Polymers Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is addition polymerisation?
A
A polymerisation reaction that involves joining together many small molecules, or monomers (alkenes), to form a very large molecule called a polymer
Polymers formed through this process are typically unreactive or inert.
2
Q
What are the conditions required for addition polymerisation?
A
High temperature and high pressure
These conditions facilitate the reaction of monomers to form polymers.
3
Q
What type of bonds do saturated polymers contain?
A
C-C bonds only
This indicates that the polymer does not have double or triple bonds.
4
Q
What is poly(ethene)?
A
A polymer formed from the polymerisation of ethene under high temperature and pressure
Poly(ethene) is a saturated polymer.
5
Q
How is a polymer usually represented?
A
Using a repeating unit
This allows for the visualization of the structure of the polymer derived from its monomers.
6
Q
What is the monomer for poly(ethene)?
A
Ethene
Ethene is the simplest alkene used in the formation of poly(ethene).
7
Q
What is the repeating unit for poly(ethene)?
A
C = C
This repeating unit represents the structure of ethene in the polymer.
8
Q
What is the monomer name for the compound with the formula C=C with Br substituents?
A
1,2-dibromopropene
This compound involves bromine atoms attached to the alkene structure.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The monomer for tetrachloroethene is _______.
A
Tetrachloroethene
This compound contains four chlorine atoms as substituents on the alkene.
10
Q
What is the structure of the monomer 1-chloropropene-2-ol?
A
C=C with OH and Cl substituents
This indicates the presence of both a hydroxyl group and a chlorine atom in the monomer structure.
11
Q
True or False: Polymers formed from alkenes are typically reactive.
A
False
Polymers, such as poly(alkenes), are generally unreactive or inert.
12
Q
What are addition polymers or poly(alkenes)?
A
Non-biodegradable plastics due to non-polar covalent bonds.
13
Q
Why are addition polymers not easily hydrolyzed?
A
C-C bonds are non-polar and not susceptible to attack by nucleophiles.
14
Q
How long may buried plastics take to decompose in landfill sites?
A
Hundreds of years.
15
Q
What are two suggested solutions to the plastic problem?
A
- Reduce the amount of plastic used
- Recycle plastic
16
Q
What process can be used to recycle addition polymers?
A
Separated, washed, melted down, and remoulded by heating.
17
Q
What forces must be overcome when melting an addition polymer?
A
Van der Waals intermolecular forces between polymer molecules.
18
Q
What happens to poly(alkenes) like poly(propene) when heated to a high temperature?
A
Breaks polymer bonds and produces monomers.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: Addition polymers are _______.
A
non-biodegradable
20
Q
True or False: Addition polymers can be easily broken down by microbes.
A
False
21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q
What are condensation polymers?
A
Polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join, and a small molecule is formed as a by-product, such as water.
24
Q
What is a condensation reaction?
A
A chemical reaction where two molecules join together, resulting in the formation of a small by-product.
25
What are the two main types of reactions that produce esters?
* Condensation reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid
* Condensation reaction between acyl chlorides and alcohols
26
What is produced as a by-product when esters form from carboxylic acids and alcohols?
Water
27
What is formed as a by-product when esters are produced from acyl chlorides and alcohols?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
28
Write the equation for the reaction between propanoic acid and methanol using displayed formula.
C2H5COOH + CH3OH → C2H5COOCH3 + H2O
29
What is the name of the ester produced from the reaction between propanoic acid and methanol?
Methyl propanoate
30
Write the equation for the reaction between methanoic acid and methanol using displayed formula.
HCOOH + CH3OH → HCOOCH3 + H2O
31
What is the name of the ester produced from the reaction between methanoic acid and methanol?
Methyl methanoate
32
Write the mechanism for the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and ethanol.
CH3COCl + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + HCl
33
What is the name of the ester produced from the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and ethanol?
Ethyl ethanoate
34
What are amides formed from?
The reaction of an acyl chloride and an amine
35
What is the general reaction equation for the formation of amides?
RCOCl + R'NH2 → RCONHR' + HCl
36
What is the organic product formed from the reaction between propanoyl chloride and methylamine?
N-methylpropanamide
37
What type of reactions do condensation reactions above allow for?
They do not allow for polymerisation
38
What do condensation reactions form?
Products that are not able to react with each other forming larger molecules
39
What are condensation polymers formed from?
Monomers with functional groups at both ends of the molecule
40
Give examples of monomers that can form condensation polymers.
