Polllllllinationnnnn

Question 1

Pollination = , both gametes are
Autogamy /
Requirement ,,
Continued ____ pollination results in

Answer 1

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma , non motile
Self pollination = pollen grains are transferred from anther to stigma of same floral
Synchrony in pollen grain & stigma , anther and stigma should lie close to each other
Self in inbreeding depression

Question 2

Autonomy ways
Geitonogamy
Considered as self pollination, cross pollination
Xenogamy / /

Answer 2

Monocliny , cleistogamy , homogamy
When pollination takes place in b/w two flowers of same plant
Genetical point of view ( flowers are genetically identical ) , functionally or ecologically
Xenogamy , cross pollination, allogamy = transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of different plant

Question 3

Xenogamy only type of pollination
Monoecious plant , flowers are , ☠️,
Eg
Dioecious plant , flowers , 💀,

Answer 3

In which genetically different types of pollen reaches to stigma
Both male and female +nt on same plant , Unisexual , prevents autogamy but not geitonogamy , castor , cucurbits ,coconut , maize p
Male and female are present on different plants , Unisexual, prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy

Question 4

Adaptation of self pollination
Bisexuality / eg
Homogamy , increase ,eg
Cleistogamy
Eg

Answer 4

Monocliny / hermapheodite , pea
When both sex organ of flower mature at same time ,chances of self pollination , pea
Some plants bisexual flowers are formed which never open throughout life
Commelina , viola ( common pansy ) , oxalis , Fabaceae family

Question 5

Cleistogamy flower 2 types
1 type of flower produce, even in
1 type of flower anther and stigma
Thus are
Cleistogamy is

Answer 5

Cleistogamous , chasmogamous flower = similar to flowers of other species with exposed anther & stigma
Assured seed set , absence of pollinators
Lie close to each other.
Invariably autogamous as there is no chance of cross pollination on stigma
Advantageous as well as disadvantage

Question 6

Bud pollination eg
Adaptation of cross pollination /

Answer 6

Pollination occurs in bud stage before opening of flowers , wheat ,rice
Out breeding process
Unisexuality
Dichogamy
Chasmogamy
Heterostyly
Self sterility / self incompatibility

Question 7

Unisexuality eg
Dichogamy , common
eg
Types
Chasmogamy / , have

Answer 7

Date palm , papaya ( carica)
Pollen grain and stigma release are not synchronised , protandry ,
salvia,ficus,rosacea,
Protandry = pollens are released first ,
Protogyny = stigma becomes receptive
Anthesis = blooming of floral bud in flower , exposed anthers and stigma

Question 8

Heterostyly =
Eg
Self incompatibility/ , is a
Prevents
Eg

Answer 8

Anther and stigma are placed in different positions so that the pollen can not come in contact with stigma of same flower , Primula , primrose , oxalis
Self sterility , genetic mechanisms
Self pollens from fertilising the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination/ pollen tube growth in pistil
Eg tabacco, apple, wits , pentunia

Question 9

Prepotency
Agents of pollination types subtype

Answer 9

Growth of pollen tube of self pollination is low
Abiotic = by wind ( anemophily ) , by water ( hydrophiliy )
Biotic by insects ( entomophily
By birds ( ornithophily
By bats ( chiropterophily
By ants and termites ( myrmecophily
By snail ( malacophily
By snake ( ophiophily

Question 10

Abiotic plants () are not
Anemophily , produce
Pollen grains are. Stigma is
Stamens are how , sexuality , pollen grains loss, direction

Answer 10

Wind and water pollinated flowers are not very colourful, do not produce nectar
Pollination by wind , enormous amount of pollen grains
Very small , light weight, dry ( non sticky) , Large , hairy , feathery , mucilagenous (sticky
Possess well exposed stamen , Unisexual , maximum, non directional process

Question 11

Wind pollinated flowers ovule , flowers eg
_______ in styles and stigma which
Common in , eg

Answer 11

Single in each ovary , numerous in inflorescence , corn cob.
Tassels , wave in wind to trap pollen grain
Grasses , maize,sugarcane,bamboo,coconut,cannabis,date palm, gymnosperm, water hyacinth/eichornia , water lily

Question 12

Hydrophily , no
Types
Epihydrophily eg
Eg plant sexuality , flowers are , pedicel (),

