

Answer 376

1. 8 members of which 50% be judicial members 2. - includes PM, - cases transferred to CBI, - Institutions financed fully or partly by government fall under the jurisdiction of Lokpal, but institutions aided by the government are excluded. 3. - Anonymous complaints not allowed - Suo Motu provision not available

Answer 377

not uniform across the states

Answer 378

1. Part XVII; Articles 343 to 351 2. a. Language of the Union b. Regional languages c. Language of the judiciary d. texts of laws and Special derivatives 3. Devanagari 4. Not specified by the Constitution - The choice of the state is not limited to the languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. 5. English - as per the Official Language Act (1963) 6. Only English

Answer 379

According to the Official Language Act, 1963 - Hindi translation of acts, ordinances, orders, regulations, and bye-laws published under the authority of the president is deemed to be authoritative texts

Answer 380

a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Answer 381

1. Tamil 2. Sanskrit 3. Telugu 4. Kannada 5. Malayalam 6. Odia

Answer 382

1. National Institution for Transforming India 2. January 1, 2015 3. replaced Planning Commission 4. Non-constitutional or extra-constitutional body non- statutory body created by an executive resolution 5. Bottom-up approach

Answer 383

1. Maharashtra and Gujarat - development boards 2. Nagaland - law, and order 3. Assam and Manipur - Tribal and Hill areas 4. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana - Reorganisation 5. Sikkim - 36th AA, 1975 - full-fledged state 6. Mizoram - Minorities 7. Arunachal Pradesh and Goa - law, and order 8. Karnataka - development board (Hyderabad - Karnataka region)

Answer 384

administered by the President

Answer 385

administered by the President or an official appointed by him - in this respect - Protem Speaker administers the oath of MPs

Answer 386

claims of the members of the SCs and STs shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.

Answer 387

provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups

Answer 388

duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India

Answer 389

1. Territorial Extent of central and state legislation 2. Distribution of legislative subjects 3. Parliamentary legislation in the state field 4. Centre's control over state legislation

Answer 390

- State law reserved for the consideration of the president and receives his assent. Then state law prevails. - However, Parliament can still override such a law by subsequently making a law on the same matter.

Answer 391

1. Governor can reserve certain types of bills for the consideration of president. 2. Bills on certain matters enumerated in the state list can be introduced in the state legislature after the previous sanction of the president. Eg: Imposing restrictions on the freedom of trade and commerce 3. President can direct the states to reserve the money bills and other financial bills for his consideration during a financial emergency.

Answer 392

1. 2 or more state legislatures ask the Parliament | 2. the president

Answer 393

Taxes levied by the Centre but collected and appropriated by the States. - Stamp duties - Excise duties

Answer 394

Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned to the states - do not form the part of Consolidated Fund of India - sale, purchase or consignment of goods in the course of interstate trade or commerce

Answer 395

Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but Distributed between the Centre and the states - Surcharge mentioned in Article 271 - Any cess levied for a specific purpose

Answer 396

Surcharges on certain Taxes and Duties for the purpose of the Centre - surcharges on duties referred to in Article 269 and 270 - surcharges go to the Centre only.

Answer 397

1. Land revenue 2. Agricultural income 3. Luxuries 4. Gambling 5. Entertainment

Answer 398

1. Statutory Grants - Article 275 - only to the ones in need and not to all the states. 2. Discretionary Grants - Article 282 - empowers both the Centre and the states to make any grants for any public purpose, even if it is not within their respective legislation competence. 3. Other Grants - temporary - only for 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution in lieu of export duties on jute and jute products.

Answer 399

1. Final judgments and orders of civil courts in any part of India are capable of execution anywhere within India. 2. - Since the jurisdiction of each state is confined to its own territory, it is possible that the acts and records of one state may not be recognized in another state. - Full Faith and Credit clause prevent this. - 3. - It is, however, applicable to only the civil judgments. - Also, it is subject to the power of the Parliament to lay down the mode of proof as well as the effect of such acts, records, and proceedings of one state in another state.