* Dicarboxylic acids
* Diamines
* Diols
41
What are the two types of condensation polymers?
Polyesters and polyamides
42
What is the first method of forming polyesters?
Using diacid and diol
43
What is created as a by-product when forming polyesters?
Water (H2O)
44
In the formation of polyesters, what is lost from the acid end?
OH group
45
In the formation of polyesters, what is lost from the alcohol group?
H atom
46
Fill in the blank: A polyester is formed by the reaction of a diacid and a _______.
[diol]
47
What is the repeating unit in a polyester formed using hexanedioic acid and butane-1,4-diol?
CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-O-
48
What are the two methods of forming polyesters?
1. Diacid and diol 2. [Other method not mentioned]
49
True or False: A polyester can be formed by losing water during the reaction.
True
50
What type of bond is formed in the repeating unit of a polyester?
Ester bond
51
What is Terviene?
A polyester made by combining benzene-1,4-dioic acid and ethane-1,2-diol
## Footnote
Terviene is formed through a condensation reaction between a diacid and a diol
52
What are the monomer units of Terviene?
Benzene-1,4-dioic acid and ethane-1,2-diol
## Footnote
These monomers combine to form the repeating unit of the polyester
53
Draw the repeating unit of Terviene
The repeating unit includes -COO- and -CH2- segments
## Footnote
Make sure to know the structure and arrangement of the repeating units
54
What alternative can be used to diacids when forming polyesters?
Diacyl chlorides
## Footnote
Diacyl chlorides serve as an alternative for creating polyesters through a different reaction mechanism
55
Fill in the blank: Terviene is formed by combining benzene-1,4-dioic acid and _______.
ethane-1,2-diol
56
What are the components used to draw the repeating unit for the polyester in the provided example?
Pentanedioic dichloride and benzene-1,4-diol
## Footnote
These components will react to form the polyester structure
57
What is a polyamide formed from?
A polyamide is formed from a diacid and diamine
## Footnote
A diacid contains two carboxylic acid groups, while a diamine contains two amine groups.
58
What is the chemical reaction involved in forming a polyamide?
The reaction involves the diacid and diamine losing a water molecule (H2O)
## Footnote
This process is a condensation reaction.
59
Provide an example of a diacid and diamine used to form a polyamide.
1 butanedioic acid and butane-1,4-diamine
## Footnote
This specific combination illustrates the formation of a polyamide.
60
What is the repeating unit in the structure of a polyamide?
The repeating unit consists of the linked components from the diacid and diamine
## Footnote
These units contribute to the polymer chain structure.
61
Fill in the blank: A polyamide is formed by the reaction of a diacid and _______.
[diamines]
62
True or False: A polyamide can only be formed from one specific diacid and one specific diamine.
False
## Footnote
Multiple combinations of diacids and diamines can form different polyamides.
63
What is Nylon-6,6 made from?
Hexanedioic acid and hexane-1,6-diamine
## Footnote
Nylon-6,6 is a type of polyamide.
64
What is the structure of the repeating unit in Nylon-6,6?
c - (CH2)4% - C -
## Footnote
The structure must be memorized for identification.
65
What can be used as an alternative to diacids in the production of Nylon-6,6?
Diacyl chlorides
## Footnote
Diacyl chlorides serve as a reactant in polyamide synthesis.
66
What is Kevlar?
A high-strength polyamide
## Footnote
Kevlar is known for its exceptional strength and durability.
67
Fill in the blank: Nylon-6,6 is a type of _______.
polyamide
68
True or False: Diacyl chlorides can be used to make nylon-6,6.
True
69
What is Kevlar?
Kevlar is a polyamide used in bullet proof vests, known for being extremely strong and lightweight.
70
What is the repeating unit of Kevlar?
The repeating unit consists of monomers derived from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and benzene-1,4-diamine.
71
From which monomers is Kevlar produced?
* Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
* Benzene-1,4-diamine
72
What type of polymer can be formed from butanedioyl chloride and 1,2-diaminopropane?
A condensation polymer can be formed.
73
Fill in the blank: Kevlar is known for its _______ and _______.
[strength], [lightweight]
74
Draw the section of polymer showing 1,2-diaminopropane bonded to butanedioyl chloride at each end.
Structure showing 1,2-diaminopropane bonded to butanedioyl chloride.
75
True or False: Kevlar is produced from a single monomer.
False
76
What is the chemical structure of butanedioyl chloride?