Answer 12

Pollination by water , 30 genera mostly monocots
Epihydrophily, hypohydrophily
Pollination takes place on surface of water vallisneria
Dioecious,Unisexual , stalk of female are long and coiled

Question 13

Vallisneria pollen grains are released (activity ) , carried What activities doesn’t takes place in water
Hypohydrophily eg
Fresh water , marine water
In most water pollinated species, pollen grains are protected

Answer 13

Released on surface of water due to bursting of inflorescence of male plant , passively by water currents , pollination
Pollination takes place inside the water , zostera ( sea grasses), hydrilla
Vallisneria, hydrilla Zostera
From wetting by a mucilaginous covering

Question 14

Seagrass (), female flowers , _____ pollen grain , carried
Zoophily , comman pollinating agents
Dominant biotic pollinating agent
Larger animals such as ,
Plants are ,,,, specifically adapted for

Answer 14

Zostera , remain submerged in water ,long ribbon are released in water , passively
Pollination by animals , bees , butterflies,bettles ,wasps , ants , moths , birds , bats
Insects particularly beeeeess
Primates ( lemurs ),arboreal ( tree - dwelling) rodents , reptiles ( gecko lizards and garden lizard )
Large , attractive, nectar , glands , particular species of animal

Question 15

Entomophily , honey bees no
Insect pollinated flower , When flower are small then
Night flowering flower are pollinated by , are , flower colour
Flower pollinated by flies and beetles

Answer 15

Pollination by insects , 80% of insect pollination
Large, colourful , fragent , rich in nectar. A no of flower clusters in inflorescence to make them conspicuous
Moths , highly scented , white
Secrete foul odour to attract these animals

Question 16

The pollen grains of insect pollinated are sticky due, Plants are
Eg

Yucca pollinated by

Answer 16

Due to pollen kit , ornamental plants
Lemon , coriander, onion , Lobia , apple , pear , compositeace family , salvia ( labia tea family ) , cucumber , cotton , tabacco , Brassica, eucalyptus
Pronuba yuccasela moth ( tegeticula moth )

Question 17

Tallest flower ()pollinated by
Ficus
Hydrophytes
Ornithophilly eg
Chiropterophilly eg

Answer 17

Amorphophallus ( 6 feet) , same as yucca also provided space (safe ) for laying eggs
Fig occurs by blastophaga wasp (insect)
Nymphaea ( water lily ) , water hyacinth , nelumbo or nelumbium ( lotus )
By birds , callistemon ( bottle brush ) , bombax
By bats , anthacephalus kadamba , adasonia

Question 18

Mango , papaya pollination
Rose is ()
Banana
Malacophilly / eg
Ophiophilly

Answer 18

By wind or insects (mainly by insects
By insects ( red/orange by birds )
By bats or birds mainly by birds
Malmacophilly eg snail ( crysthamum )
By snake eg Chandan scentum

Question 19

Floral rewards ,,()
Lever mechanism/ eg
Orchid by
Rafflesia (),
Piston mechanism

Answer 19

Nectar , pollen grains , ( providing safe place to lay eggs eg yucca , amorphophallus )
Turn pipe mech , eg salvia
Ophyrus
( largest , foul odour ) , by carrion flies
Centuriea plant

Question 20

Fertilization , discovered by in
Step 1 =
Step 2
They (who??) absorb what from where
Intine

Answer 20

Fusion of male gamete with female gamete , Strasburger (1884) in monotrappa plant
Pollen postal interaction = chemical dialogue which is acceptance/ rejection
Germination of pollen grain.
Pollen grain moisture and sugar contents from stigma and swell up
Of pollen grain grows out through the any germ pore of exine in form of pollen tube

Question 21

Pollen develops from (cell), produces
More than one pollen tube = eg
Pollen tube arrangement
Male gamete formation by , how , essential elements , temperature growth, movement

Answer 21

Tube cell , enzymes which digest tissue of stigma and solid style
Polysiphonous = Malvaceae/ cucurbitaceae
1st generative cell and then vegetative nucleus
By generative cell by mitosis , boron and ca2+ , 20-30 c , apical , chemotropic

Question 22

Entry of pollen tube into ovules , who guide
3 paths 1 = eg
2 = eg
3 = a)eg
b) eg

Answer 22

Obturators towards micropyle
Porogamy = pollen tube entry in ovule through micropyle ,most of Angiospermae
Chalozogamy = through chalazal end eg walnuts (juglaans )
Mesogamy = through intugments eg curcurbita
= through funicles eg pistaceae