Answer 400

1. 301 to 307

Answer 401

1. Statutory - States Reorganisation Act, 1956 2. 5 - Northern, Central, Eastern, Western and Southern 3. Union Home Minister - common chairman

Answer 402

* I - Territory * II - Emoluments * III - Affirmations and Oaths * IV - Rajya Sabha * V - Scheduled areas * VI - Other Scheduled areas * VII - Federal provisions, 3 lists * VIII - Official languages * IX - Land reforms + JR * X- Defection * XI - Panchayats * XII - Municipalities

Answer 403

1. a. 1934 - idea of CA proposed by M.N Roy b. 1940 - August Offer - demand for CA accepted by the British c. 1942 - Cripps Proposal - rejected by the Muslim League d. 1946 - Cabinet Mission - accepted by Congress and Muslim League 2. a. The Princely States - 93 seat b. Governors' Province - 292 seat c. Chief Commissioners' Provinces - 4 (1 from each) 3. - Partly elected and partly nominated - Indirectly elected by the members of the provincial assemblies, who themselves were elected on a limited franchise.

Answer 404

1. 1946 | 2. J. Nehru

Answer 405

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad | 2. G V Mavlankar

Answer 406

1. Nehru 2. Nehru 3. Sardar Patel 4. Dr. B.R Ambedkar 5. Sardar Patel

Answer 407

Dr. B.R Ambedkar

Answer 408

1. Lahore Session of INC, 1929 | 2. 1930

Answer 409

S.N Mukherjee

Answer 410

1. addressing the problem of management of company in India; 2. address the problem of the dual system of governance instituted by Lord Clive; 3. to control the company, which had morphed from a business entity to a semi-sovereign political entity.

Answer 411

1. This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’. 2. Position of Governor changed to Governor-General - Warren Hastings - Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta) 3. Executive Council - 4 + 1 4. The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal. 5. The company directors were directed to report on its revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities, strengthening the control of the British Government over the Company. 6. A Supreme Court was established at Calcutta, comprising one Chief Justice and 3 other judges. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives.

Answer 412

1. also called the East India Company Act, 1784 2. Introduced a dual system of control, the company was represented by the Court of Directors and the British government by the Board of Control. 3. This act made a distinction between the commercial and political activities of the East India Company. a. Court of Directors - controlled commercial affairs b. Board of Control - a new body formed to control the political affairs (civil, military or revenues) 4. This act gave the British government direct control over Indian administration. 5. For the first time, the term ‘British possessions in India’ was used. 6. The Governor-General’s council’s strength was reduced to three members, i.e. 3 + 1

Answer 413

1. The Governor-General of Bengal was re-designated as the Governor-General of India. This made Lord William Bentinck the first Governor-General of India. 2. The Governors of Bombay and Madras lost their legislative powers. 3. For the first time, the Governor-General’s government was called the Government of India, and the council was called India Council. 4. The laws made under the previous acts were called Regulations while laws made under this act were called Acts. 5. The company’s commercial activities were closed down. It was made into an administrative body for British Indian possessions. 6. This was the first act that gave permission for Indians to have a share in the country’s administration. - Provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors.

Answer 414

1. For the first time, the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s council were separated. 2. The Legislative Council which had six members now had 12 members, including the Governor-General. This Council came to be known as the Indian (Central) Legislative Council. 3. Macaulay Committee of 1854 gave India her first civil services. It gave birth to the Indian civil services and was open to all including Indians. Started a system of open and fair competition. 4. It extended the company’s rule for an indefinite period, unlike the previous charter acts. Thus, it could be taken over by the British government at any time. 5. For the first time, local representation was introduced into the legislative council in the form of four members from the local governments of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, and North-Western Provinces.

Answer 415

1. known as An Act for the Better Government of India 2. To transfer the government and territories of the East India Company to the British Crown. The company’s rule over British territories in India came to an end and it was passed directly to the British government.

Answer 416

1. The Court of Directors and the Board of Control were scrapped, ending the dual system of dual government, 2. The powers of the Company’s Court of Directors were vested with the Secretary of State for India. This Secretary of State was to be a British MP and a member of the Prime Minister’s cabinet. He was to be assisted by a council of 15 members. 3. This act also ended the doctrine of lapse. 4. The designation of the Governor-General was changed to the Viceroy of India. First Viceroy of India Lord Canning. He was the direct representative of the British Crown in India.

Answer 417

After the mutiny, the British government felt the necessity of seeking the cooperation of the Indians in the administration of their country.

