POLS exam 2

Question 1

what are civil liberties

Answer 1

Protections of citizens from improper governmental action

Question 2

What are civil rights?

Answer 2

The rules the government must follow in how they can treat people. mainly focusing on participation in political and social life

Question 3

Establishment Clause

Answer 3

Clause in the First Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing a religion

Question 4

Free Exercise Clause

Answer 4

Clause in the First Amendment that protects a citizen’s right to believe and practice any religion

Question 5

Lemon test

Answer 5

Test that defines the relationship between government and religion, requiring a secular purpose, no advancement or inhibition of religion, and no excessive entanglement Lemon vs. Kurtzman

Question 6

Clear and present danger test

Answer 6

Test that determines if speech presents a clear and present danger to society

Question 7

Exclusionary Rule

Answer 7

Ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment mapp v ohio

Question 8

Miranda v. Arizona

Answer 8

Supreme Court case that established the requirement for law enforcement to inform individuals of their rights (Miranda rights)

Question 9

Gideon v. Wainwright

Answer 9

Supreme Court case that incorporated the right to counsel into the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 10

Eighth Amendment

Answer 10

Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

Question 11

Right to Privacy

Answer 11

Not expressly stated in the Bill of Rights, but protected by the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments

Question 12

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 12

Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that requires equal protection for all persons

Question 13

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 13

Supreme Court case that declared segregation in public education to be unconstitutional

Question 14

Affirmative Action

Answer 14

Policy or program designed to redress historic injustices and promote diversity

Question 15

Slaughter-House cases

Answer 15

14th amendment applies to state actions, not private actions

Question 16

Fourth Amendment

Answer 16

Protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Question 17

Sixth Amendment

Answer 17

Right to a speedy and public trial, right to confront witnesses

Question 18

Fifth Amendment

Answer 18

Right to remain silent, protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination

Question 19

Second Amendment

Answer 19

Right to bear arms for maintaining local public order

Question 20

Texas vs. Johnson

Answer 20

• Texas creates a law that any venerated object cannot be burned or defaced
  
  • Johnson burns a flag in front of a convention center
  • he’s taken to jail
    
    • claims his freedom of speech is being attacked

Question 21

Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission-”Free speech is very expensive”

Answer 21

• money=speech
  
  • political contributions to a campaign is speech as you are supporting certain ideas
  • the more money you have the more speech you have

Question 22

Map vs. Ohio

Answer 22

• guy escapes from prison in Ohio, woman takes him in
• police show up to her home and see drugs, so they force themselves in
• they don’t find the escapee but arrest her for the drugs and pornography discovered
  
  • they obtained evidence in violation of the fourth amendment

Question 23

Korematsu vs. United States -”violated due process through incarceration without trial/clause”

Answer 23

ordered all Japanese Americans west of Colorado had 24 hours to dispose of their property and move to internment camps until the war was over

Question 24

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Answer 24

racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

Question 25

Brown v. board

Answer 25

separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional. It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools of the United States, overruling the "separate but equal" principle set forth in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case.

Question 26

Griswold vs. Connecticut

Answer 26

the Supreme Court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. The case concerned a Connecticut law that criminalized the encouragement or use of birth control.

Question 27

Obergefell vs. Hodges

Answer 27

the Court held that states must allow and recognize same-sex marriages under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. In his majority opinion, Justice Kennedy concluded that the fundamental right to marry cannot be limited to heterosexual couples

Question 28

Lau vs. Nichols

Answer 28

under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a California school district receiving federal funds must provide non-English-speaking students with instruction in the English language to ensure that they receive an equal education.

Question 29

de jure segregation

Answer 29

racial segregation due to a law or official policy

Question 30

de facto segregation

Answer 30

Racial segregation that is not a direct result of governmental policy

Question 31

intermediate scrutiny

Answer 31

The test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases which places the burden of justifying a law or policy use mainly on the government.

Question 32

initiative

Answer 32

A process by which citizens may petition to place a policy proposal on the ballot for public vote

Question 33

Insider Strategies

Answer 33

Directly influencing decision makers and pursuing advocacy through courts

Question 34

Selective Benefits

Answer 34

Benefits provided only to group members to entice them to join and contribute

Question 35

Political Entrepreneurs

Answer 35

Leaders who organize groups and accrue benefits in return

Question 36

Regulations on Lobbying

Answer 36

Reporting spending, limits on gifts, and registration as lobbyists

Question 37

Political Action Committees (PACs)

Answer 37

Private groups that raise and distribute funds for election campaigns

Question 38

Pluralism

Answer 38

Theory that all interests are free to compete for influence in the government

Question 39

Interest Group

Answer 39

Organized group that makes policy-related appeals to government

Question 40

Pull and Push

Answer 40

Government collecting information on impact and individuals/groups seeking benefits

Question 41

Outsider Strategies

Answer 41

Educating the public and campaigning/contributing to candidates

Question 42

Lobbying

Answer 42

Influencing the policy process through persuasion of government officials

Question 43

Lobbyists

Answer 43

Individuals who provide information and ensure group concerns are heard

Question 44

Independent Expenditures

Answer 44

Groups spending money on voter education, not coordinated with a campaign

Question 45

Hard Money

Answer 45

Funds contributed directly to a candidate or party

Question 46

Soft Money

Answer 46

Funds spent on party-building activities, not directly contributed to a candidate

Question 47

legal barriers

Answer 47

Barriers that make it difficult for third parties to emerge.

Question 48

Candidate Service Providers

Answer 48

Parties provide services to candidate organizations such as money, voter lists, campaign advice, and coordination of expenditures.

Question 49

National Committee

Answer 49

Committee that raises money and enhances party's image or brand name.

Question 50

National Convention

Answer 50

Convention that nominates presidential candidate and sets party platform.

Question 51

Collective Action

Answer 51

Building campaign organizations and finding power within a major party.

Question 52

Collective Choice

Answer 52

Parties facilitate action and incentivize members to work together.