Question 23

P.t entry into embryo sac only through , synergids secrete , movement
2 synergids then , helped by , when vegetative nucleus degenerate
Then what happensss (process)
Whole contain (???) , goes where

Answer 23

Egg apparatus , chemicals , chematropic
1 die , by filliform apparatus , when tip of pollen tube entry into embryo sac
Tip bursts and swell ( endo osmosis)
Both male gamete inside synergids (further degenerate) , in central cell

Question 24

X bodies
Both pollen nuclei fuse (when ) to form
Syngamy / =
Triple fusion forms =

Answer 24

Two dark granules appear in region of degenerating synergids
Diploid nucleus = secondary/ definitive nucleus (before/after entry of p.t into embryo sac
True mechanism of fertilisation = 1 male gamete with 1 egg cell to form diploid zygote
Primary endosperm nuclei = 2 male gamete with sec nuclei

Question 25

Double fertilisation discovered by , nucleus no
Gametes no
What degenerates
Siphonogamy
Polyspermy /

Answer 25

Nawaschian in lilium plant , fritillaria , 5 (2polar nuclei ,1 egg , 2 male gamete
3(2 male gamete , 1 female gamete
All remaking cell of embryo sac like antipodal , synergids
Fertilization in which non motile gametes are carried through pollen tube
Supernumerary = entry of more than 1 pollen tube in ovules

Question 26

Endosperm develops from, utilised by,fn ,Food stored in form of
Endosperm type
1st type food in , develop by , result in
No of free nuclei formed before cellularisation
Eg , common in

Answer 26

PEN after fertilisation , developing embryo , seed germination , starch
Nuclear , cellular,Helobial
Dicot plant ( polypetalous) , free nuclear division of pen , Multinucleated endosperm
Varies greatly ,
Coconut water of tender coconut ( 1000s of nuclei) (liquid syncytium ), in Angiospermae

Question 27

Cellular endosperm found in , each division in pen is followed by
So ( endosperm remains ) , eg
Helobial endosperm , found in , type
First division followed by ( which side big )

Answer 27

Gamopetalous group , cytokinesis
Endosperm remain cellular from beginning , edible portion ( white kernel)
Monocot , intermediate
Two Unequal cytokinesis so 2 unequal size cell formed ( micropyle end side&raquo_space; chalazal

Question 28

Young endosperm rich in , From maize endosperm
The reserve food of endosperm is utilised till
Aleurone layer ( in ____ most layer of _____ have )
Rich in
During seed germination reserve food digested by

Answer 28

Auxin , geberellin , cytokinin Zeatin , auxin B
Development of photosynthetic tissue
In cereals one or few outer most layer of endosperm have thick wall and nonvaculated
Protein,spherosome , glycoxyisome
Hydrolytic enzyme like protase , amylase secreted by amylase

Question 29

Endosperm absent in
Exception in endosperm Ploidy
Mosaic endosperm (eg)
Development of embryo in dicot plant first discovered in , by
Zygote undergoes , till , and then it

Answer 29

Some Angiospermae eg orchidaceae ( orchid) , trapa (trapaceae family )
Oenothera plant = diploid
Patches of different colours ( maize , tomato
Capsella , Hanstein
Resting phase , till development of endosperm , absorb food increase in size and forms oospore

Question 30

Dicot plant. First division in oospore is , cells position,name
B divides , A ,structure
Quadrant stage
Suspenser
Fn

Answer 30

Transverse , towards micropyle = basal cell / suspended cell , towards chalazal end = apical cell/ terminal cell / embryonal cell
Transversals , vertically , T shape structure
Embryonal cell forms 4 embryonal cell
6-10 long filament
Push developing embryo towards food laden endosperm

Question 31

Dicot Haustorial cell , hypophysis , stage
hypophysis type Fn

Proembryo , shape
—— position called

Answer 31

Micropyler suspenser cell swell up , suspenser cell near embryonal , octant
Hypobasal ( 4 cell near embryo ) raise to radical , hypocotyls ,
epi basal ( 4 cell towards chalazal , raise to plumule , two cotyledons
16 cell globular embryo , heart / cardiac
Curved called torpedo / chordate stage