Answer 418

1. Expanded Council – a. The beginning of representative institutions – Viceroy to nominate some Indians as non- official members of the expanded council b. Nominated three Indians to the Council in 1862 namely, the Raja of Benares, the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao. c. The legislative council had a limited role. It was chiefly advisory. No discussion on finance was permitted. 2. Decentralization a. Restored the legislative powers of the Governor-in-Councils of the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay (which was taken away by the Charter Act of 1833). 3. Establishment of new legislative councils a. Legislative councils were formed in other provinces in Bengal in 1862, North-West Frontier Province in 1886 and Punjab and Burma in 1897. 4. Portfolio system a. Each member was assigned a portfolio of a particular department. 5. Ordinances during Emergency a. The Governor-General also had the power to promulgate ordinances without the council’s concurrence during emergencies. Life – 6 months

Answer 419

1. The act increased the number of additional or non-official members in the legislative councils but maintained the official majority. 2. The members were given the right to ask questions on the budget (which was barred in the Indian Councils Act 1861) or matters of public interest but had to give notice of 6 days for it. They could not ask supplementary questions. 3. The principle of representation was initiated through this act. The district boards, universities, municipalities, chambers of commerce, and zamindars were authorized to recommend members to the provincial councils.

Answer 420

MORLEY MINTO REFORMS 1. The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size. a. Central Legislative Council – from 16 to 60 members b. Legislative Councils – increased but non- uniformly 2. The legislative councils at the center and the provinces were to have four categories of members as follows: a. Ex officio members: Governor-General and members of the executive council. b. Nominated official members: Government officials who were nominated by the Governor- General. c. Nominated non-official members: nominated by the Governor-General but were not government officials. d. Elected members: elected by different categories of Indians. 3. The elected members were elected indirectly. 4. It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some constituencies were earmarked for Muslims. Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate. 5. The members could discuss the budget and move resolutions. They could also discuss matters of public interest. They could also ask supplementary questions. 6. No discussions on foreign policy or on relations with the princely states were permitted. 7. Lord Minto appointed Satyendra P. Sinha as the first Indian member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council. As appointed as the law member.

Answer 421

1. a. sought to increase the participation of Indians in the administration of their country. b. August 20, 1917 - the British Government declared, for the first time, that its objective was the gradual introduction of responsible government in India 2. known as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.

Answer 422

Demarcation of Central and Provincial Subjects - two lists for administration - the structure of government continued to be centralized and unified. Dyarchy - Dyarchy was introduced, i.e., there were two classes of administrators – Executive councilors and ministers. The Governor was the executive head of the province. The subjects were divided into two lists – reserved and transferred. The governor was in charge of the reserved list along with his executive councilors. The ministers were in charge of subjects under the transferred list. The ministers were responsible to the people who elected them through the legislature. These ministers were nominated from among the elected members of the legislative council. The executive councilors were not responsible to the legislature, unlike the ministers. The Secretary of State and the Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list and not the transferred list. Bicameralism and Direct Elections - Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of States) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). The majority of the members were chosen by direct elections. Representation in Viceroy’s Executive Council - at least 3 Indians The principle of Communal Representation extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans. Franchise - limited to certain sections of people on the basis of - property, tax, education. High Commission for India setup in London - transferred some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India. Establishment of a Central Public Service Commission Provincial and Central Budget separated for the first time. The act also provided that after 10 years, a statutory commission would be set up to study the working of the government. This resulted in the Simon Commission of 1927.

Answer 423

1. 1927 2. All members were British 3. - abolition of dyarchy, the extension of responsible government, establishment of a federation of British India and princely states, continuation of the communal electorate. 4. 3 Round Table Conferences of the representatives of British Government, British India, Indian princely states Based on which a 'White Paper on Constitutional Reforms' was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament. Proposals of this committee (with certain changes) were incorporated in the GoI Act, 1935

Answer 424

August 1932 - Ramsay Macdonald (PM) announced a scheme of representation of the minorities, including the depressed minorities (Scheduled Castes) Gandhi undertook fast unto death in Yeravadda Jail (Poona) to get the award modified. The new agreement, known as Poona Pact, retained the Hindu joint electorate and gave reserved seats to the depressed classes.

