Polls

Question 1

Sex as a variable:
A. Refers to biological attributes
B. Can influence gene expression
C. Relates to how an individual acts in society
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

Answer 1

E.

Question 2

Gender as a variable:
A. Refers to socially constructed roles
B. May influence biological phenotypes through environmental exposure
C. Should be considered in pre-clinical cell-based assays
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

Answer 2

E.

Question 3

SGBA+ analysis in research design examines the potential influence of…
A. Sex
B. Gender
C. Ethnicity
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

Answer 3

D.

Question 4

A hybridoma cel…
A. An antibody-producing B cell fused to a myeloma cell
B. Produces a monoclonal antibody
C. The cell is used as a biological therapy
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

Answer 4

E.

Question 5

Good targets for the discovery and development of new drugs
A. Must be effectively manipulated by potential therapeutics
B. Should be involved in the disease progression
C. Should be equally expressed and active in both normal and disease state
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

Answer 5

E.

Question 6

Protein kinases
A. Phosphorylate other proteins
B. May alter the interaction of proteins with other macromolecules
C. Regulate the majority of cellular pathways
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

Answer 6

D.

Question 7

Protein kinases
A. Are classified as a transferase enzyme
B. Their action could be countered by certain lyase
C. Their action could be countered by certain hydrolase
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. A and C only

Answer 7

F.

Question 8

The modulators of GPCR signalling…
A. Full agonists behave like endogenous ligands
B. Inverse agonists suppress constitutively active GPCR
C. Antagonists prevent induction of GPCRs
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. A and C only

Answer 8

D.

Question 9

Ion channels and GPCRs are both
A. Integral membrane proteins
B. Among the currently most druggable targets
C. Involved in signal transduction
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. A and C only

Answer 9

E.

Question 10

Ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels can both be modulated by
A. Molecules causing direct blockade
B. Stabilizers of the hyperpolarized channel
C. Compounds that bind to the channel locking in the closed form
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. A and C only

Answer 10

F.

Question 11

Membrane transport protein inhibition
A. Can occur orthosterically at the substrate binding site
B. Can be achieved allosterically using a substrate mimic
C. Always has a positive pharmacological outcome
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. A and C only

Answer 11

A.

Question 12

Metabolic engineering may be used to
A. Overproduce a desired natural product
B. Produce a product in an alternative producer
C. Produce new analogues of natural products
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. A and C only

Answer 12

D.

Question 13

Advances in combinatorial chemistry led to
A. Significant expansion of the HTS libraries
B. Very low hit rates of HTS
C. more efficient production of drug-like molecules
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. A and C only

Answer 13

E.

Question 14

Fragment-based screening libraries
A. Are variants of target family-based libraries
B. Typically yield more hits than typical HTS libraries
C. Hits typically have low target affinity
D. All of the above
E. A and C only
F. B and C only

Answer 14

F.

Question 15

The following libraries/screening approaches rely on the understanding of the potential target
A. Fragment-based screening libraries
B. Rational drug design
C. Target family-based screen
D. In silico-based drug design
E. All of the above
F. B and C only
G. B, C, and D only

Answer 15

G.

Question 16

Biologics used as therapeutic agents
A. Macromolecules produced by biological systems
B. Include monoclonal antibodies, hormones, and enzymes
C. May be linked to small molecule agents
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. B and C only

Answer 16

D.

Question 17

Lipinski et al determined the Ro5 based on the shared properties among drug candidates in clinical trials that
A. Were successful
B. Failed due to poor pharmacokinetic profiles
C. Failed due to lack of efficacy
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

Answer 17

B.

Question 18

Lipinski’s Ro5 set cut-offs for the following
A. Molecular weight
B. Log of the 1-octanol and water partition coefficient
C. Hydrogen bond donors and acceptors
D. All of the above
E. A and C only

Answer 18

D.

Question 19

Lipinski’s Ro5 assumes the molecules will cross cell membranes through
A. Active transport
B. Passive diffusion
C. Either A or B
D. Both A and B
E. None of the above

Answer 19

B.

Question 20

Lipinski’s Ro3 (Rule of 3)
A. Is stricter than the Ro5
B. Is less stringent relative to Ro5
C. Aims to ensure molecules follow the Ro5 after med chem optimization
D. Aims to ensure screening hits are more potent and selective
E. A and C
F. B and D
G. A, C, and D

Answer 20

E.

Question 21

The limitations of in vitro non-cell target-based screens include the inability to detect
A. Off-target effects
B. Whether hits possess whole cell availability
C. Hits interacting with factors downstream to or required for the cellular function of the target
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. B and C only

Answer 21

D.

Question 22

Biochemical high-throughput screens:
A. Require purifying sufficient biological target
B. Require purifying stable functional biological target
C. Can detect activity of membrane-permeable compounds only
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. B and C only

Answer 22

E.

Question 23

Modulators of GPCRs can be detected
A. In biochemical functional assays
B. In biochemical binding assays
C. In whole-cell assays
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. B and C only

Answer 23

F.

Question 24

Off-target effects may occur in
A. In vivo assays
B. Cell-based assays
C. Biochemical assays
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
F. B and C only

Answer 24

E.

Question 25

To evaluate the variability of the data generated from a high-throughput screen A. Test a benchmark compound once before starting the screen B. Test a benchmark compound in every assay plate C. Determine the Z' before starting the screen D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 25

B.

Question 26

To evaluate the reliability of a high-throughput screen A. Test a benchmark compound once before starting the screen B. Test a benchmark compound in every assay plate C. Determine the Z' before starting the screen D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 26

C.