The structure is not provided, but it is involved in the formation of a condensation polymer.
77
What is the significance of the structures of the monomers in Kevlar production?
The structures are crucial for understanding how Kevlar is synthesized.
78
What type of polymers can form from one monomer containing both functional groups?
Polyamides and polyesters
79
Fill in the blank: Polyamides and polyesters can form from one monomer if that monomer contains both _______.
functional groups needed to react
80
What is the first example of a bifunctional molecule provided?
5-hydroxypentanoic acid
81
What is the structure of 5-hydroxypentanoic acid represented by?
C-c-C-C-C-OH
82
What is the repeating unit for the polymer formed from 5-hydroxypentanoic acid?
A VE ON -N H -1 -O
83
What is the second example of a bifunctional molecule provided?
2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
84
What is the structure represented for 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid?
N - с-он
85
Fill in the blank: The repeating unit for the polymer formed from 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid can be represented by _______.
Two Repeating unit
86
What type of bonds do polyesters not form?
Hydrogen bonds
87
What is the term for polymers that can form hydrogen bonds?
Polyanide
88
What enhances the strength of intermolecular forces in polyamides?
Hydrogen bonding
89
What is a characteristic property of polyamides due to hydrogen bonding?
Generally very strong
90
In some natural polyamides like proteins, what type of hydrogen bonding occurs?
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
91
What structural formation is created by intramolecular hydrogen bonding in proteins?
Helical structure (O - helix)
92
True or False: Polyamides can have intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
True
93
Fill in the blank: The strength of intermolecular forces in polyamides is enhanced by _______.
hydrogen bonding
94
What are polyamides and polyesters commonly used for?
High-strength synthetic fibres
## Footnote
Both are used in various applications including clothing and carpets.
95
What are some applications of polyesters?
* Clothing (jumpers, T-shirts, shirts)
* Carpets and rugs
* Bullet-proof vests
* Flame-retardant clothing
## Footnote
Polyesters serve as substitutes for wool and cotton.
96
What are some applications of polyamides?
* Underwear
* Fishing nets
* Other synthetic fibres
## Footnote
Polyamides are noted for their elasticity.
97
Are polyesters and polyamides biodegradable?
Yes
## Footnote
They are biodegradable due to the presence of C-N and C-O bonds in their chains.
98
What type of reaction allows for the breakdown of condensation polymers?
Hydrolysis reaction
## Footnote
This reaction takes place in aqueous solutions.
99
Why are condensation polymers considered less hazardous to the environment than addition polymers?
They can be broken up and reform their constituent monomers
## Footnote
Addition polymers consist entirely of non-polar C-C bonds, making them non-biodegradable.
100
What are the disposal methods for polymers?
* Burning poly(alkenes) to produce energy
* Producing carbon dioxide and water
* Potentially producing carbon monoxide and soot if combustion is incomplete
## Footnote
Energy recovery can be an option, but it poses environmental risks.
101
Fill in the blank: Polyesters are used as substitutes for _______ and _______ in clothing.
[wool], [cotton]
102
True or False: Polyamides are less elastic than polyesters.
False
## Footnote
Polyamides are noted for their greater elasticity.
103
What are the advantages of recycling polymers?
* Reduces landfills
* Saves non-renewable resources
* Utilizes polyester materials
104
What are the disadvantages of recycling polymers?
* Requires energy for collection, transportation, and sorting
* Energy used to reform plastics is expensive
105
What is an addition polymer?
A polymer formed from many of the same monomer
106
What is a condensation polymer?
A polymer formed from 2 bifunctional monomers or 1 monomer with 2 different functional groups, releasing a small molecule like H2O or HCl
107
Are addition polymers biodegradable?
No, due to non-polar C-C bonds in the polymer chain
108
Are condensation polymers biodegradable?
Yes, due to polar C-O or C-N bonds in the polymer chain that can be hydrolyzed
109
Give examples of addition polymers.
* Poly(ethene)
* Poly(propene)
* Polyvinyl chloride
110
What type of intermolecular forces are present in addition polymers?
Van der Waals forces only between molecules
111
What are examples of condensation polymers?
* Kevlar
* Terylene
* Nylon-6,6
112
What type of intermolecular forces are present in polyamides?
Hydrogen bonding between molecules
113
What type of intermolecular forces are present in polyesters?
Dipole-dipole forces between molecules
114
Fill in the blank: A byproduct of condensation polymerization is _______.
a small molecule like H2O or HCl