Answer 425

Simon Commission Report The recommendations of the Round Table Conferences The White Paper published by the British government in 1933 (based on the Third Round Table Conference) Report of the Joint Select Committees.

Answer 426

Creation of an All India Federation This federation was to consist of British India and the princely states - never came into existence because of the lack of support from the princely states. This Act divided powers between the center and the provinces - three lists which gave the subjects under each government. Federal List (Centre) Provincial List (Provinces) Concurrent List (Both) The Viceroy was vested with residual powers. Provincial autonomy Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial levels. - introduced provincial autonomy in its place. The Governor was the head of the executive, with a CoM to advise him. The ministers were responsible to the provincial legislatures. This came into effect in 1937 and discontinued in 1939. Dyarchy at the centre The subjects under the Federal List were divided into two: Reserved and Transferred. This provision never came into operation. Bicameral legislature A bicameral federal legislature would be established. The two houses were the Federal Assembly (lower house) and the Council of States (upper house). The federal assembly had a term of five years. Bicameral legislatures were also introduced in several provinces. Extension of Communal Representation - There were to be separate electorates for the minority communities, women, and the depressed classes. Federal court A federal court was established in Delhi, in 1937 for the resolution of disputes between provinces and also between the center and the provinces. Indian Council The Indian Council was abolished. The Secretary of State for India would instead have a team of advisors. Extension of Franchise About 10% of the total population got voting rights. The act provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India. The Act also provided for the establishment of federal, provincial, and joint Public Service Commissions.

Answer 427

Constitutional Body

Answer 428

1. 65th CAA, 1990 - the establishment of a multi-member National Commission for SCs and STs in the place of a single Special Officer for SCs and STs. 89th CAA, 2003 - bifurcated into two separate bodies, namely, NCSCs and NCSTs 2. Article 338 (NCSC) and NCST (Article 338-A)

Answer 429

Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, 3 other members - all appointed by the President. Service and tenure of office also decided by the president.

Answer 430

1. investigate and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and other legal safeguards for the SCs and STs respectively. 2. inquire into specific complaints w.r.t the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the SCs and STs respectively. 3. participate and advice on the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs and STs respectively. 4. present the president an annual report on the working on those safeguards.

Answer 431

- Presents to the President. - President places such a report before the Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the actions taken on the recommendations and the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of such recommendations. - President forwards any report pertaining to the state government to the Governor of that state.

Answer 432

1. States Reorganisation Commission (1953-55) first recommended. 2. 7th CAA, 1956 - inserted new Article 350-B in Part XVII 3. President 4. Ministry of Minority Affairs 5. not mentioned in the Constitution 6. Allahabad (UP); Belgaum (Karnataka), Chennai (TN), Kolkata (WB) 7. submitted to the President through the Ministry of Minority Affairs. 8. State-level

Answer 433

None; formed by an Official Gazette notification under Right to Information Act, 2005

Answer 434

1. CIC/ State CIC and not more than 10 ten IC/ SIC 2. CIC/ IC: President - on the recommendation of 3 member committee - PM, LOO (LS), Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM State CIC/ SIC: Governor - on the recommendation of 3 member committee - CM, LOO (State LA), State Cabinet Minister nominated by the CM 3. 5 years; or 65 years whichever is earlier. 4. eminent in public life, wide knowledge, and experience in law, S&T, social service, management, journalism, mass media or administration and governance. 5. - MP/ MLA - not hold the office of profit - connected with any political party - carrying on any business - pursuing any profession

Answer 435

1. President; Grounds: - adjudged insolvent - convicted of an offense which, in the view of president involves moral turpitude. - engages in paid employment during his term of office - unsound mind/ body - acquired financial or other interest - proved misbehavior or incapacity - in this case, President has to refer the case to the SC and act as per its decision. 2. CIC = CEC; IC = EC; State CIC = EC; SIC = Chief Secretary of the state government; Either one cannot be varied to his disadvantage during service. 3. Yes; with both. 4. Annual reports submitted to the Central/ State governments which place them in from of the respective legislatures.