Question 27

Counter screen of a primary screen whose readout is Fluorescence A. Aim to exclude undesirable hits B. Involve testing autofluorescence of primary hits C. Aim to identify additional desirable properties of primary hits D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 27

E.

Question 28

Secondary screens A. Aim to exclude undesirable hits B. May add criteria to prioritize primary hits C. Aim to identify additional desirable properties of primary hits D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 28

F.

Question 29

Drug A has a higher EC50 than drug B. Drug A has a _____ than drug B. A. Higher potency B. Lower potency C. Higher efficacy D. Lower efficacy E. Both A and C F. Both B and D

Answer 29

B.

Question 30

The following is defined relative to that of the natural ligand A. Potency B. Affinity C. Efficacy D. All of the above E. Both A and B F. Both B and C

Answer 30

C.

Question 31

The following values are independent of assay conditions A. IC50 B. %efficacy C. Kd D. Ki E. Both A and B F. Both C and D

Answer 31

F.

Question 32

Structure-property relationships study the correlation between structural modifications of compounds and their properties such as A. Potency B. Membrane permeability C. Lipophilicity D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 32

F.

Question 33

Structure-activity relationships study the correlation between structural modifications of compounds and their properties such as A. Potency B. Efficacy C. Target affinity D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 33

D.

Question 34

A pharmacophore A. Minimal structure required for biological activity B. May be a substructure of a larger class of compounds C. May be defined by disjointed features within a molecule and their relative positions D. The auxophore may provide it with structural support E. All of the above F. A, B, and C only

Answer 34

E.

Question 35

An SAR data set can be derived from A. Physical screening of a compound library B. An in silico virtual screen C. Biologically-validated virtual screen data D. All of the above E. A and B only F. A and C only

Answer 35

E.

Question 36

Factors influencing drug absorption following an IV injection tube include A. Drug solubility B. Permeability C. Drug stability in solution D. All of the above E. A and B only F. None of the above

Answer 36

F.

Question 37

Plasma protein binding may affect drug A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Elimination D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 37

F. Absorption is not relevant here bc the drug must already be absorbed to be in the blood

Question 38

CY450 enzymes A. Are involved in phase 2 metabolic reactions B. Their activity against drugs is not desirable C. Are the longest family of monooxygenases D. A and B only E. B and C only

Answer 38

E.

Question 39

The screening decision tree: A. Aids in lead identification B. Includes a series of decision gates C. Aids in target identification D. All of the above E. A and B only F. B and C only

Answer 39

E.

Question 40

Ehrlich is considered the father of modern medicine because he A. Systematically evaluated the relation between chemical structure and biological effects B. Hypothesized that chemoreceptors in cells interact with chemicals C. Treated malaria patients with Methylene blue D. All of the above E. A and B only F. A and C only

Answer 40

E.

Question 41

Transgenic animal models A. Are developed through genetic manipulation and selective breeding B. Carry naturally occurring mutations C. Involve gene deletion leading to phenotypes resembling a disease state D. A and B only E. B and C only F. None of the above

Answer 41

A. Transgenic animal models are not natural. We are also trying to add genes, not delete them

Question 42

The Thalidomide tragedy led to the requirement of testing new drugs for A. Teratogenicity B. Chiral stability and activity of each enantiomer C. Acute toxicity D. All of the above E. A and B only F. A and C only

Answer 42

E.

Question 43

GPCR are targeted by many current drugs because they A. Constitute a significant portion of human's protein-coding genome B. Are involved in many physiological processes C. Are membrane-bound proteins D. All of the above E. A and B only F. A and C only

Answer 43

E.

Question 44

The following is true for these modulators GPCR signalling... A. Full agonists behave like endogenous ligands B. Inverse agonists suppress constitutively active GPCR C. Antagonists prevent induction of GPCRs D. All of the above E. A and B only F. A and C only

Answer 44

D.

Question 45

Membrane transport protein inhibition A. Can be achieved orthosterically using substrate mimic B. Can occur allosterically at the substrate binding site C. Always has a positive pharmacological outcome D. All of the above E. A and B only F. A and C only

Answer 45

A. Orthosteric is where original substrate is bound, allosteric is not at the substrate binding site

Question 46

Fragment-based screening libraries A. Typically yield more hits than standard HTS libraries B. Are variants of target family-based libraries C. Hits typically have low target affinity D. A and C only E. B and C only F. None of the above

Answer 46

D.

Question 47

Which of the following are phases of drug discovery? A. Target identification B. Lead discovery C. Lead optimization D. High throughput screening E. None of the above

Answer 47

E. because it's actually ALL of the above

Question 48

Which of the following are phases of drug development A. Clinical trials B. Pre-clinical trials C. Product registration D. Lead development E. Both C and D

Answer 48

D.

Question 49

Lead optimization cycle involves A. Repeated biological testing B. Medical chemistry C. In vivo testing D. All of the above E. Both A and B

Answer 49

E. because no in vivo testing

Question 50

The screening division tree A. Comes after target ID B. Includes a series of decision gates C. Is before clinical trials D. Identifies a good clinical candidate E. All of the above

Answer 50

E.

Question 51

A drug in vitro ADME profile includes A. Plasma stability B. Permeability C. Selectivity D. All of the above E. A and B only

Answer 51

E.

Question 52

Knockout animal models A. Carry naturally occurring mutations B. Are developed through genetic manipulation and selective breeding C. Involve gene deletion leading to phenotypes resembling disease D. A and B E. B and C

Answer 52

E.