Question 32

Tropeda / , development known as
Meroblastic
Parthnocarpy senseless in ,eg

Answer 32

Chordate , cruciferae / onagrad
Embryo is formed suspenser dries and degenerate
( edible part is seed / endosperm , pomegranate (punica granatum) Wheats coconut

Question 33

Development of embryo in monocot found in , all division are , which cell do not divide further and only
____ cell divide transversally to form ( their position)
Which cell divide further and forms

Answer 33

Lilium , transverse , basal cell ( micropyle) , only increase in size (vasicular suspenser
Embrynical cell ( chalazal ) = cotyledon ( terminal ) , embryonal axis cell ( middle position)
Transverse in embryonal axis cell form plumule initial and radical initial

Question 34

Monocot both the initial are
Who divides to form cotyledon
Plumule / radical covered by
In Angiospermae development of embryo is

Answer 34

Responsible to form embryo in lateral position
Apical cotyledon ( scutellum / Shield shape )
Cap like hard protective covering called coleoptile , coleorhiza
Meroblastic and endosporic ( towards chalazal

Question 35

Polyembrony first time observed by ,in , common in
In Angiospermae eg
Cause of polyembryony

All 3 found in

Answer 35

Leeuwenhoek , citrus seed ( orange) , gymnosperm
Orange , lemon , nicotiona
Cleavage of zygote b budding
By fertilisation of synergids
And of antipodal cell
Lilium

Question 36

Adventive embryony = (eg) ! ………… cell behave like zygote
From Nucellus eg
Eg of
Embryo of seed grow into
Types

Answer 36

Embryo is formed from any diploid cell ( cell of nucleus, integuments) of ovule , diploid
In citrus , mangifera indica , opuntia
Poly embrony
Sphorophyte plant
Epigel and hypogel germination

Question 37

Epigel germination due to faster growth of , eg
Hypogel …………………… . Eg most of ,

Viviparous seed does not , o2 , found in eg

Answer 37

Hypocotyl cotyledons are pushed out of soil , papaya , cotton , turmeric , bean , mustard, castor
Epicotyl cotyledons are pushed out of soil , Monocot ,few dicot maize , rice , wheat , gram , pea , maongo
Imbibe water , low , muddy , saline condition , Mangroov , rhizophora

Question 38

Viviparous no , germination occurs ( known as )
We can not
Seed generates , is basic unit of
___&____ of mature seed are crucial for storage of seed ,fn

Answer 38

Resting phase , inside the food while it is attach to parent plant ( insitu germination )
Preserve the seed for next session
New genetic combination leading to variation , agriculture
Dehydration & dormancy , be used throughout year and also rise crop in next season

Question 39

Period of viability
Oldest eg , excavated from, _____ years of dormancy
Date palm () _____ years of dormancy, near
Orchid seed no , other ____ families like
Tiny seed large tree eg
Lotus viable for

Answer 39

In Angiospermae varies
Lupine (lupinus arcticus ) , arctic tundra , 10,000
( phoenix dactylifera ) , 2000, archeological excavation at King herod’s palace , Dead Sea
1000 of tiny sea , parasitic as Orobanche and striga
Ficus
1000 yaers

Question 40

Water in dormancy period , through out life % , water absorbed through , o2 essential for
Favourable temperature
The embryo depends upon stored food () till

Answer 40

10-15% , 75-90,seed coat and micropyle ,oxidation process
20-25%
Endosperm, cotyledon , formation of primary root from radicle and first leaf from plumule

Question 41

Photoblastic seed will eg
Apomixis form of , eg , offspring known as
Included in apomixis =
Diplospory / = eg

Answer 41

not germinate in dark , orchid , tobacco , lettuce
Asexual reproduction , eg asteraceae and grasses , clones ( Ramet )
Agnospermy= embryo formation does not involve meiosis and Syngamy
Diploid parthenogenesis Mmc directly gives rise to embryosac without meiosis (2n) eg asteraceae parthenium

Question 42

Apospory eg
Parthenogenesis
Viability of seed can be found from
Embryonal axis becomes

Answer 42

Formation of gametophyte directly from sporophyte (Nucellus or integuments) without meiosis eg hieracium ( asteraceae family
Formation of embryo from unfertilised egg
2,3,4triphenylterazholium (ttc)
Pink in colour in solution

Question 43

Apogamy
What

Answer 43

Any haploid cell of female gametophyte (except egg cell ) forms haploid embryo withit fertilisation