Answer 436

1. estd. in 1964 by an executive resolution of the Central Government. Conferred statutory status in 2003. 2. Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1962-64) 3. only designated agency to take action against complainants making motivated or vexatious complaints. 4. Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) + 2 Vigilance Commissions 5. President on the recommendation of a 3 member committee - PM, Union Home Minister, and the LOO (LS) 6. 4 years; 65 years, whichever is earlier. 7. Not under Central or state governments.

Answer 437

1. by the President; 2. Grounds: - adjudged insolvent - convicted of an offense which, in the view of president involves moral turpitude. - engages in paid employment during his term of office - unsound mind/ body - acquired financial or other interest - proved misbehavior or incapacity - in this case, President has to refer the case to the SC and act as per its decision. 3. deemed to be guilty of misbehavior if: - concerned or interested in any contract or agreement made by the Central government. - participate in any way in the profit of such an agreement or contract.

Answer 438

1. not a statutory body; formed by an executive resolution by the Union Home Ministry in 1963 2. Santhanam Committee on the Prevention of Corruption 3. Delhi SPE Act, 1946 4. headed by the Director (IGP) assisted by a special/ additional director. 5. by the Central Government on the recommendation of 3 member committee - PM, LOO (LS)/ leader of the single largest opposition party, CJI/ Judge (SC) 6. fixed tenure of 2 years. 7. a. anti-corruption - Central government and UTs and their PSUs b. conventional crimes (rape, murder, etc.) on reference from the state governments or when directed by the SC/ HCs. 8. SC judgment - prior approval of Central government not required. Joint Secretary and above officials.

Answer 439

Ghaziabad, UP

Answer 440

1. CBI - deals with Central government affairs, whether involving central or state officials 2. State Police - deals with state government affairs, whether involving central or state officials. 3. CBI - PSUs, statutory bodies established or financed by the Central government.

Answer 441

1. TB-MAC-RPA-I 2. TEARS OF OLD PM 3. You Can Fly Directly From United States Using Para Military Special Rocket. 4. Assam mai MEGH aaye toh Mizoram mai paani barsa TRIP trip karke

Answer 442

1. RAM MP ban ke HP mai mOJ le rha hai, aur ab uski nazar Telengana, Chattisgarh aur Gujarat pe hai 2. 2:2 :: P:P 3. NICCU 4. PMT dene se pehle, you need to say I Love Education

Answer 443

1. Bhai Doctrine of Eclipse ka Dum Aloo bana hai 2. Bollywood ke preamle KRK, LIC karva le 3. CAA, Sahi aur Galat Kanoon ke beech khada hai 4. • N - M square; • District se milta hai mujhe Mani aur Hill se lagta hai mujhe Darr • SC/ ST ke area mai nahi hone denge kisi ko enter

Answer 444

* Maine usse apni body leke yahan aane ka command diya. * Jab usne mere command ko prohibit kiya toh maine usse quash kar diya. * Phir usse pata laga kiski authority zyada hai.

Answer 445

• Agar zameen pe jungle hoga toh usko bech ke paisa kamunga aur phir daaru piyunga

Answer 446

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Answer 447

1. Hmara Consti ne kaafi saare ideals & institutions ko setup kiya hai, hmari duty hai unhe aur apne flag aur anthem ki respect karna. 2. Consti freedom struggle ke noble ideals pe based hai. 3. India ko protect karna hmari responsiility hai. 4. Isliye agar zarurat padi toh hum India ko khud defend karenge. 5. We will renounce derogatory practices against women and maintain harmony and brotherhood. 6. Isse hmara composite culture preserved rahega. 7. Iske baad hmari responsiility ye bhi banti hai ki hum apne environment aur wildlife ko bhi protect kare. 8. Agar hum scientific temper develop kar lete hain toh aisa karna easy ho jayega. 9. Scientific temper develop karne se hmari samjh badegi and iska direct result hoga ki hum public property ko safeguard karenge and violence nahi karenge. 10. Aisa karne pe hmara attitude apne aap excellence strive karne ka ho jayega, aur hum collective activities ki importance samjh payenge. Iska direct consequence ki hmara nation rise karega. 11. Inn sab mai ek imp baat rhe gyi, who ye ki ye sab tabhi achievale hai agar parents 6-14 yrs. ke bacho ko opportunity de.

Polity Flashcards

Refer notes or mindmaps for answers - these flashcards are for randomly remembering all provisions and concepts (494 cards)